Hydrothermal systems to obtain high value-added compounds from macroalgae for bioeconomy and biorefineries.

The search of sustainable and environmentally friendly alternatives to obtain compounds for different industrial sectors has grown exponentially. Following the principles of biorefinery and circular bioeconomy, processes in which the use of natural resources such as macroalgae biomass is prioritized are required. This review focuses on a description of the relevance, application and engineering platforms of hydrothermal systems and the operational conditions depending on the target as an innovative technology and bio-based solution for macroalgae fractionation in order to recover profitable products for industries and investors. In this sense, hydrothermal treatments represent a promising alternative for obtaining different high value-added compounds from this biomass; since, the different variations in terms of operating conditions, gives great versatility to this technology compared to other types of processing, allowing it to be adapted depending on the objective, whether it is working under sub/super critical conditions, thus expanding its field of application.

Interaction of Pb2+, PbMe22+ and PbPh22+ with 3-(phenyl)-2-sulfanylpropenoic acid: a coordinative and toxicological approach.

We investigated the reaction of Pb(2+), PbMe(2)(2+) and PbPh(2)(2+) with 3-(phenyl)-2-sulfanylpropenoic acid (H(2)pspa) to give the complexes [Pb(pspa)], [PbMe(2)(pspa)], [PbPh(2)(pspa)], [HQ](2)[Pb(pspa)(2)] and [HQ[(2)[PbPh(2)(pspa)(2)] (HQ=diisopropylammonium), which were characterized by IR and NMR ((1)H, (13)C and (207)Pb) spectroscopy and by fast atom bombardment (FAB) spectrometry. The structures of [PbMe(2)(pspa)], [PbPh(2)(pspa)], [PbPh(2)(pspa)(dmso)].dmso and [HQ[(2)[PbPh(2)(pspa)(2)] are interesting examples of unexplored Pb coordination kernels and supramolecular association. Pig renal proximal tubule LLC-PK1 culture cells were used to determine in vitro the effect of the pretreatment with H(2)pspa (alone or combined with vitamin B(6)) and [HQ](2)[Zn(pspa)(2)] on the cytotoxicity of PbMe(2)(2+) and PbPh(2)(2+) by comparing the results with those of meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid (dmsa). The results show that the cell viability was scarcely affected by these agents. The ability of these reagents to decorporate lead was investigated in vivo by analysing the lead levels in the liver, kidney, brain and blood. In the case of the dimethyl derivative, and under certain protocols, undesirable effects such as an increase in brain and liver lead levels were detected. These increases were not detected when the diphenyl derivative was assayed but in this case a positive effect was not identified either. The blood lead levels also increased in the case of the dimethyl derivative and the activity of delta-ALAD was significantly recovered upon treatment with vitamin B(6) or H(2)pspa; neither the blood lead levels nor the delta-ALAD activity was modified in the case of the diphenyl derivative.