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BACKGROUND & AIMS: This study aimed to assess the accuracy of functional luminal imaging probe (FLIP) panometry to detect esophagogastric junction (EGJ) obstruction assigned by high-resolution manometry (HRM) and the Chicago Classification version 4.0 (CCv4.0). METHODS: Six hundred eighty-seven adult patients who completed FLIP and HRM for primary esophageal motility evaluation and 35 asymptomatic volunteers (controls) were included. EGJ opening was evaluated with 16-cm FLIP during sedated endoscopy via EGJ-distensibility index (DI) and maximum EGJ diameter. HRM was classified according to CCv4.0 and focused on studies with a conclusive disorder of EGJ outflow (ie, achalasia subtypes I, II, or III; or EGJ outflow obstruction with abnormal timed barium esophagogram) or normal EGJ outflow. RESULTS: All 35 controls had EGJ-DI >3.0 mm2/mmHg and maximum EGJ diameter >16 mm. Per HRM and CCv4.0, 245 patients had a conclusive disorder of EGJ outflow, and 314 patients had normal EGJ outflow. Among the 241 patients with reduced EGJ opening (EGJ-DI <2.0 mm2/mmHg and maximum EGJ diameter <12 mm) on FLIP panometry, 86% had a conclusive disorder of EGJ outflow per CCv4.0. Among the 203 patients with normal EGJ opening (EGJ-DI ≥2.0 mm2/mmHg and maximum EGJ diameter ≥16 mm) on FLIP panometry, 99% had normal EGJ outflow per CCv4.0. CONCLUSIONS: FLIP panometry accurately identified clinically relevant conclusive EGJ obstruction as defined by CCv4.0 in patients evaluated for esophageal motor disorders. Thus, FLIP panometry is a valuable tool for both independent and complementary evaluation of esophageal motility.
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Acalasia Esofágica , Transtornos da Motilidade Esofágica , Adulto , Endoscopia Gastrointestinal , Transtornos da Motilidade Esofágica/diagnóstico , Junção Esofagogástrica , Humanos , Manometria/métodosRESUMO
BACKGROUND & AIMS: A normal esophageal response to distension on functional luminal imaging probe (FLIP) panometry during endoscopy might indicate normal esophageal motor function. We aimed to investigate the correlation of normal FLIP panometry findings with esophageal high-resolution manometry (HRM) and outcomes of discrepant patients. METHODS: We performed a retrospective study using data from a registry of patients who completed FLIP during sedated endoscopy. We identified 111 patients with normal FLIP panometry findings (mean age, 42 y; 69% female) and corresponding HRM data. A normal FLIP panometry was defined as an esophagogastric junction (EGJ) distensibility index greater than 3.0 mm2/mm Hg, an absence of repetitive retrograde contractions, and a repetitive antegrade contraction pattern that met the Rule-of-6s: ≥6 consecutive antegrade contractions of ≥6-cm in length, at a rate of 6 ± 3 contractions per minute. HRM findings were classified by the Chicago classification system version 3.0. RESULTS: HRM results were classified as normal motility in 78 patients (70%), ineffective esophageal motility in 10 patients (9%), EGJ outflow obstruction in 20 patients (18%), and 3 patients (3%) as other. In patients with EGJ outflow obstruction based on HRM, the integrated relaxation pressure normalized on adjunctive swallows in 16 of 20 patients (80%), and in 8 of 9 patients (88%) who completed a barium esophagram and had normal barium clearance. Thus, although 23 of 111 patients (21%) with normal FLIP panometry had abnormal HRM findings, these HRMs often were considered to be false-positive or equivocal results. All patients with an abnormal result from HRM were treated conservatively. CONCLUSIONS: In a retrospective cohort study, we found that patients with normal FLIP panometry results did not have a clinical impression of a major esophageal motor disorder. Normal FLIP panometry results can exclude esophageal motility disorders at the time of endoscopy, possibly negating the need for HRM in select patients.
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Transtornos da Motilidade Esofágica , Adulto , Transtornos da Motilidade Esofágica/diagnóstico por imagem , Junção Esofagogástrica/diagnóstico por imagem , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Manometria , Estudos RetrospectivosRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: High-resolution manometry (HRM) is generally considered the primary method to evaluate esophageal motility; functional luminal imaging probe (FLIP) panometry represents a novel method to do so and is completed during sedated endoscopy. This study aimed to compare HRM and FLIP panometry in predicting esophageal retention on timed barium esophagram (TBE). METHODS: A total of 329 adult patients who completed FLIP, HRM, and TBE for primary esophageal motility evaluation were included. An abnormal TBE was defined by a 1-minute column height >5 cm or impaction of a 12.5-mm barium tablet. The integrated relaxation pressure (IRP) on HRM was assessed in the supine and upright patient positions. Esophagogastric junction (EGJ) opening was evaluated with 16-cm FLIP performed during sedated endoscopy through EGJ-distensibility index and maximum EGJ diameter. RESULTS: Receiver operating characteristic curves to identify an abnormal TBE demonstrated AUC (95% confidence interval) of 0.79 (0.75-0.84) for supine IRP, 0.79 (0.76-0.86) for upright IRP, 0.84 (0.79-0.88) for EGJ-distensibility index, and 0.88 (0.85-0.92) for maximum EGJ diameter. Logistic regression to predict abnormal TBE showed odds ratios (95% confidence interval) of 1.8 (0.84-3.7) for consistent IRP elevation and 39.7 (16.4-96.2) for reduced EGJ opening on FLIP panometry. Of 40 patients with HRM-FLIP panometry discordance, HRM-IRP was consistent with TBE in 23% while FLIP panometry was consistent with TBE in 78%. DISCUSSION: FLIP panometry provided superior detection of esophageal retention over IRP on HRM. However, application of a complementary evaluation involving FLIP panometry, HRM, and TBE may be necessary to accurately diagnose esophageal motility disorders.
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Endoscopia , Transtornos da Motilidade Esofágica/diagnóstico , Manometria , Adulto , Idoso , Estudos de Coortes , Junção Esofagogástrica/fisiopatologia , Feminino , Humanos , Modelos Logísticos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Razão de Chances , Valor Preditivo dos Testes , Curva ROC , RadiografiaRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Functional luminal imaging probe (FLIP) panometry can evaluate esophageal motility in response to sustained esophageal distension at the time of sedated endoscopy. This study aimed to describe a classification of esophageal motility using FLIP panometry and evaluate it against high-resolution manometry (HRM) and Chicago Classification v4.0 (CCv4.0). METHODS: Five hundred thirty-nine adult patients who completed FLIP and HRM with a conclusive CCv4.0 diagnosis were included in the primary analysis. Thirty-five asymptomatic volunteers ("controls") and 148 patients with an inconclusive CCv4.0 diagnosis or systemic sclerosis were also described. Esophagogastric junction (EGJ) opening and the contractile response (CR) to distension (i.e., secondary peristalsis) were evaluated with a 16-cm FLIP during sedated endoscopy and analyzed using a customized software program. HRM was classified according to CCv4.0. RESULTS: In the primary analysis, 156 patients (29%) had normal motility on FLIP panometry, defined by normal EGJ opening and a normal or borderline CR; 95% of these patients had normal motility or ineffective esophageal motility on HRM. Two hundred two patients (37%) had obstruction with weak CR, defined as reduced EGJ opening and absent CR or impaired/disordered CR, on FLIP panometry; 92% of these patients had a disorder of EGJ outflow per CCv4.0. DISCUSSION: Classifying esophageal motility in response to sustained distension with FLIP panometry parallels the swallow-associated motility evaluation provided with HRM and CCv4.0. Thus, FLIP panometry serves as a well-tolerated method that can complement, or in some cases be an alternative to HRM, for evaluating esophageal motility disorders.
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Transtornos da Motilidade Esofágica/classificação , Manometria/métodos , Peristaltismo/fisiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Endoscopia Gastrointestinal , Transtornos da Motilidade Esofágica/diagnóstico , Transtornos da Motilidade Esofágica/fisiopatologia , Esôfago/fisiopatologia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estudos Retrospectivos , Adulto JovemRESUMO
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Although laparoscopic Heller myotomy (LHM) or peroral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) is highly effective, 10% to 20% of patients with achalasia remain symptomatic after treatment. In evaluating such patients, we have observed a pattern of failure associated with a pseudodiverticulum, or blown-out myotomy (BOM), in the distal esophagus. We aimed to assess risk factors and patient-reported outcomes associated with a BOM. METHODS: We reviewed our manometry database for patients with achalasia previously treated with LHM or POEM. We included patients who had a post-treatment esophagram within 1 year of their follow-up manometry. A BOM was defined radiographically as a wide-mouthed outpouching (>50% increase in esophageal diameter) in the area of the myotomy. RESULTS: One hundred twenty-nine patients with achalasia who underwent treatment were included; 23 (17.8%) had a BOM. Comparing patients with a BOM with those without, post-treatment Eckardt scores were significantly greater (5 vs 2, P = .002), type III achalasia was more common (39.1% vs 14.2%, P = .005), and LHM was more common than POEM (73.9% vs 26.1%, P = .013). The integrated relaxation pressure was also significantly greater in the BOM group (15.0 mm Hg vs 11.0 mm Hg, P = .025). CONCLUSIONS: BOM is a common adverse event after myotomy for achalasia but is not seen after pneumatic dilation. Pretreatment type III achalasia, LHM as opposed to POEM, and a greater post-treatment integrated relaxation pressure were risk factors for developing a BOM. We speculate that esophageal wall strain in the area weakened by myotomy, whether from residual spastic contractility or continued esophageal outflow obstruction, may be the underlying mechanism of BOM development.
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Acalasia Esofágica , Miotomia de Heller , Laparoscopia , Miotomia , Cirurgia Endoscópica por Orifício Natural , Acalasia Esofágica/cirurgia , Esfíncter Esofágico Inferior/cirurgia , Miotomia de Heller/efeitos adversos , Humanos , Cirurgia Endoscópica por Orifício Natural/efeitos adversos , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
BACKGROUND & AIMS: A unique motor response to sustained esophageal distension, repetitive antegrade contractions (RACs), is observed using functional luminal imaging probe (FLIP) panometry. However, physiologic mechanisms related to this response are unexplored. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of cholinergic inhibition with atropine on the esophageal contractile response to sustained distention, including RACs, among healthy volunteers. METHODS: 8 asymptomatic volunteers (ages 22-45) were evaluated in a crossover study design with 16-cm FLIP positioned across the esophagogastric junction and distal esophagus during sedated upper endoscopy. The FLIP study involving stepwise volumetric distension was performed twice in each subject, at baseline and again after atropine (15 mcg/kg) was administered intravenously. FLIP panometry was analyzed to assess the contractile response to distension. RESULTS: Antegrade contractions, lumen-occluding contractions, and a RAC pattern were observed in 8/8, 8/8, and 7/8(88%) subjects, respectively, at baseline and in 5/8 (63%), 2/8 (25%) and 2/8 (25%) subjects after atropine. The rate of contractions in the RAC pattern was similar (6-7 contractions per minute) before and after atropine. Compared with the baseline study, distension-induced contractility was triggered at higher fill volumes after atropine. FLIP pressures were lower in response to volumetric filling after atropine than at baseline. CONCLUSIONS: The vigor and triggering of the esophageal contractile response to distension is reduced by cholinergic inhibition in asymptomatic controls. The observation that the rate of contractions did not change when patients developed repetitive contractile responses suggests that this rate is not modified by cholinergic inhibition once contractility is triggered.
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PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The functional luminal imaging probe (FLIP) uses high-resolution planimetry to provide a three-dimensional image of the esophageal lumen by measuring diameter, volume, and pressure changes. The goal of this review is to summarize the most recent advances in applying the (FLIP) to esophageal disorders. RECENT FINDINGS: The FLIP has been studied in esophageal disease states including gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), achalasia, and eosinophilic esophagitis. It has also been used in the investigation of dysphagia. The FLIP is a valuable tool for the diagnosis of esophageal diseases as well as guiding treatments and predicting treatment response. As further research is done, the FLIP may become the initial test for the patient with undifferentiated dysphagia at the time of their index endoscopy.
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Doenças do Esôfago/diagnóstico , Esofagoscopia/instrumentação , Esôfago/diagnóstico por imagem , Esôfago/fisiopatologia , Doenças do Esôfago/diagnóstico por imagem , Doenças do Esôfago/etiologia , Doenças do Esôfago/fisiopatologia , Humanos , Imageamento Tridimensional , Manometria , Tamanho do Órgão , PressãoRESUMO
BACKGROUND & AIMS: The functional lumen imaging probe (FLIP) could improve the characterization of achalasia subtypes by detecting nonocclusive esophageal contractions not observed with standard manometry. We aimed to evaluate esophageal contractions during volumetric distention in patients with achalasia using FLIP topography. METHODS: Fifty-one treatment-naive patients with achalasia, defined and subclassified by high-resolution esophageal pressure topography, and 10 asymptomatic individuals (controls) were evaluated with the FLIP during endoscopy. During stepwise distension, simultaneous intrabag pressures and 16 channels of cross-sectional areas were measured; data were exported to software that generated FLIP topography plots. Esophageal contractility was identified by noting periods of reduced luminal diameter. Esophageal contractions were characterized further by propagation direction, repetitiveness, and based on whether they were occluding or nonoccluding. RESULTS: Esophageal contractility was detected in all 10 controls: 8 of 10 had repetitive antegrade contractions and 9 of 10 had occluding contractions. Contractility was detected in 27% (4 of 15) of patients with type I achalasia and in 65% (18 of 26, including 9 with occluding contractions) of patients with type II achalasia. Contractility was detected in all 10 patients with type III achalasia; 8 of these patients had a pattern of contractility that was not observed in controls (repetitive retrograde contractions). CONCLUSIONS: Esophageal contractility not observed with manometry can be detected in patients with achalasia using FLIP topography. The presence and patterns of contractility detected with FLIP topography may represent variations in pathophysiology, such as mechanisms of panesophageal pressurization in patients with type II achalasia. These findings could have implications for additional subclassification to supplement prediction of the achalasia disease course.
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Acalasia Esofágica/diagnóstico , Esofagoscopia/instrumentação , Esôfago/fisiopatologia , Motilidade Gastrointestinal , Manometria , Contração Muscular , Transdutores de Pressão , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Desenho de Equipamento , Acalasia Esofágica/classificação , Acalasia Esofágica/fisiopatologia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Valor Preditivo dos Testes , Pressão , Fatores de Tempo , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Although pulmonary function tests (PFTs) are routinely performed in patients during the evaluation period before liver transplantation (LT), their utility in predicting post-LT mortality and morbidity outcomes is not known. The aim of this study was to determine the impact of obstructive and/or restrictive lung disease on post-LT outcomes. We conducted a retrospective analysis of patients who had pre-LT PFTs and underwent a subsequent LT (2007-2013). We used statistical analyses to determine independent associations between PFT parameters and outcomes (graft/patient survival, time on ventilator, and hospital/intensive care unit [ICU] length of stay [LOS]). A total of 415 LT recipients with available PFT data were included: 65% of patients had normal PFTs; 8% had obstructive lung disease; and 27% had restrictive lung disease. There was no difference in patient and graft survival between patients with normal, obstructive, and restrictive lung disease. However, restrictive lung disease was associated with longer post-LT time on ventilator and both ICU and hospital LOS (P < 0.05). More specific PFT parameters (diffusing capacity of the lungs for carbon monoxide, total lung capacity, and residual volume) were all significant predictors of ventilator time and both ICU and hospital LOS (P < 0.05). Although pre-LT PFT parameters may not predict post-LT mortality, restrictive abnormalities correlate with prolonged post-LT ventilation and LOS. Efforts to identify and minimize the impact of restrictive abnormalities on PFTs might improve such outcomes. Liver Transplantation 22 805-811 2016 AASLD.
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Doença Hepática Terminal/cirurgia , Sobrevivência de Enxerto , Tempo de Internação/estatística & dados numéricos , Transplante de Fígado/efeitos adversos , Pneumopatias/complicações , Idoso , Doença Hepática Terminal/complicações , Doença Hepática Terminal/mortalidade , Feminino , Humanos , Unidades de Terapia Intensiva , Pneumopatias/diagnóstico , Pneumopatias/mortalidade , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Cuidados Pré-Operatórios/métodos , Prognóstico , Modelos de Riscos Proporcionais , Testes de Função Respiratória , Estudos Retrospectivos , Análise de SobrevidaRESUMO
High-resolution manometry (HRM) is the primary procedure used to diagnose esophageal motility disorders. Its manual interpretation and classification, including evaluation of swallow-level outcomes and then derivation of a study-level diagnosis based on Chicago Classification (CC), may be limited by inter-rater variability and inaccuracy of an individual interpreter. We hypothesized that an automatic diagnosis platform using machine learning and artificial intelligence approaches could be developed to accurately identify esophageal motility diagnoses. Further, a multi-stage modeling framework, akin to the step-wise approach of the CC, was utilized to leverage advantages of a combination of machine learning approaches including deep-learning models and feature-based models. Models were trained and tested using a dataset comprised of 1741 patients' HRM studies with CC diagnoses assigned by expert physician raters. In the swallow-level stage, three models based on convolutional neural networks (CNNs) were developed to predict swallow type and swallow pressurization (test accuracies of 0.88 and 0.93, respectively), and integrated relaxation pressure (IRP)(regression model with test error of 4.49 mmHg). At the study-level stage, model selection from families of the expert-knowledge-based rule models, xgboost models and artificial neural network(ANN) models were conducted. A simple model-agnostic strategy of model balancing motivated by Bayesian principles was utilized, which gave rise to model averaging weighted by precision scores. The averaged (blended) models and individual models were compared and evaluated, of which the best performance on test dataset is 0.81 in top-1 prediction, 0.92 in top-2 predictions. This is the first artificial-intelligence style model to automatically predict esophageal motility (CC) diagnoses from HRM studies using raw multi-swallow data and it achieved high accuracy. Thus, this proposed modeling framework could be broadly applied to assist with HRM interpretation in a clinical setting.
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Inteligência Artificial , Transtornos da Motilidade Esofágica , Teorema de Bayes , Transtornos da Motilidade Esofágica/diagnóstico , Humanos , Aprendizado de Máquina , Manometria/métodosRESUMO
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: This study aimed to systematically evaluate a classification scheme of secondary peristalsis using functional luminal imaging probe (FLIP) panometry through comparison with primary peristalsis on high-resolution manometry (HRM). METHODS: 706 adult patients that completed FLIP and HRM for primary esophageal motility evaluation and 35 asymptomatic volunteers ("controls") were included. Secondary peristalsis, that is, contractile responses (CRs), was classified on FLIP panometry by the presence and pattern of contractility as normal (NCR), borderline (BCR), impaired/disordered (IDCR), absent (ACR), or spastic-reactive (SRCR). Primary peristalsis on HRM was assessed according to the Chicago Classification. RESULTS: All 35 of the controls had antegrade contractions on FLIP panometry with either NCR (89%) or BCR (11%). The average percentages of normal swallows on HRM varied across contractile response patterns from 84% in NCR, 68% in BCR, 39% in IDCR, to 11% in ACR, as did the percentage of failed swallows on HRM: 4% in NCR, 12% in BCR, 36% in IDCR, and 79% in ACR. SRCR on FLIP panometry was observed in 18/57 (32%) patients with type III achalasia, 4/15 (27%) with distal esophageal spasm, and 7/15 (47%) with hypercontractile esophagus on HRM. CONCLUSIONS: The FLIP panometry contractile response patterns reflect a pathophysiologic transition from normal to abnormal esophageal peristaltic function with shared features with primary peristaltic function/dysfunction on HRM. Thus, these patterns of the contractile response to distension can facilitate the evaluation of esophageal motility using FLIP panometry.
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Deglutição/fisiologia , Transtornos da Motilidade Esofágica/diagnóstico , Esôfago/fisiopatologia , Manometria/métodos , Peristaltismo/fisiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Transtornos da Motilidade Esofágica/fisiopatologia , Junção Esofagogástrica/fisiopatologia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adulto JovemRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Functional luminal imaging probe (FLIP) Panometry assesses the esophageal response to distention and may complement the assessment of primary peristalsis on high-resolution manometry (HRM). We aimed to investigate whether FLIP Panometry provides complementary information in patients with normal esophageal motility on HRM. METHODS: Adult patients that completed FLIP and had an HRM classification of normal motility were retrospectively identified for inclusion. 16-cm FLIP studies performed during endoscopy were evaluated to assess EGJ distensibility, secondary peristalsis, and identify an abnormal response to distention involving sustained LES contraction (sLESC). Clinical characteristics and esophagram were assessed when available. KEY RESULTS: Of 164 patients included (mean(SD) age 48(16) years, 75% female), 111 (68%) had normal Panometry with EGJ-distensibility index (DI) ≥2.0 mm2 /mmHg, maximum EGJ diameter ≥16mm and antegrade contractions. Abnormal EGJ distensibility was observed in 44/164 (27%), and 38/164 (23%) had an abnormal contractile response to distension. sLESC was observed in 11/164 (7%). Among 68 patients that completed esophagram, abnormal EGJ distensibility was more frequently observed with an abnormal esophagram than normal EGJ opening: 14/23 (61%) vs 10/45 (22%); P=0.003. Epiphrenic diverticula were present in 3/164 patients: 2/3 had sLESC. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES: Symptomatic patients with normal esophageal motility on HRM predominantly have normal FLIP Panometry; however, abnormal FLIP findings can be observed. While abnormal Panometry findings appear clinically relevant via an association with abnormal bolus retention, complementary tests, such as provocative maneuvers with HRM and timed barium esophagram, are useful to determine clinical context.
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Acalasia Esofágica , Peristaltismo , Adulto , Endoscopia Gastrointestinal , Junção Esofagogástrica , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Manometria/métodos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Peristaltismo/fisiologia , Estudos RetrospectivosRESUMO
The functional luminal imaging probe (FLIP) uses high-resolution planimetry to provide a three-dimensional image of the esophageal lumen by measuring diameter, volume, and pressure changes. Literature surrounding use of FLIP has demonstrated its clinical utility as a diagnostic tool and as a device to guide and measure response to therapy. FLIP can assess and guide treatments for esophageal disease states including gastroesophageal reflux disease, achalasia, and eosinophilic esophagitis. FLIP may become the initial test for patients with undifferentiated dysphagia at their index endoscopy. This article summarizes use of FLIP in assessing sphincter function, wall stiffness, and motility to guide treatments.