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OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine which initial surgical treatment results in the lowest rate of death or neurodevelopmental impairment (NDI) in premature infants with necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) or isolated intestinal perforation (IP). SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: The impact of initial laparotomy versus peritoneal drainage for NEC or IP on the rate of death or NDI in extremely low birth weight infants is unknown. METHODS: We conducted the largest feasible randomized trial in 20 US centers, comparing initial laparotomy versus peritoneal drainage. The primary outcome was a composite of death or NDI at 18 to 22âmonths corrected age, analyzed using prespecified frequentist and Bayesian approaches. RESULTS: Of 992 eligible infants, 310 were randomized and 96% had primary outcome assessed. Death or NDI occurred in 69% of infants in the laparotomy group versus 70% with drainage [adjusted relative risk (aRR) 1.0; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.87-1.14]. A preplanned analysis identified an interaction between preoperative diagnosis and treatment group (P = 0.03). With a preoperative diagnosis of NEC, death or NDI occurred in 69% after laparotomy versus 85% with drainage (aRR 0.81; 95% CI: 0.64-1.04). The Bayesian posterior probability that laparotomy was beneficial (risk difference <0) for a preoperative diagnosis of NEC was 97%. For preoperative diagnosis of IP, death or NDI occurred in 69% after laparotomy versus 63% with drainage (aRR, 1.11; 95% CI: 0.95-1.31); Bayesian probability of benefit with laparotomy = 18%. CONCLUSIONS: There was no overall difference in death or NDI rates at 18 to 22âmonths corrected age between initial laparotomy versus drainage. However, the preoperative diagnosis of NEC or IP modified the impact of initial treatment.
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Drenagem , Enterocolite Necrosante/cirurgia , Doenças do Prematuro/cirurgia , Perfuração Intestinal/cirurgia , Laparotomia , Transtornos do Neurodesenvolvimento/epidemiologia , Enterocolite Necrosante/mortalidade , Enterocolite Necrosante/psicologia , Estudos de Viabilidade , Feminino , Humanos , Recém-Nascido de Peso Extremamente Baixo ao Nascer , Recém-Nascido , Recém-Nascido Prematuro , Doenças do Prematuro/mortalidade , Doenças do Prematuro/psicologia , Perfuração Intestinal/mortalidade , Perfuração Intestinal/psicologia , Masculino , Transtornos do Neurodesenvolvimento/diagnóstico , Taxa de Sobrevida , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
From the perspectives of disease transmission and sterility maintenance, the world's blood supplies are generally safe. However, in multiple clinical settings, red blood cell (RBC) transfusions are associated with adverse cardiovascular events and multiorgan injury. Because â¼85 million units of blood are administered worldwide each year, transfusion-related morbidity and mortality is a major public health concern. Blood undergoes multiple biochemical changes during storage, but the relevance of these changes to unfavorable outcomes is unclear. Banked blood shows reduced levels of S-nitrosohemoglobin (SNO-Hb), which in turn impairs the ability of stored RBCs to effect hypoxic vasodilation. We therefore reasoned that transfusion of SNO-Hb-deficient blood may exacerbate, rather than correct, impairments in tissue oxygenation, and that restoration of SNO-Hb levels would improve transfusion efficacy. Notably in mice, administration of banked RBCs decreased skeletal muscle pO2, but infusion of renitrosylated cells maintained tissue oxygenation. In rats, hemorrhage-induced reductions in muscle pO2 were corrected by SNO-Hb-repleted RBCs, but not by control, stored RBCs. In anemic awake sheep, stored renitrosylated, but not control RBCs, produced sustained improvements in O2 delivery; in anesthetized sheep, decrements in hemodynamic status, renal blood flow, and kidney function incurred following transfusion of banked blood were also prevented by renitrosylation. Collectively, our findings lend support to the idea that transfusions may be causally linked to ischemic events and suggest a simple approach to prevention (i.e., SNO-Hb repletion). If these data are replicated in clinical trials, renitrosylation therapy could have significant therapeutic impact on the care of millions of patients.
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Transfusão de Sangue , Compostos Nitrosos/metabolismo , Oxigênio/metabolismo , Anemia/terapia , Animais , Hemorragia/terapia , Camundongos , Ratos , OvinosRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: The American Pediatric Surgical Association Outcomes and Evidence-Based Practice Committee conducted a systematic review to describe the epidemiology of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in pediatric surgical and trauma patients and develop recommendations for screening and prophylaxis. METHODS: The Medline (Ovid), Embase, Cochrane, and Web of Science databases were queried from January 2000 through December 2021. Search terms addressed the following topics: incidence, ultrasound screening, and mechanical and pharmacologic prophylaxis. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were followed. Consensus recommendations were derived based on the best available literature. RESULTS: One hundred twenty-four studies were included. The incidence of VTE in pediatric surgical populations is 0.29% (Range = 0.1%-0.48%) and directly correlates with surgery type, transfusion, prolonged anesthesia, malignancy, congenital heart disease, inflammatory bowel disease, infection, and female sex. The incidence of VTE in pediatric trauma populations is 0.25% (Range = 0.1%-0.8%) and directly correlates with injury severity, major surgery, central line placement, body mass index, spinal cord injury, and length-of-stay. Routine ultrasound screening for VTE is not recommended. Consider sequential compression devices in at-risk nonmobile, pediatric surgical patients when an appropriate sized device is available. Consider mechanical prophylaxis alone or with pharmacologic prophylaxis in adolescents >15 y and post-pubertal children <15 y with injury severity scores >25. When utilizing pharmacologic prophylaxis, low molecular weight heparin is superior to unfractionated heparin. CONCLUSIONS: While VTE remains an infrequent complication in children, consideration of mechanical and pharmacologic prophylaxis is appropriate in certain populations. TYPE OF STUDY: Systematic Review of level 2-4 studies. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level 3-4.
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INTRODUCTION: The diagnosis and management of biliary dyskinesia in children and adolescents remains variable and controversial. The American Pediatric Surgical Association Outcomes and Evidence-Based Practice Committee (APSA OEBP) performed a systematic review of the literature to develop evidence-based recommendations. METHODS: Through an iterative process, the membership of the APSA OEBP developed five a priori questions focused on diagnostic criteria, indications for cholecystectomy, short and long-term outcomes, predictors of success/benefit, and outcomes of medical management. A systematic review was conducted, and articles were selected for review following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Risk of bias was assessed using Methodologic Index for Non-Randomized Studies (MINORS) criteria. The Oxford Levels of Evidence and Grades of Recommendation were utilized. RESULTS: The diagnostic criteria for biliary dyskinesia in children and adolescents are not clearly defined. Cholecystectomy may provide long-term partial or complete relief in some patients; however, there are no reliable predictors of symptom relief. Some patients may experience resolution of symptoms with non-operative management. CONCLUSIONS: Pediatric biliary dyskinesia remains an ill-defined clinical entity. Pediatric-specific guidelines are necessary to better characterize the condition, guide work-up, and provide management recommendations. Prospective studies are necessary to more reliably identify patients who may benefit from cholecystectomy. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level 3-4. TYPE OF STUDY: Systematic Review of Level 3-4 Studies.
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BACKGROUND: Multiple surgical specializations are involved in the operative management of pediatric thyroid disease, but current practice patterns remain unknown. The objective of this study was to examine current practice patterns in the operative management of pediatric thyroid disease, specifically comparing practices across different surgical specializations including pediatric surgery, pediatric otolaryngology, general surgery, adult otolaryngology, and endocrine-focused general surgery. METHODS: Children 0-18 years-old undergoing thyroid surgery from 2015 to 2019 were identified using the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project State Inpatient Databases and State Ambulatory Surgery and Services Databases across 6 states. Surgeon specialization was determined for all included surgeons. Patient and hospital characteristics were compared across surgical specializations. Clinical outcomes including hypocalcemia/hypoparathyroidism, recurrent laryngeal nerve injury, hematoma, and wound infection were assessed. RESULTS: A total of 1241 pediatric thyroidectomies performed by 363 surgeons were included. Procedures were most frequently performed by pediatric surgeons (34.9%). Only 7.2% of procedures were performed by adult general surgeons. There were statistically significant differences in patient age, sociodemographics, surgical indications, and type of procedure performed between specializations (p < 0.05). Endocrine-focused general surgeons had the highest average annual thyroid procedure volume with 78.2 cases/year, and pediatric surgeons and pediatric otolaryngologists had the lowest volumes with 0.7 and 0.6 cases/year, respectively. Overall complication rates were low. CONCLUSIONS: Operative management of pediatric thyroid disease was most frequently performed by pediatric surgery. Pediatric specializations are more likely to operate on low-income, minority children with public insurance and patients with Graves' disease. Overall complications were low. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: III.
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Doença de Graves , Cirurgiões , Doenças da Glândula Tireoide , Adulto , Humanos , Criança , Recém-Nascido , Lactente , Pré-Escolar , Adolescente , Doenças da Glândula Tireoide/cirurgia , Tireoidectomia/métodos , Doença de Graves/cirurgia , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/cirurgia , Estudos RetrospectivosRESUMO
Despite substantial evidence that nitric oxide (NO) and/or endogenous S-nitrosothiols (SNOs) exert protective effects in a variety of cardiovascular diseases, the molecular details are largely unknown. Here we show that following left coronary artery ligation, mice with a targeted deletion of the S-nitrosoglutathione reductase gene (GSNOR(-/-)) have reduced myocardial infarct size, preserved ventricular systolic and diastolic function, and maintained tissue oxygenation. These profound physiological effects are associated with increases in myocardial capillary density and S-nitrosylation of the transcription factor hypoxia inducible factor-1alpha (HIF-1alpha) under normoxic conditions. We further show that S-nitrosylated HIF-1alpha binds to the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) gene, thus identifying a role for GSNO in angiogenesis and myocardial protection. These results suggest innovative approaches to modulate angiogenesis and preserve cardiac function.
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Traumatismos Cardíacos/metabolismo , S-Nitrosotióis/metabolismo , Álcool Desidrogenase , Animais , Glutationa Redutase/deficiência , Glutationa Redutase/genética , Glutationa Redutase/metabolismo , Células HeLa , Traumatismos Cardíacos/genética , Traumatismos Cardíacos/patologia , Humanos , Fator 1 Induzível por Hipóxia/metabolismo , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Knockout , Ligação Proteica , Fatores de Tempo , Transcrição Gênica/genética , Fator A de Crescimento do Endotélio VascularRESUMO
More than twenty years ago, the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education and the American Board of Medical Specialties began the conversion of graduate medical education from a structure- and process-based model to a competency-based framework. The educational outcomes assessment tool, known as the Milestones, was introduced in 2013 for seven specialties and by 2015 for the remaining specialties, including pediatric surgery. Designed to be an iterative process with improvements over time based on feedback and evidence-based literature, the Milestones started the evolution from 1.0 to 2.0 in 2016. The formation of Pediatric Surgery Milestones 2.0 began in 2019 and was finalized in 2021 for implementation in the 2022-2023 academic year. Milestones 2.0 are fewer in number and are stated in more straightforward language. It incorporated the harmonized milestones, subcompetencies for non-patient care and non-medical knowledge that are consistent across all medical and surgical specialties. There is a new Supplemental Guide that lists examples, references and links to other assessment tools and resources for each subcompetency. Milestones 2.0 represents a continuous process of feedback, literature review and revision with goals of improving patient care and maintaining public trust in graduate medical education's ability to self-regulate. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: V.
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Competência Clínica , Internato e Residência , Humanos , Criança , Estados Unidos , Educação de Pós-Graduação em Medicina , Acreditação , Avaliação EducacionalRESUMO
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) are created in normal hepatocytes and are critical for normal physiologic processes, including oxidative respiration, growth, regeneration, apoptosis, and microsomal defense. When the levels of oxidation products exceed the capacity of normal antioxidant systems, oxidative stress occurs. This type of stress, in the form of ROS and RNS, can be damaging to all liver cells, including hepatocytes, Kupffer cells, stellate cells, and endothelial cells, through induction of inflammation, ischemia, fibrosis, necrosis, apoptosis, or through malignant transformation by damaging lipids, proteins, and/or DNA. In Part I of this review, we will discuss basic redox biology in the liver, including a review of ROS, RNS, and antioxidants, with a focus on nitric oxide as a common source of RNS. We will then review the evidence for oxidative stress as a mechanism of liver injury in hepatitis (alcoholic, viral, nonalcoholic). In Part II of this review, we will review oxidative stress in common pathophysiologic conditions, including ischemia/reperfusion injury, fibrosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, iron overload, Wilson's disease, sepsis, and acetaminophen overdose. Finally, biomarkers, proteomic, and antioxidant therapies will be discussed as areas for future therapeutic interventions.
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Hepatócitos/metabolismo , Fígado/metabolismo , Óxido Nítrico/metabolismo , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Humanos , Fígado/citologia , Oxirredução , Estresse Oxidativo/efeitos dos fármacos , Estresse Oxidativo/fisiologia , ProteômicaRESUMO
Red blood cells (RBCs) have been ascribed an essential role in matching blood flow to local metabolic demand during hypoxic vasodilation. The vasodilatory function of RBCs evidently relies on the allosteric properties of hemoglobin (Hb), which couple the conformation of Hb to tissue oxygen tension (Po(2)) and thereby provide a basis for the graded vasodilatory activity that is inversely proportional to Hb oxygen saturation. Although a large body of evidence indicates that the Po(2)-coupled allosteric transition from R (oxy)-state to T (deoxy)-state subserves the release from Hb of vasodilatory nitric oxide (NO) bioactivity, it has not yet been determined whether the NO-based signal is a necessary and sufficient source of RBC-mediated vasoactivity and it has been suggested that ATP or nitrite may also contribute. We demonstrate here by bioassay that untreated human RBCs rapidly and substantially relax thoracic aorta from both rabbit and mouse at low Po(2) (approximately 1% O(2)) but not at high Po(2) (approximately 21% O(2)). RBC-mediated vasorelaxation is inhibited by prior depletion of S-nitroso-Hb, potentiated by low-molecular-weight thiols, and dependent on cGMP. Furthermore, these relaxations are largely endothelium-independent and unaffected by NO synthase inhibition or nitrite. Robust relaxations by RBCs are also elicited in the absence of endothelial, neuronal or inducible NO synthase. Finally, contractions that appear following resolution of RBC-mediated relaxations are dependent on NO derived from RBCs as well as the endothelium. Our results suggest that an S-nitrosothiol-based signal originating from RBCs mediates hypoxic vasodilation by RBCs, and that vasorelaxation by RBCs dominates NO-based vasoconstriction under hypoxic conditions.
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Eritrócitos/metabolismo , Hemoglobinas/metabolismo , Hipóxia/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais/fisiologia , Vasodilatação/fisiologia , Amidinas/farmacologia , Animais , Aorta/fisiologia , Benzilaminas/farmacologia , Endotélio Vascular/efeitos dos fármacos , Endotélio Vascular/metabolismo , Inibidores Enzimáticos/farmacologia , Humanos , Hipóxia/fisiopatologia , Técnicas In Vitro , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Mutantes , NG-Nitroarginina Metil Éster/farmacologia , Óxido Nítrico Sintase Tipo II/metabolismo , Óxido Nítrico Sintase Tipo III , Nitritos/farmacologia , Nitrogênio/metabolismo , Oxiemoglobinas/metabolismo , Coelhos , Fluxo Sanguíneo Regional/fisiologia , Vasoconstrição/efeitos dos fármacos , Vasoconstrição/fisiologia , Vasodilatação/efeitos dos fármacos , ômega-N-Metilarginina/farmacologiaRESUMO
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) are created in normal hepatocytes and are critical for normal physiologic processes, including oxidative respiration, growth, regeneration, apoptosis, and microsomal defense. When the levels of oxidation products exceed the capacity of normal antioxidant systems, oxidative stress occurs. This type of stress, in the form of ROS and RNS, can be damaging to all liver cells, including hepatocytes, Kupffer cells, stellate cells, and endothelial cells, through induction of inflammation, ischemia, fibrosis, necrosis, apoptosis, or through malignant transformation by damaging lipids, proteins, and/or DNA. In Part I of this review, we will discuss basic redox biology in the liver, including a review of ROS, RNS, and antioxidants, with a focus on nitric oxide as a common source of RNS. We will then review the evidence for oxidative stress as a mechanism of liver injury in hepatitis (alcoholic, viral, nonalcoholic). In Part II of this review, we will review oxidative stress in common pathophysiologic conditions, including ischemia/reperfusion injury, fibrosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, iron overload, Wilson's disease, sepsis, and acetaminophen overdose. Finally, biomarkers, proteomic, and antioxidant therapies will be discussed as areas for future therapeutic interventions.
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Hepatite/metabolismo , Hepatócitos/metabolismo , Fígado/metabolismo , Óxido Nítrico/metabolismo , Estresse Oxidativo , Animais , Humanos , Oxirredução , Espécies Reativas de Nitrogênio/metabolismo , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio/metabolismoRESUMO
Sportsman's hernia is an increasingly recognized cause of chronic groin pain in athletes. Although the definition is controversial, it is a condition of chronic inguinal/pubic exertional pain caused by rectus abdominal wall weakness or injury without a palpable hernia, usually affecting high-performance male athletes. Diagnosis is made after careful history and physical examination. Some radiographic studies such as ultrasound or MRI may be helpful in evaluating these patients and ruling out other pathology, although no radiographic study can rule out sportsman's hernias. Because sports hernias are not true hernias but an injury in the rectus insertion, unilateral or bilateral rectus reattachment is the most appropriate surgical treatment. This reattachment may be done in combination with adductor release in the setting of adductor pain or weakness on physical examination. Other surgical repairs (eg, Lichtenstein, Shouldice, Kugel, laparoscopic) do not stabilize the pelvis and tend not to be as successful. In the motivated patient, after surgical repair and physical rehabilitation, 95% are free of pain and able to return to competitive sports.
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Traumatismos em Atletas/complicações , Hérnia , Procedimentos de Cirurgia Plástica/métodos , Esportes , Diagnóstico por Imagem/métodos , Hérnia/diagnóstico , Hérnia/etiologia , Herniorrafia , HumanosRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To perform a multicenter review of outcomes in patients with H-type tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF) in order to better understand the incidence and causes of post-operative complications. BACKGROUND: H-type TEF without esophageal atresia (EA) is a rare anomaly with a fundamentally different management algorithm than the more common types of EA/TEF. Outcomes after surgical treatment of H-type TEF are largely unknown, but many authoritative textbooks describe a high incidence of respiratory complications. METHODS: A multicenter retrospective review of all H-type TEF patients treated at 14 tertiary children's hospital from 2002-2012 was performed. Data were systematically collected concerning associated anomalies, operative techniques, hospital course, and short and long-term outcomes. Descriptive analyses were performed. RESULTS: We identified 102 patients (median 9.5 per center, range 1-16) with H-type TEF. The overall survival was 97%. Most patients were repaired via the cervical approach (96%). The in-hospital complication rate, excluding vocal cord issues, was 16%; this included an 8% post-operative leak rate. Twenty-two percent failed initial extubation after repair. A total of 22% of the entire group had vocal cord abnormalities (paralysis or paresis) on laryngoscopy that were likely because of recurrent laryngeal nerve injury. Nine percent required a tracheostomy. Only 3% had a recurrent fistula, all of which were treated with reoperation. CONCLUSIONS: There is a high rate of recurrent laryngeal nerve injury after H-type TEF repair. This underscores the need for meticulous surgical technique at the initial repair and suggests that early vocal cord evaluation should be performed for any post-operative respiratory difficulty. Routine evaluation of vocal cord function after H-type TEF repair should be considered. THE LEVEL OF EVIDENCE RATING: Level IV.
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Fístula Traqueoesofágica/cirurgia , Pré-Escolar , Esofagoplastia , Feminino , Humanos , Incidência , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Laringoscopia , Masculino , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/epidemiologia , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/etiologia , Doenças Raras , Recidiva , Traumatismos do Nervo Laríngeo Recorrente/complicações , Reoperação , Estudos Retrospectivos , Fístula Traqueoesofágica/classificação , TraqueostomiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to integrate relevant goal-setting theory and to identify if trainees' goal orientations have an impact on the assigned goals-performance relationship. METHODS: Trainees attended 1 of the 3 goal-training activities (do your best, performance, or learning goals) for knot tying (KT) and camera navigation (CN) during the 3rd-year clerkship rotation. Questionnaires and pretests and/or post-tests were completed. RESULTS: One twenty-seven 3rd-year medical students (age: 25 ± 2.6; 54% women) participated in the training program. Pretraining to post-training performance changes were significant for all groups on both tasks (P < .01), but the increase was significantly greater (P < .01) for the learning goals group (do your best: KTΔ = 2.14, CNΔ = 1.69; performance: KTΔ = 2.49, CNΔ = 2.24; learning: KTΔ = 3.04 CNΔ = 2.76). Correlations between goal orientations and improvement were examined, revealing a unique role of goal orientation for performance improvement. CONCLUSIONS: These data indicate that consideration of goal type and trainee goal orientation must be considered during curriculum development to maximize educational value.
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Estágio Clínico , Competência Clínica , Objetivos , Laparoscopia/educação , Especialidades Cirúrgicas/educação , Técnicas de Sutura/educação , Adulto , Currículo , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Adulto JovemRESUMO
High-frequency oscillatory ventilation with perflubron (PFB) reportedly improves pulmonary mechanics and gas exchange and attenuates lung injury. We explored PFB evaporative loss kinetics, intrapulmonary PFB distribution, and dosing strategies during 15 h of high-frequency oscillation (HFO)-partial liquid ventilation (PLV). After saline lavage lung injury, 15 swine were rescued with high-frequency oscillatory ventilation (n = 5), or in addition received 10 ml/kg PFB delivered to dependent lung [n = 5, PLV-compartmented (PLV(C))] or 10 ml/kg distributed uniformly within the lung [n = 5, PLV(U)]. In the PLV(C) group, PFB vapor loss was replaced. ANOVA revealed an unsustained improvement in oxygenation index in the PLV(U) group (P = 0.04); the reduction in oxygenation index correlated with PFB losses. Although tissue myeloperoxidase activity was reduced globally by HFO-PLV (P < 0.01) and regional lung injury scores (lung injury scores) in dependent lung were improved (P = 0.05), global lung injury scores were improved by HFO-PLV (P < 0.05) only in atelectasis, edema, and alveolar distension but not in cumulative score. In our model, markers of inflammation and lung injury were attenuated by HFO-PLV, and it appears that uniform intrapulmonary PFB distribution optimized gas exchange during HFO-PLV; additionally, monitoring PFB evaporative loss appears necessary to stabilize intrapulmonary PFB volume.
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Ventilação Líquida , Lesão Pulmonar , Troca Gasosa Pulmonar/fisiologia , Algoritmos , Animais , Débito Cardíaco/fisiologia , Fluorocarbonos , Hemodinâmica/fisiologia , Hemoglobinas/metabolismo , Ventilação de Alta Frequência , Hidrocarbonetos Bromados , Pulmão/enzimologia , Pulmão/patologia , Peroxidase/metabolismo , Circulação Pulmonar/fisiologia , Suínos , Resistência Vascular/fisiologiaAssuntos
Traumatismos Abdominais/diagnóstico , Recém-Nascido Prematuro , Complicações na Gravidez , Extremidade Superior/lesões , Ferimentos por Arma de Fogo/diagnóstico , Traumatismos Abdominais/complicações , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Gravidez , Ultrassonografia Doppler , Ultrassonografia Pré-Natal , Extremidade Superior/embriologia , Ferimentos por Arma de Fogo/complicaçõesRESUMO
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: In 2000, we described the variability of pediatric surgical information on the Internet. Since then, online videos have become an increasingly popular medium for education and personal expression. The purpose of this study was to examine the content and quality of videos related to pediatric surgical diagnoses on the Internet. METHODS: YouTube™ was searched for videos on gastroschisis, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, pediatric inguinal hernia, and pectus excavatum. The first 40 English language videos for each diagnosis were reviewed for owner and audience characteristics, content and quality. RESULTS: A small majority of videos were made by medical professionals (50.63%, vs. 41.25% by lay persons and 8.13% by fundraising organizations). Eighty percent of videos were intended for a lay audience. Videos by medical professionals were more accurate and complete than those posted by lay persons. CONCLUSIONS: The YouTube™ videos varied significantly in content and quality. Videos by lay persons often focused on the emotional aspect of the diagnosis and clinical course. Videos by members of the medical profession tended to be more complete and accurate. These findings underscore the continued need for high quality pediatric surgical information on the Internet for patients and their families.
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Informação de Saúde ao Consumidor/métodos , Disseminação de Informação/métodos , Internet , Pediatria/métodos , Gravação em Vídeo , Criança , Informação de Saúde ao Consumidor/normas , Informação de Saúde ao Consumidor/estatística & dados numéricos , Tórax em Funil/cirurgia , Gastrosquise/cirurgia , Hérnia Inguinal/cirurgia , Hérnias Diafragmáticas Congênitas/cirurgia , Humanos , Pediatria/estatística & dados numéricos , Gravação em Vídeo/normas , Gravação em Vídeo/estatística & dados numéricosRESUMO
Thyroid cancer is an uncommon childhood malignancy that presents primarily in young children or adolescent females and may be related to radiation exposure or genetic predisposition. Gene alterations, such as RET mutation or RET/PTC rearrangement, are not uncommon. Recent studies have lead to an increased understanding of the role of these particular gene alterations in the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of thyroid cancer. Surgery remains the mainstay of treatment for thyroid cancer followed by radioactive iodine when appropriate. In patients with MEN2, prophylactic thyroidectomy is recommended, although a delay in the initial diagnosis is common. With early aggressive treatment and long-term follow-up, these patients generally have excellent outcomes. Recent research suggests potential usefulness of novel therapies directed at oncogenic signaling pathways, modulators of growth, angiogenesis inhibitors, immunomodulators, and gene therapy.
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Neoplasias da Glândula Tireoide , Adolescente , Criança , Humanos , Caracteres Sexuais , Neoplasias da Glândula Tireoide/etiologia , Neoplasias da Glândula Tireoide/genética , Neoplasias da Glândula Tireoide/radioterapia , Neoplasias da Glândula Tireoide/cirurgiaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Teaching of laparoscopic skills is a challenge in surgical training programs. Because of the highly technical nature and the steep learning curve, students and residents must learn laparoscopic skills before performing them in the operating room. To improve efficiency of learning and patient safety, research in simulation is essential. Two types of simulators currently in use include virtual reality and box trainers. Our study examined which simulator technique was most effective in teaching novice trainees laparoscopic techniques. DESIGN: This is a prospective, randomized, blinded, controlled trial that enrolled fourth-year medical students and surgical interns to participate in a supervised 6-month laparoscopic training program with either computer simulators or box trainers. Subjects were randomized and trained on appropriate laparoscopic camera skills, instrument handling, object positioning, dissection, ligation, suturing, and knot tying. Students within one group were not allowed to practice, learn or train on the opposing trainers. At time points 0, 2, and 6 months all subjects completed a series of laparoscopic exercises in a live porcine model, which were captured on DVD and scored by blinded expert investigators. RESULTS: Scores improved overall from the pretest to subsequent tests after training with no difference between the virtual reality and box simulator groups. In the medical students specifically, there was overall improvement, and improvement in the needle-transfer and knot-tying skills specifically, with no difference between the box simulator and virtual reality groups. For the interns, both groups showed significant overall improvement with no difference between the virtual reality and box simulator groups or on individual skills. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that laparoscopic simulator training improves surgical skills in novice trainees. We found both the box trainers and the virtual reality simulators are equally effective means of teaching laparoscopic skills to novice learners.
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Competência Clínica , Simulação por Computador , Educação Médica/métodos , Internato e Residência , Laparoscopia/educação , Modelos Anatômicos , Animais , Intervalos de Confiança , Currículo , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Feminino , Humanos , Curva de Aprendizado , Masculino , Estudos Prospectivos , Valores de Referência , Medição de Risco , Método Simples-Cego , Estudantes de Medicina , Suínos , Análise e Desempenho de Tarefas , Fatores de Tempo , Adulto JovemRESUMO
BACKGROUND: An inverse association between hospital procedure volume and postoperative mortality has been demonstrated for a variety of pediatric surgical procedures. The objective of our study was to determine whether such an association exists for pediatric liver transplantation. METHODS: We performed a retrospective analysis of pediatric liver transplant procedures included in the Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients over a 7.5-year time period from July 1, 2000, through December 31, 2007. Pediatric liver transplant centers were divided into three volume categories (high, middle, low) based on absolute annual volume. Mean 1-year patient survival rates and aggregate 1-year observed-to-expected (O:E) patient death ratios were calculated for each hospital volume category and then compared using ordered logistic regression and chi square analyses. RESULTS: High-volume pediatric liver transplant centers achieved significantly lower aggregate 1-year O:E patient death ratios than low-volume centers. When freestanding children's hospitals (FCH), children's hospitals within adult hospitals (CAH), and other centers (OC) were considered separately, we found that a significant volume-outcomes association existed among OC centers but not among FCH or CAH centers. Low-volume OC centers, which represent 41.6% of all pediatric liver transplant centers and perform 10% of all pediatric liver transplantation, had the least favorable aggregate 1-year O:E patient death ratio of all groups. CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrate that a significant center volume-outcomes relationship exists among OC pediatric liver transplant centers but not among FCH or CAH centers. These findings support the possible institution of minimum annual procedure volume requirements for OC pediatric liver transplant centers.