Prediction of carbapenem-resistant gram-negative bacterial bloodstream infection in intensive care unit based on machine learning.

BACKGROUND: Predicting whether Carbapenem-Resistant Gram-Negative Bacterial (CRGNB) cause bloodstream infection when giving advice may guide the use of antibiotics because it takes 2-5 days conventionally to return the results from doctor's order. METHODS: It is a regional multi-center retrospective study in which patients with suspected bloodstream infections were divided into a positive and negative culture group. According to the positive results, patients were divided into the CRGNB group and other groups. We used the machine learning algorithm to predict whether the blood culture was positive and whether the pathogen was CRGNB once giving the order of blood culture. RESULTS: There were 952 patients with positive blood cultures, 418 patients in the CRGNB group, 534 in the non-CRGNB group, and 1422 with negative blood cultures. Mechanical ventilation, invasive catheterization, and carbapenem use history were the main high-risk factors for CRGNB bloodstream infection. The random forest model has the best prediction ability, with AUROC being 0.86, followed by the XGBoost prediction model in bloodstream infection prediction. In the CRGNB prediction model analysis, the SVM and random forest model have higher area under the receiver operating characteristic curves, which are 0.88 and 0.87, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The machine learning algorithm can accurately predict the occurrence of ICU-acquired bloodstream infection and identify whether CRGNB causes it once giving the order of blood culture.

Prediction of successful weaning from renal replacement therapy in critically ill patients based on machine learning.

BACKGROUND: Predicting the successful weaning of acute kidney injury (AKI) patients from renal replacement therapy (RRT) has emerged as a research focus, and we successfully built predictive models for RRT withdrawal in patients with severe AKI by machine learning. METHODS: This retrospective single-center study utilized data from our general intensive care unit (ICU) Database, focusing on patients diagnosed with severe AKI who underwent RRT. We evaluated RRT weaning success based on patients being free of RRT in the subsequent week and their overall survival. Multiple logistic regression (MLR) and machine learning algorithms were adopted to construct the prediction models. RESULTS: A total of 976 patients were included, with 349 patients successfully weaned off RRT. Longer RRT duration (7.0 vs. 9.6 d, p = 0.002, OR = 0.94), higher serum cystatin C levels (1.2 vs. 3.2 mg/L, p < 0.001, OR = 0.46), and the presence of septic shock (28.1% vs. 41.5%, p < 0.001, OR = 0.63) were associated with reduced likelihood of RRT weaning. Conversely, a positive furosemide stress test (FST) (60.2% vs. 40.7%, p < 0.001, OR = 2.75) and higher total urine volume 3 d before RRT withdrawal (755 vs. 125 mL/d, p < 0.001, OR = 2.12) were associated with an increased likelihood of successful weaning from RRT. Next, we demonstrated that machine learning models, especially Random Forest and XGBoost, achieving an AUROC of 0.95. The XGBoost model exhibited superior accuracy, yielding an AUROC of 0.849. CONCLUSION: High-risk factors for unsuccessful RRT weaning in severe AKI patients include prolonged RRT duration. Machine learning prediction models, when compared to models based on multivariate logistic regression using these indicators, offer distinct advantages in predictive accuracy.

A Chinese verb semantic feature dataset (CVFD).

Language is an advanced cognitive function of humans, and verbs play a crucial role in language. To understand how the human brain represents verbs, it is critical to analyze what knowledge humans have about verbs. Thus, several verb feature datasets have been developed in different languages such as English, Spanish, and German. However, there is still a lack of a dataset of Chinese verbs. In this study, we developed a semantic feature dataset of 1140 Chinese Mandarin verbs (CVFD) with 11 dimensions including verb familiarity, agentive subject, patient, action effector, perceptual modality, instrumentality, emotional valence, action imageability, action complexity, action intensity, and the usage scenario of action. We calculated the semantic features of each verb and the correlation between dimensions. We also compared the difference between action, mental, and other verbs and gave some examples about how to use CVFD to classify verbs according to different dimensions. Finally, we discussed the potential applications of CVFD in the fields of neuroscience, psycholinguistics, cultural differences, and artificial intelligence. All the data can be found at https://osf.io/pv29z/ .

Impact of stapler versus manual closure techniques on pharyngocutaneous fistula development post-total laryngectomy: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Pharyngocutaneous fistula (PCF) is a major complication after total laryngectomy, with significant morbidity and mortality. Whether mechanical stapler closure of the pharynx reduces fistula rates compared to hand-sewn techniques remains unclear. We conducted an updated systematic review and meta-analysis to clarify this question. Five databases were systematically searched from inception through November 2023 for studies comparing stapler versus suture closure for fistula outcomes after laryngectomy. Odds ratios (OR) were pooled using random-effects models and fixed-effects models. Subgroup and sensitivity analyses were performed. Risk of bias was appraised using NHLBI tools. Nine studies with 803 patients were included. Mechanical closure significantly reduced fistula incidence versus suture closure (OR = 0.57, 95% CI 0.34-0.95, p = 0.03). Subgroup analysis found that stapling's protective effect varied by patient age, country/region, linear stapler size and female percentage. Stapling reduced fistula odds by 80% in the Turkey subgroup (OR = 0.20, 95% CI 0.09-0.50) but showed no benefit in other regions. Patients <60 years showed an 84% fistula reduction with stapling (OR = 0.17, 95% CI 0.06-0.45), whereas older subgroups did not. Linear stapler size of 60 mm significantly reduced fistula occurrence while 75 mm did not. There was no evidence that low female percentage mitigated stapling benefits. Mechanical stapler closure after total laryngectomy meaningfully reduces the likelihood of postoperative PCF formation compared to hand-sewn closure, especially for patients younger than 60 years old. The absolute risk reduction supports its utility to prevent this complication.

Glutamine Induced High-Quality Perovskite Film to Improve the Efficiency of NIR Perovskite Light-Emitting Diodes.

Formamidine lead iodide (FAPbI3 ) is an important material for realizing high-performance near-infrared light-emitting diodes (NIR-LEDs). However, due to the uncontrollable growth of solution-processed films which usually causes low coverage, and poor surface morphology, the development of FAPbI3 -based NIR-LEDs is hindered, restraining its potential industrial applications. In this work, by employing glutamine (Gln) in perovskite precursor, the quality of FAPbI3 film is improved significantly. Due to the ameliorated solution process by the organic additive, the film coverage over the substrate is substantially enhanced. Meanwhile, the trap state of grain is largely reduced. Consequently, NIR perovskite LEDs are demonstrated with a maximum external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 15% with the emission peak at 795 nm, which is four times higher than the device with pristine perovskite film.

Mediation role of anxiety on social support and depression among diabetic patients in elderly caring social organizations in China during COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Diabetes has become a prominent global public health problem, which is an important cause of death, disease burden, and medical and health economic burden. Previous studies have reported that majority of persons diagnosed with diabetes later presented with psychological and mental health diseases. The study aimed to explore the mediation role of anxiety on social support and depression among diabetic patents in elderly caring social organizations (SOs). METHODS: A multi-stage stratified cluster random sampling method was used in this cross-sectional study, and a questionnaire consisting of demographic questionnaire, MSPSS, GAD-7, and CES-D-10 was utilized to gather data. SPSS 22.0 and MPLUS 7.4 were used for statistical analysis. Spearman correlation analysis was employed to investigate correlations of key variables. A generalized linear model was used to exam factors associated with depression. Finally, the mediation effect among study variables was investigated by structural equation modeling (SEM). RESULTS: The average scores of social support, anxiety, and depression were 58.41 ± 14.67, 2.95 ± 3.95, and 7.24 ± 5.53, respectively. The factors of gender, social support, and anxiety were identified as significantly influential factors related to depression among diabetic patients in elderly caring SOs. The effect of social support on depression was significantly mediated by anxiety (ß = -0.467, 95%CI: -0.813 to -0.251). Furthermore, anxiety partially mediated the relationship between family support and depression (ß = -0.112, 95%CI: -0.229 to -0.012), and anxiety functioned as a complete mediator in the effect of significant others' support and depression (ß = -0.135, 95%CI: -0.282 to -0.024). CONCLUSIONS: The indirect effect of social support on depression through anxiety among diabetic patients in elderly caring SOs was elucidated. Social support played a key role in maintaining and regulating their mental health, particularly from family and significant others. Social support provided by both family and significant others exerted an important influence on maintaining and regulating their mental health. In light of this pathway, the elderly caring SOs should enhance the magnitude of social support from these two sources, thereby diminishing the likelihood of experiencing anxiety and depression.

The satisfaction of elderly people with elderly caring social organizations and its relationship with social support and anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: With the deepening of China's aging population, higher demands have been placed on the supply of elderly care services. As one of the main sources of providing elderly care services, the quality of service provided by elderly caring social organizations (SOs) directly affects the quality of life of the elderly. In recent years, mental health issues among the elderly have become increasingly prominent, especially with the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. Necessitating the need to pay much more attention to the social support and mental health of this population. This study, therefore, explores the mediating role of institutional satisfaction between the social support and anxiety levels of elderly people in Chongqing's elderly caring SOs. METHOD: This study employed a multi-stage stratified random sampling method to survey 1004 service recipients in elderly caring social organizations from July to August 2022. The self-made sociodemographic questionnaire, institutional satisfaction questionnaire, MSPSS, and GAD-7 were used to collect data on sociodemographic characteristics, institutional satisfaction, social support, and anxiety levels of older adults. Exploratory Factor Analysis and Cronbach's alpha were used to test construct validity and scale reliability, respectively. Data features were described with One-Way Analysis of Variance, while Multiple Linear Regression and Structural Equation Modeling were used to evaluate relationships between social support, institutional satisfaction, and anxiety levels. RESULTS: The average institutional satisfaction score for elderly people in elderly caring SOs was 48.14 ± 6.75. Specifically, the satisfaction score for environmental quality and the satisfaction score for service quality were 16.63 ± 2.56 and 31.52 ± 4.76, respectively. In terms of socio-demographic variables, the presence of visits from relatives, personal annual average income, and self-rated health status all have significant effects on anxiety. Elders who receive visits from relatives have lower levels of anxiety compared to those who do not. Personal annual average income and self-rated health status are negatively correlated with anxiety levels. Social support had significant positive effect on institutional satisfaction, while institutional satisfaction had significant negative effect on anxiety. Institutional satisfaction partially mediated the relationship between social support and anxiety. CONCLUSIONS: Our research demonstrates that improving the quality of organizational services in elderly caring SOs and increasing institutional satisfaction among the elders has significant potential for reducing anxiety levels among the elderly. Additionally, the social support by visits from family members cannot be overlooked. We encourage increasing the frequency of family visits through various means to enhance the support provided to elderly individuals.

Factors related to the internal social capital of elderly-caring social organizations: a cross-sectional study in Chongqing, China.

BACKGROUND: Aging has given birth to the demand for high-quality elderly care service and social organizations (ESOs) are gradually taking on a supportive role in the field of elderly care services.. In view of this, our study is designed to examine influencing factors of social capital within the elderly-caring social organizations. METHOD: The study was conducted in four districts of Chongqing Province and a multi-stage random sampling method was used to sample 80 ESOs as subjects for the research. Through a meticulously crafted questionnaire, we gathered valuable data on internal social capital, basic information about the organization, and other variables. Univariate and Binary Logistic Regression analysis were performed on the data to explore the factors associated with social capital within the elderly-caring social organizations using IBM SPSS version 26.0. RESULT: The results showed that 67(83.8%) OF ESOs surveyed were A-type institutions and 13(16.3%) B-type institutions. Among them, 49(61.3%) institutions covered an area of more than 50m2.The institutions of ≤ 2 years were 33(41.3%), 21(26.3%) were established for ≤ 3 ≤ 8 years, and residual 26(32.5%) were institutions ˃ 8 years old. ESOs that possessed 4-6 management employees were 52.422 times more likely to score high for social support (p<0.05, OR = 52.422). Accommodating special care objects and hiring 16-30 employees were significantly linked to the shared language and shared vision dimension (p<0.001, OR = 0.8) and (p<0.05, OR = 8.672), respectively. and the overall social capital dimension (p<0.01, OR = 0.221) (p<0.05, OR = 5.730). CONCLUSION: ESOs with different basic conditions have different amounts of social capital. Factors such as the presence of special care and volunteer staff, a certain number of full-time staff as well as types of services rendered are accompanied with the higher internal social capital of ESOs.

The DEAD-box RNA helicase ZmRH48 is required for the splicing of multiple mitochondrial introns, mitochondrial complex biosynthesis, and seed development in maize.

RNA helicases participate in nearly all aspects of RNA metabolism by rearranging RNAs or RNA-protein complexes in an adenosine triphosphate-dependent manner. Due to the large RNA helicase families in plants, the precise roles of many RNA helicases in plant physiology and development remain to be clarified. Here, we show that mutations in maize (Zea mays) DEAD-box RNA helicase 48 (ZmRH48) impair the splicing of mitochondrial introns, mitochondrial complex biosynthesis, and seed development. Loss of ZmRH48 function severely arrested embryogenesis and endosperm development, leading to defective kernel formation. ZmRH48 is targeted to mitochondria, where its deficiency dramatically reduced the splicing efficiency of five cis-introns (nad5 intron 1; nad7 introns 1, 2, and 3; and ccmFc intron 1) and one trans-intron (nad2 intron 2), leading to lower levels of mitochondrial complexes I and III. ZmRH48 interacts with two unique pentatricopeptide repeat (PPR) proteins, PPR-SMR1 and SPR2, which are required for the splicing of over half of all mitochondrial introns. PPR-SMR1 interacts with SPR2, and both proteins interact with P-type PPR proteins and Zm-mCSF1 to facilitate intron splicing. These results suggest that ZmRH48 is likely a component of a splicing complex and is critical for mitochondrial complex biosynthesis and seed development.

Connecting the Light Absorption of Atmospheric Organic Aerosols with Oxidation State and Polarity.

The light-absorbing organic aerosol (OA) constitutes an important fraction of absorbing components, counteracting major cooling effect of aerosols to climate. The mechanisms in linking the complex and changeable chemistry of OA with its absorbing properties remain to be elucidated. Here, by using solvent extraction, ambient OA from an urban environment was fractionated according to polarity, which was further nebulized and online characterized with compositions and absorbing properties. Water extracted high-polar compounds with a significantly higher oxygen to carbon ratio (O/C) than methanol extracts. A transition O/C of about 0.6 was found, below and above which the enhancement and reduction of OA absorptivity were observed with increasing O/C, occurring on the less polar and high polar compounds, respectively. In particular, the co-increase of nitrogen and oxygen elements suggests the important role of nitrogen-containing functional groups in enhancing the absorptivity of the less polar compounds (e.g., forming nitrogen-containing aromatics), while further oxidation (O/C > 0.6) on high-polar compounds likely led to fragmentation and bleaching chromophores. The results here may reconcile the previous observations about darkening or whitening chromophores of brown carbon, and the parametrization of O/C has the potential to link the changing chemistry of OA with its polarity and absorbing properties.

Contrasting resistance of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to atmospheric oxidation influenced by burning conditions.

The oxidation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) determines their lifetime, toxicity and consequent environmental and climate impacts. The residential solid fuel burning composes of a substantial fraction of PAH emissions; however, their oxidation rate is yet to be explicitly understood, which is complicated by the contrasting emission factors under different combustion conditions and their subsequent evolution in the atmosphere. Here we used a plume evolution chamber using ambient oxidants to simulate the evolution of residential solid fuel burning emissions under real-world solar radiation, and then to investigate the oxidation process of the emitted PAHs. Contrasting oxidation rate of PAHs was found to be influenced by particles with or without presence of substantial amount of black carbon (BC). In the flaming burning phase, which contained 46% of BC mass fraction and 8% of organic aerosol (OA) internally mixed with BC, the larger PAHs (with 4-7 rings) was rapidly oxidized 12% for every hour of evolution under solar radiation; however, the larger PAHs from smoldering phase tended to maintain unmodified during the evolution, when 95% of OA was externally mixed with only minor fraction of BC (<5%). This may be ascribed to the complex morphology of BC, allowing more exposure for the internally-mixed OA to the oxidants; in contrast with those externally-mixed OA which was prone to be coated by condensed secondary substances. This raises an important consideration about the particle mixing state in influencing the oxidation of PAHs, particularly the coating on PAHs which may extend their lifetime and environmental impacts.

EMP32 is required for the cis-splicing of nad7 intron 2 and seed development in maize.

Pentatricopeptide repeat (PPR) proteins play an important role in post-transcriptional regulation of mitochondrial gene expression. Functions of many PPR proteins and their roles in plant growth and development remain unknown. Through characterization of an empty pericarp32 (emp32) mutant, we identified the function of Emp32 in mitochondrial intron splicing and seed development in maize. The loss-of-function mutant emp32 shows embryo lethality with severely arrested embryo and endosperm development, and over-expression of Emp32 rescues the embryo-lethality. EMP32 is a P-type PPR protein targeted to mitochondria. Loss of function in Emp32 dramatically decreases the splicing efficiency of nad7 intron 2, while complementation of Emp32 restores the splicing efficiency. Although nad7 intron 2 is partially spliced in the wild type, over-expression of Emp32 does not increase the splicing efficiency. The splicing deficiency of nad7 intron 2 blocks the assembly of mitochondrial complex I and dramatically reduces its activity, which may explain the embryo-lethality in emp32. In addition to the one copy of nad7 in the maize mitochondrial genome, we identified one to six copies of nad7 in the nuclear genomes in different maize inbred lines. These copies appear not to be expressed. Together, our results revealed that the P-type PPR protein EMP32 is required for the cis-splicing of nad7 intron 2 and seed development in maize.

Evolution of Aerosol Optical Properties from Wood Smoke in Real Atmosphere Influenced by Burning Phase and Solar Radiation.

Emissions of light-absorbing black carbon (BC) and organic aerosol (OA) from biomass burning are presented as complex mixtures, which introduce challenges in modeling their absorbing properties. In this study, we chose typical residential wood burning emission and used a novel designed chamber to investigate the early stage evolution of plumes from different burning phases under real ambient conditions. The detailed mixing state between BC and OA was evaluated, on the basis of which optical modeling was performed to achieve a closure of aerosol-absorbing properties. Intensive secondary OA (SOA) formation was observed under solar radiation. OA from flaming conditions showed a higher absorptivity than from smoldering conditions, as OA is mostly internally and externally mixed with BC, respectively. For flaming (smoldering), the imaginary refractive index of OA (kOA) was initially at 0.03 ± 0.01 (0.001) and 0.15 ± 0.02 (0.05 ± 0.02) at λ = 781 and 405 nm, respectively, with a half-decay time of 2-3 h in light but a <40% decrease under dark within 5 h. The production of less-absorbing SOA in the first 1-2 h and possible subsequent photobleaching of chromophores contributed to the decrease of kOA. The enhanced abundance but decreased absorptivity of coatings on BC resulted in a relatively maintainable absorptivity of BC-containing particles during evolution.

PPR20 Is Required for the cis-Splicing of Mitochondrial nad2 Intron 3 and Seed Development in Maize.

Pentatricopeptide repeat (PPR) proteins are helical repeat RNA-binding proteins that function in RNA processing by conferring sequence-specific RNA-binding activity. Owing to the lethality of PPR mutants, functions of many PPR proteins remain obscure. In this study, we report the function of PPR20 in intron splicing in mitochondria and its role in maize seed development. PPR20 is a P-type PPR protein targeted to mitochondria. The ppr20 mutants display slow embryo and endosperm development. Null mutation of PPR20 severely reduces the cis-splicing of mitochondrial nad2 intron 3, resulting in reduction in the assembly and activity of mitochondrial complex I. The ppr20-35 allele with a Mu insertion in the N-terminal region shows a much weaker phenotype. Molecular analyses revealed that the mutant produces a truncated transcript, coding for PPR20ΔN120 lacking the N-terminal 120 amino acids. Subcellular localization revealed that PPR20ΔN120:GFP is able to target to mitochondria as well, suggesting the sequence diversity of the mitochondrial targeting peptides. Another mutant zm_mterf15 was also found to be impaired in the splicing of mitochondrial nad2 intron 3. Further analyses are required to identify the exact function of PPR20 and Zm_mTERF15 in the splicing of nad2 intron 3.

Size-Related Physical Properties of Black Carbon in the Lower Atmosphere over Beijing and Europe.

The size-resolved properties of atmospheric black carbon (BC) importantly determine its absorption capacity and cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) ability. This study reports comprehensive vertical profiles of BC size-related properties over the Beijing area (BJ) and Continental Europe (CE). BC mass loadings over CE were in the range of clean background over BJ. For both planetary boundary layer (PBL) and lower free troposphere, the BC mass median core diameter over BJ during the cold season was 0.21 ± 0.02 µm, larger than the warm season over BJ and CE (0.18 ± 0.01 µm), which may reflect seasonal differences in emissions. The BC coatings were positively correlated with the pollution level, with background BC having a smaller coated count median diameter (0.19 ± 0.01 µm). The modeled absorption enhancement (Eabs) due to coatings was 1.23 ± 0.14 for the background but in the PBL following a linear expression (Eabs = 0.13 × MassBC,surface + 1.26). The CCN ability of BC was significantly enhanced in the polluted PBL, due to both enlarged size and increased hygroscopicity. In polluted BJ at predicted supersaturations, ∼0.08% half of the BC number could be activated, whereas the cleaner environment needs ∼0.14%. The results here suggest that the highly coated and absorbing BC can be efficiently incorporated into clouds and can exert important indirect radiative impacts over the polluted East Asia region.

Small kernel2 Encodes a Glutaminase in Vitamin B6 Biosynthesis Essential for Maize Seed Development.

Vitamin B6, an essential cofactor for a range of biochemical reactions and a potent antioxidant, plays important roles in plant growth, development, and stress tolerance. Vitamin B6 deficiency causes embryo lethality in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), but the specific role of vitamin B6 biosynthesis in endosperm development has not been fully addressed, especially in monocot crops, where endosperm constitutes the major portion of the grain. Through molecular characterization of a small kernel2 (smk2) mutant in maize, we reveal that vitamin B6 has differential effects on embryogenesis and endosperm development in maize. The B6 vitamer pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP) is drastically reduced in both the smk2 embryo and the endosperm. However, whereas embryogenesis of the smk2 mutant is arrested at the transition stage, endosperm formation is nearly normal. Cloning reveals that Smk2 encodes the glutaminase subunit of the PLP synthase complex involved in vitamin B6 biosynthesis de novo. Smk2 partially complements the Arabidopsis vitamin B6-deficient mutant pdx2.1 and Saccharomyces cerevisiae pyridoxine auxotrophic mutant MML21. Smk2 is constitutively expressed in the maize plant, including developing embryos. Analysis of B6 vitamers indicates that the endosperm accumulates a large amount of pyridoxamine 5'-phosphate (PMP). These results indicate that vitamin B6 is essential to embryogenesis but has a reduced role in endosperm development in maize. The vitamin B6 required for seed development is synthesized in the seed, and the endosperm accumulates PMP probably as a storage form of vitamin B6.

The pentatricopeptide repeat protein EMP9 is required for mitochondrial ccmB and rps4 transcript editing, mitochondrial complex biogenesis and seed development in maize.

Pentatricopeptide repeat (PPR) proteins comprise a large family of sequence-specific RNA binding proteins in land plants. Because of its large family size and frequent embryo lethality in the mutants, molecular functions and physiological roles of many PPR proteins are unknown. Through characterization of an empty pericarp9 (emp9) mutant in maize (Zea mays), we defined the functions of EMP9 in mitochondrial RNA editing, respiratory complex formation and seed development. Mu insertions in different regions of Emp9 facilitated dissection of the domain functions of the EMP9. Through genetic and functional analyses of multiple alleles, we showed that deletions of two N-terminal PPR motifs and partial E+ domain do not eliminate the editing function of EMP9. Emp9 encodes an E+ subclass PPR protein that is localized in mitochondria. Loss of EMP9 function abolishes the C-to-U editing of ccmB-43 and rps4-335 sites in mitochondria. The loss of editing at ccmB-43 and rps4-335 affects the maturation of cytochrome c and impairs the biogenesis of mitochondrial respiratory complexes, particularly complex III. This work extends our understanding of PPR-E+ protein in editing function and seed development, and provides insights into the molecular function of mitochondrial CcmB protein in higher plants.

Unlocking the potential of LSTM for accurate salary prediction with MLE, Jeffreys prior, and advanced risk functions.

This article aims to address the challenge of predicting the salaries of college graduates, a subject of significant practical value in the fields of human resources and career planning. Traditional prediction models often overlook diverse influencing factors and complex data distributions, limiting the accuracy and reliability of their predictions. Against this backdrop, we propose a novel prediction model that integrates maximum likelihood estimation (MLE), Jeffreys priors, Kullback-Leibler risk function, and Gaussian mixture models to optimize LSTM models in deep learning. Compared to existing research, our approach has multiple innovations: First, we successfully improve the model's predictive accuracy through the use of MLE. Second, we reduce the model's complexity and enhance its interpretability by applying Jeffreys priors. Lastly, we employ the Kullback-Leibler risk function for model selection and optimization, while the Gaussian mixture models further refine the capture of complex characteristics of salary distribution. To validate the effectiveness and robustness of our model, we conducted experiments on two different datasets. The results show significant improvements in prediction accuracy, model complexity, and risk performance. This study not only provides an efficient and reliable tool for predicting the salaries of college graduates but also offers robust theoretical and empirical foundations for future research in this field.

Source apportionment and wet scavenging ability of atmospheric black carbon during haze in Northeast China.

Seasonal variations in black carbon (BC) pollution characteristics during haze episodes in Benxi city, Liaoning province, were analyzed using year-long measurements of BC, carbon monoxide (CO), and PM2.5. Haze frequencies were recorded to be 0.07, 0.03 and 0.14 in spring, autumn, and winter respectively. Solid fuel contributions increased notably by 7%-8% during haze events compared to clean periods in all seasons. Transitioning from clean to haze periods led to ΔBC/ΔCO increases of 16% in spring and autumn, and 6.8% in winter, while BC/PM2.5 ratios decreased by approximately 33%, 50%, and 24% for spring, autumn, and winter respectively, likely indicating enhanced residential and industrial contributions. These further led to an increase in BC absorption capacities by factors of around 2.2 in spring and autumn, and up to 2.6 in winter during haze periods. Despite liquid fuel sources dominating BC emissions, certain haze episodes (frequency <10%) showed solid fuel contributions of up to 65%, highlighting BC pollution complexity in the region during haze. Backward trajectories analysis revealed local air masses from Liaoning province arrived consistently with the most occurrence of haze events across all seasons, while long-range air masses from Mongolian regions, though with less frequent occurrence during haze periods, significantly elevated BC loadings from solid fuel sources, particularly in spring and autumn due to biomass burning. Despite higher BC wet scavenging rates (WSR) in long-range air masses (0.072 ng m-3 ppbv-1 mm-1) compared to local air masses (0.039 ng m-3 ppbv-1 mm-1), significant BC transport persisted due to limited precipitation along transport pathways, especially during haze periods. These findings provide crucial insights for policymakers, highlighting the need for targeted haze prevention and control strategies focusing on mitigating BC emissions in Northeast China.