High-Throughput Microfluidic Production of Droplets and Hydrogel Microspheres through Monolithically Integrated Microchannel Plates.

In this paper, we present a highly effective microfluidic emulsion system using an integrated microchannel plate (MCP), a porous glass membrane that is readily available and densely packs millions of through-microchannels, for high-throughput production of monodisperse droplets. The physical controls of droplet formation, including viscosity, flow rate, and pore size, have been extensively explored for optimum emulsification conditions. The performance of the device has been validated where monodisperse droplets with a narrow coefficient of variance (<5%) can be achieved at a dispersed phase flux of 3 mL h-1 from a piece of 4 × 4 mm2 MCP. The average droplet size is two times the nominal membrane pore diameter and thus can be easily controlled by choosing the appropriate membrane type. The preparation of hydrogel microspheres has also been demonstrated with a high throughput of 1.5 × 106 particles min-1. These microspheres with a uniform size range and rough surface morphology provide suitable bioenvironments and serve as ideal carriers for cell culture. Mouse fibroblasts are shown to be cultured on these 3D scaffolds with an average cell viability of over 96%. The cell attachment rate can reach up to 112 ± 7% in 24 h and the proliferation ability increases with the number of culture days. Furthermore, the device has been applied in the droplet digital polymerase chain reaction for absolute quantification of lung cancer-related PLAU genes. The detection limit achieved was noted to be 0.5 copies/µL with a dynamic range of 105 ranging from 1 × 102 to 1 × 106 copies/µL. Given the easy fabrication, robust performance, and simple operation, the emulsion system sets the stage for the laboratory's droplet-based assays and applications in tissue engineering.

Current crowding in graphene-silicon schottky diodes.

The performance of the Graphene/Si (Gr/Si) Schottky interface and its potential in future electronics strongly rely on the quality of interconnecting contacts with external circuitry. In this work, we investigate the dominating and limiting factors of Gr/Si interfaces designed for high light absorption, paying particular attention to the nature of the contact failure under high electrostatic discharge (ESD) conditions. Our findings indicate that severe current crowding at contact edges of the graphene is the dominating factor for the device breakdown. Material degradation and electrical breakdown are systematically analyzed by atomic force, Raman, scanning electron, and energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopies. This work enlists the robustness and limitations of Gr/Si junction in photodiode architecture under high ESD conditions that can be used as general guidelines for 2D-3D electronic and optoelectronic devices.

Flexible Film Bulk Acoustic Resonator Based on Low-Porosity ß-Phase P(VDF-TrFE) Film for Human Vital Signs Monitoring.

P(VDF-TrFE) is a promising material for flexible acoustic devices owing to its good piezoelectric performance and excellent stretchability. However, the high density of internal pores and large surface roughness of the conventional P(VDF-TrFE) results in a high propagation attenuation for acoustic waves, which limits its use in flexible acoustic devices. In this paper, a novel method based on two-step annealing is proposed to effectively remove the pores inside the P(VDF-TrFE) film and reduce its surface roughness. The obtained P(VDF-TrFE) film possesses excellent characteristics, including a high breakdown strength of >300 kV/mm, a high-purity ß-phase content of more than 80%, and high piezoelectric coefficients (d33) of 42 pm/V. Based on the low-porosity ß-phase P(VDF-TrFE) film, we fabricated flexible film bulk acoustic resonators (FBARs) which exhibit high sharp resonance peaks. The pressure sensor was made by sandwiching the FBARs with two PDMS microneedle patches. Heartbeat and respiration rate monitoring were achieved using the pressure sensor. This work demonstrates the feasibility of high-performance flexible piezoelectric acoustic resonators based on low-porosity P(VDF-TrFE) films, which could see wider applications in the wearable sensors for both physical and chemical sensing.

Numerical Study of Particle Separation through Integrated Multi-Stage Surface Acoustic Waves and Modulated Driving Signals.

The manipulation of biomedical particles, such as separating circulating tumor cells from blood, based on standing surface acoustic wave (SSAW) has been widely used due to its advantages of label-free approaches and good biocompatibility. However, most of the existing SSAW-based separation technologies are dedicated to isolate bioparticles in only two different sizes. It is still challenging to fractionate various particles in more than two different sizes with high efficiency and accuracy. In this work, to tackle the problems of low efficiency for multiple cell particle separation, integrated multi-stage SSAW devices with different wavelengths driven by modulated signals were designed and studied. A three-dimensional microfluidic device model was proposed and analyzed using the finite element method (FEM). In addition, the effect of the slanted angle, acoustic pressure, and the resonant frequency of the SAW device on the particle separation were systemically studied. From the theoretical results, the separation efficiency of three different size particles based on the multi-stage SSAW devices reached 99%, which was significantly improved compared with conventional single-stage SSAW devices.

Non-Invasive Muscular Atrophy Causes Evaluation for Limb Fracture Based on Flexible Surface Electromyography System.

Muscular atrophy after limb fracture is a frequently occurring complication with multiple causes. Different treatments and targeted rehabilitation procedures should be carried out based on the causes. However, bedside evaluation methods are invasive in clinical practice nowadays, lacking reliable non-invasive methods. In this study, we propose a non-invasive flexible surface electromyography system with machine learning algorithms to distinguish nerve-injury and limb immobilization-related atrophy. First, a flexible surface electromyography sensor was designed and verified by in vitro tests for its robustness and flexibility. Then, in vivo tests on rats proved the reliability compared with the traditional invasive diagnosis method. Finally, this system was applied for the diagnosis of muscular atrophy in 10 patients. The flexible surface electromyography sensor can achieve a max strain of 12.0%, which ensures close contact with the skin. The in vivo tests on rats show great comparability with the traditional invasive diagnosis method. It can achieve a high specificity of 95.28% and sensitivity of 98.98%. Application on patients reaches a relatively high specificity of 89.44% and sensitivity of 91.94%. The proposed painless surface electromyography system can be an easy and accurate supplementary for bedside muscular atrophy causes evaluation, holding excellent contact with the body.

Inequalities in changing mortality and life expectancy in Jiading District, Shanghai, 2002-2018.

BACKGROUND: Improvements of population health in China have been unevenly distributed among different sexes and regions. Mortality Registration System provides an opportunity for timely assessments of mortality trend and inequalities. METHODS: Causes of death were reclassified following the method of Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD). Age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR) and ring-map of the rate by town were used to describe inequalities in changing mortality. Life expectancy (LE) and cause-deleted LE were calculated on the basis of life table technique. RESULTS: The burden of death from 2002 to 2018 was dominated by cardiovascular diseases (CVD), neoplasms, chronic respiratory diseases and injuries in Jiading district, accounting for almost 80% of total deaths. The overall ASMR dropped from 407.6/100000 to 227.1/100000, and LE increased from 77.86 years to 82.31 years. Women lived about 3.0-3.5 years longer than men. Besides, a cluster of lower LE was found for CVD in the southeast corner and one cluster for neoplasms in the southern corner of the district. The largest individual contributor to increment in LE was neoplasms, ranged from 2.41 to 3.63 years for males, and from 1.60 to 2.36 years for females. CONCLUSIONS: Improvement in health was mainly attributed to the decline of deaths caused by CVD and neoplasms, but was distributed with sex and town. This study served as a reflection of health inequality, is conducive to formulate localized health policies and measures.

Impact of maternal HIV-HBV coinfection on pregnancy outcomes in an underdeveloped rural area of southwest China.

OBJECTIVES: Our objective was to determine the impact of maternal HIV-hepatitis B virus (HBV) coinfection on pregnancy outcomes. METHODS: The current study was conducted in a county of Yi Autonomous Prefecture in southwest China. Data were abstracted from hospitalisation records, including maternal and infant information. The seroprevalences of HIV and HBV infections and HIV-HBV coinfection were determined and the impact of maternal HIV-HBV coinfection on adverse pregnancy outcomes was assessed using logistic regression analysis. A treatment effects linear regression model was also applied to examine the effect of HBV, HIV or coinfection to quantify the absolute difference in birth weight from a reference of HBV-HIV negative participants. RESULTS: A total of 13 198 pregnant women were included in our study, and among them, 99.1% were Yi people and 90.8% lived in rural area. The seroprevalences of HIV and HBV infections and HIV-HBV coinfection were 3.6% (95% CI: 3.2% to 3.9%), 3.2% (95% CI: 2.9% to 3.5%) and 0.2% (95% CI: 0.1% to 0.2%) among the pregnant women, respectively. Maternal HIV-HBV coinfection was a risk factor for low birth weight (adjusted OR (aOR)=5.52, 95% CI: 1.97 to 15.40). Compared with the HIV mono-infection group, the risk of low birth weight was significantly higher in the HIV-HBV coinfection group (aOR=3.62, 95% CI: 1.24 to 10.56). Maternal HIV infection was associated with an increased risk of low birth weight (aOR=1.90, 95% CI: 1.38 to 2.60) and preterm delivery (aOR=2.84, 95% CI: 1.81 to 4.47). Perinatal death was more common when mothers were infected with HBV (aOR=2.85, 95% CI: 1.54 to 5.26). CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of HIV infection was high among pregnant women of the Yi region. Both HIV and HBV infections might have adverse effects on pregnancy outcomes. Maternal HIV-HBV coinfection might be a risk factor for low birth weight in the Yi region, which needs to be confirmed.

Flexible and fully biodegradable resistance random access memory based on a gelatin dielectric.

The increased public concerns on healthcare, the environment and sustainable development inspired the development of biodegradable and biocompatible electronics that could be used as degradable electronics in implants. In this work, a fully biodegradable and flexible resistance random access memory (RRAM) was developed with low-cost biomaterial gelatin as the dielectric layer and the biodegradable polymer poly(lactide-coglycolide) acid (PLGA) as the substrate. PLGA can be synthesized by a simple solution process, and the PLGA substrate can be peeled off the handling substrate for operation once the devices are fabricated. The fabricated memory devices exhibited reliable nonvolatile resistive switching characteristics with a long retention time over 104 s and a near-constant on/off resistance ratio of 102 even after 200 bending cycles, showing the promising potential for application in flexible electronics. Degradation of the devices in deionized water and in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) solution showed that the whole devices can be completely degraded in water. The dissolution time of the metals and the gelatin layer was a few days, while that for PLGA is about 6 months, and can be modified by changing the synthesis conditions of the film, thus allowing the development of biodegradable electronics with designed dissolution time.

Influence of coarse particulate matter on chickenpox in Jiading District, Shanghai, 2009-2018: A distributed lag non-linear time series analysis.

Although the link between ambient air pollution and some infectious diseases has been studied, few studies have explored so far, the relationship between chickenpox and particulate matter. Daily chickenpox counts in Jiading District, Shanghai, were collected from 2009 to 2018. Time series analysis was conducted to describe the trends of the daily number of chickenpox cases and the concentration of particulate matter 10 µm or less (PM10). The distributed lag non-linear model (DLNM) was developed to assess the lag and non-linear relationship between the number of chickenpox cases and PM10 concentration adjusting for meteorological factors and other pollutants. Spatiotemporal scanning was used to detect the clustering of chickenpox cases. There was a concomitant relationship between the number of chickenpox cases and PM10 concentration, especially in the period of high PM10 concentration. DLNM results showed a nonlinear relationship between the number of chickenpox cases and PM10 concentration with the maximum effect of PM10 being lagged for 13-14 days, which was consistent with the average incubation period of chickenpox. PM10 was significantly associated with the daily number of chickenpox cases when above 300 µg/m3. The risk of chickenpox increased with increasing PM10 concentration and the association was strongest at the lag of 14 day (RR = 1.13, 95% CI: 1.04-1.23) for PM10 concentration of 500 µg/m3 versus 50 µg/m3. The study provides evidence that high PM10 concentration increases the risk of chickenpox spreading.

Prevalence and associated factors of Treponema pallidum infection in a rural area of southwestern China.

BACKGROUND: Epidemiological data on Treponema pallidum infection are scarce from the southwestern region of China. The purpose of this study was to determine the distribution and determinants of T. pallidum infection in the region. METHODS: A community-based cross-sectional study of 2608 participants aged ≥14 years was conducted in a rural area of southwestern China in 2014-15. A pretested questionnaire was used to collect sociodemographic characteristics and other factors associated with T. pallidum infection. The diagnoses of T. pallidum, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections were determined by commercial test kits. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine the correlates for T. pallidum infection, and adjusted odds ratios (aORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. RESULTS: The prevalence of T. pallidum infection was 1.2% (95% CI 0.8 to 1.7%). Risk factors varied by gender. In the male group, T. pallidum infection was significantly associated with ever injection drug use (aOR = 9.42, 95% CI 2.47 to 35.87) and HCV infection (aOR = 13.28, 95% CI 3.20 to 51.70). In the female group, correlates for T. pallidum infection included spouse having syphilis (aOR = 126.66, 95% CI 7.58 to 2122.94), ever having blood transfusion (aOR = 10.51, 95% CI 1.58 to 41.21) and HBV infection (aOR = 4.19, 95% CI 1.35 to 10.93). CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of T. pallidum infection was high in the rural area of southwestern China. Correlates for T. pallidum infection varied with sex specific. Intervention should be developed for the prevention and control of T. pallidum infection.

Universal Triboelectric Nanogenerator Simulation Based on Dynamic Finite Element Method Model.

The lack of a universal simulation method for triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) makes the device design and optimization difficult before experiment, which protracts the research and development process and hinders the landing of practical TENG applications. The existing electrostatic induction models for TENGs have limitations in simulating TENGs with complex geometries and their dynamic behaviors under practical movements due to the topology change issues. Here, a dynamic finite element method (FEM) model is proposed. The introduction of air buffer layers and the moving mesh method eliminates the topology change issues during practical movement and allows simulation of dynamic and time-varying behaviors of TENGs with complex 2D/3D geometries. Systematic investigations are carried out to optimize the air buffer thickness and mesh densities, and the optimized results show excellent consistency with the experimental data and results based on other existing methods. It also shows that a 3D disk-type rotating TENG can be simulated using the model, clearly demonstrating the capability and superiority of the dynamic FEM model. Moreover, the dynamic FEM model is used to optimize the shape of the tribo-material, which is used as a preliminary example to demonstrate the possibility of designing a TENG-based sensor.

A Highly Sensitive Amperometric Glutamate Oxidase Microbiosensor Based on a Reduced Graphene Oxide/Prussian Blue Nanocube/Gold Nanoparticle Composite Film-Modified Pt Electrode.

A simple method that relies only on an electrochemical workstation has been investigated to fabricate a highly sensitive glutamate microbiosensor for potential neuroscience applications. In this study, in order to develop the highly sensitive glutamate electrode, a 100 µm platinum wire was modified by the electrochemical deposition of gold nanoparticles, Prussian blue nanocubes, and reduced graphene oxide sheets, which increased the electroactive surface area; and the chitosan layer, which provided a suitable environment to bond the glutamate oxidase. The optimization of the fabrication procedure and analytical conditions is described. The modified electrode was characterized using field emission scanning electron microscopy, impedance spectroscopy, and cyclic voltammetry. The results exhibited its excellent sensitivity for glutamate detection (LOD = 41.33 nM), adequate linearity (50 nM-40 µM), ascendant reproducibility (RSD = 4.44%), and prolonged stability (more than 30 repetitive potential sweeps, two-week lifespan). Because of the important role of glutamate in neurotransmission and brain function, this small-dimension, high-sensitivity glutamate electrode is a promising tool in neuroscience research.

Mode Analysis of Pt/LGS Surface Acoustic Wave Devices.

Platinum (Pt) gratings on langasite (LGS) substrates are a widely used structures in high temperature surface acoustic wave (SAW) devices. Multiple modes can be excited in Pt/LGS SAW devices owing to the heavy weight of the Pt electrode and leaky waves in the LGS substrate. In this work, we report on a detailed mode analysis of Pt/LGS SAW devices, where three commonly used LGS cuts are considered. A three-dimensional (3D) finite element method (FEM) numerical model was developed, and the simulation and experiment results were compared. The experiment and simulation results showed that there are two modes excited in the Pt/LGS SAW devices with Euler angle (0°, 138.5°, 27°) and (0°, 138.5°, 117°), which are Rayleigh-type SAW and SH-type leaky wave, respectively. Only the Rayleigh-type mode was observed in the Pt/LGS SAW devices with Euler angle (0°, 138.5°, 72°). It was found that the acoustic velocities are dependent on the wavelength, which is attributed to the change of wave penetration depth in interdigital transducers (IDTs) and the velocity dispersion can be modulated by the thickness of the Pt electrode. We also demonstrated that addition of an Al2O3 passivation layer has no effect on the wave modes, but can increase the resonant frequencies. This paper provides a better understanding of the acoustic modes of Pt/LGS SAW devices, as well as useful guidance for device design. It is believed that the Rayleigh-type SAW and SH-type leaky waves are potentially useful for dual-mode sensing applications in harsh environments, to achieve multi-parameter monitoring or temperature-compensation on a single chip.

A Flexible Film Bulk Acoustic Resonator Based on -Phase Polyvinylidene Fluoride Polymer.

This paper reports a novel flexible film bulk acoustic resonator (FBAR) based on -phase polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) piezoelectric polymer. The proposed device was simulated and evaluated; then, a low-temperature photolithography process with a double exposure method was developed to pattern the electrodes for the device, which enabled the device to retain the piezoelectric properties of the -phase PVDF film. Results showed that the ß-phase PVDF FBARs had a resonant frequency round 9.212 with a high electromechanical coupling coefficient () of 12.76% ± 0.56%. The device performed well over a wide bending-strain range up to 2400 owing to its excellent flexibility. It showed good stability as a strain sensor with a sensitivity of 80 , and no visible deterioration was observed after cyclic bending tests. The PVDF FBAR also exhibited an exceptionally large temperature coefficient of frequency (TCF) of -4630 , two orders of magnitude larger than those of other FBARs based on common inorganic piezoelectric materials, extraordinarily high sensitivity for temperature sensing. All results showed that -phase PVDF FBARs have the potential to expand the application scope for future flexible electronics.

Surface-Acoustic-Wave-Based Lab-on-Chip for Rapid Transport of Cryoprotectants across Cell Membrane for Cryopreservation with Significantly Improved Cell Viability.

Cryopreservation is essential to effectively extend the shelf life of delicate biomaterials while maintaining proper levels of cell functions. Cryopreservation requires a cryoprotective agent (CPA) to suppress intracellular ice formation during freezing, but it must be removed prior to clinical use due to its toxicity. Conventional multistep CPA loading and unloading approaches are time consuming, often creating osmotic shocks and causing mechanical injuries for biological samples. An efficient surface-acoustic-wave- (SAW-) based lab-on-a-chip (LoC) for fast loading and removal of CPAs is presented here. With the SAW-based multistep CPA loading/removal approach, high concentration (3 m) CPA can be successfully loaded and removed in less than 1 min. Results show that the technique causes the least harm to umbilical cord matrix mesenchymal stem cells as compared to conventional method, and an average of 24% higher cell recovery rate is achieved, while preserving the integrity and morphology of the cells. This device is the first of its kind to combine high loading/unloading efficiency, high cell viability, and high throughput into one LoC device, offering not only a more efficient and safer route for CPA loading and removal from cells, but also paving the way for other cryopreservation-dependent applications.

Factors associated with uptake of Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccination in Shanghai, China.

BACKGROUND: Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) vaccine is effective in reducing the burden of Hib related diseases, but little is known about factors influencing the uptake of Hib vaccine. This study aimed to assess the uptake of Hib vaccination and its associated factors in Shanghai City, China. METHODS: We used data from a retrospective cohort of 183,246 children born in 2012-2016 obtained from the Shanghai Immunization Program Information System, which provided information on the uptake of Hib vaccination. We conducted a cross-sectional study of 451 children to collect information on demographic and other factors that might be associated with Hib vaccination. RESULTS: In the retrospective cohort study, the proportions of Hib dose-1 coverage, vaccination completion and timeliness were 67.7, 52.2 and 29.4%, respectively. These measures were better among local children and increased with birth year, while there were regional differences. Hib vaccine uptake was significantly associated with maternal occupation (non-health vs health workers, OR = 2.33, 95% CI: 1.32-4.13, P = 0.004) and caregivers' awareness of Hib (yes vs no, OR = 1.75, 95% CI: 1.12-2.74, P = 0.013). CONCLUSIONS: We found low levels of coverage of dose-1 Hib vaccine, timeliness and completion, suggesting inadequate protection against Hib disease for children in Shanghai. Non-local children and those of health workers should be targeted for interventions. The inclusion of Hib vaccine into the national immunization program could help improve the uptake of Hib vaccines.

Triboelectric Nanogenerator-Based Self-Powered Resonant Sensor for Non-Destructive Defect Detection.

A triboelectric nanogenerator-based self-powered resonant sensor is proposed and investigated. By integrating an inductor and a microswitch with a triboelectric nanogenerator, a new type triboelectric nanogenerator is obtained, the pulse voltage output is converted to an oscillating signal with a very stable modulated resonant frequency, immune to the cross disturbance of contact-related variation (force, frequency, distance) and environmental variation, such as humidity and temperature. This is utilized for non-destructive defect detection. When the coil inductor scans the surface of a specimen with defects, varying resonant frequencies are obtained for different types of defects, showing excellent consistency between the experimental and simulated results. The results demonstrate the potential of the self-powered TENG-based resonant sensor to be a highly stable and sensitive magnetic sensor for the non-destructive defect detection applications.

Dielectrophoresis-Based Protein Enrichment for a Highly Sensitive Immunoassay Using Ag/SiO2 Nanorod Arrays.

A nanoscale insulator-based dielectrophoresis (iDEP) technique is developed for rapid enrichment of proteins and highly sensitive immunoassays. Dense arrays of nanorods (NDs) by oblique angle deposition create a super high electric field gradient of 2.6 × 1024 V2 m-3 and the concomitant strong dielectrophoresis force successfully traps small proteins at a bias as low as 5 V. 1800-fold enrichment of bovine serum albumin protein at a remarkable rate of up to 180-fold s-1 is achieved using oxide coated Ag nanorod arrays with pre-patterned sawtooth electrodes. Based on this system, an ultrasensitive immunoassay of mouse immunoglobulin G is demonstrated with a reduction in the limit of detection from 5.8 ng mL-1 (37.6 pM) down to 275.3 fg mL-1 (1.8 f M), compared with identical assays performed on glass plates. This methodology is also applied to detect a cancer biomarker prostate-specific antigen spiked in human serum with a detection limit of 2.6 ng mL-1 . This high sensitivity results from rapid biomarker enrichment and metal enhanced fluorescence through the integration of nanostructures. The concentrated proteins also accelerate binding kinetics and enable signal saturation within 1 min. Given the easy fabrication process, this nanoscale iDEP system provides a highly sensitive detection platform for point-of-care diagnostics.

Proinflammatory polarization of engineered heat-inducible macrophages reprogram the tumor immune microenvironment during cancer immunotherapy.

The success of macrophage-based adoptive cell therapy is largely constrained by poor polarization from alternatively activated (M2-like) to classically activated (M1-like) phenotype in the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). Here, we show that the engineered macrophage (eMac) with a heat-inducible genetic switch can induce both self-polarization of adoptively transferred eMac and re-polarization of tumour-associated macrophages in response to mild temperature elevation in a mouse model. The locoregional production of proinflammatory cytokines by eMac in the TME dose not only induces the strong polarization of macrophages into a classically activated phenotype, but also ensures that the side effects typical for systemically administrate proinflammatory cytokines are avoided. We also present a wearable warming device which is adaptable for human patients and can be remotely controlled by a smartphone. In summary, our work represents a safe and efficient adoptive transfer immunotherapy method with potential for human translation.

Microfluidic devices integrated with plasmonic nanostructures for sensitive fluorescent immunoassays.

The robust identification and quantification of various biomarkers is of utmost significance in clinical diagnostics and precision medicine. Fluorescent immunoassays are widely used and considered as a gold standard for biomarker detection due to their high specificity and accuracy. However, current commercial immunoassay tests suffer from limited detection sensitivity and complicated, labor-intensive operation procedures, making them impractical for point-of-care diagnosis, particularly in resource-limited regions. Recently, microfluidic immunoassay devices integrated with plasmonic nanostructures have emerged as a powerful tool for sensitive detection of biomarkers, addressing specific issues, such as integration schemes, easy operation, multiplexed detection, and sensitivity enhancement. In this paper, we provide a discussion on the recent advances in the plasmonic nanostructures integrated with microfluidic devices for fluorescent immunoassays. We shed light on the nanofabrication strategies and various fluidic designs for rapid, sensitive, and highly efficient sensing of antigens. Finally, we share our perspectives on the potential directions of these integrated devices for practical applications.