RESUMO
BACKGROUND: In March 2020, the greater New York metropolitan area became an epicenter for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. The initial evolution of case incidence has not been well characterized. METHODS: Northwell Health Laboratories tested 46â 793 persons for SARS-CoV-2 from 4 March through 10 April. The primary outcome measure was a positive reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction test for SARS-CoV-2. The secondary outcomes included patient age, sex, and race, if stated; dates the specimen was obtained and the test result; clinical practice site sources; geolocation of patient residence; and hospitalization. RESULTS: From 8 March through 10 April, a total of 26â 735 of 46â 793 persons (57.1%) tested positive for SARS-CoV-2. Males of each race were disproportionally more affected than females above age 25, with a progressive male predominance as age increased. Of the positive persons, 7292 were hospitalized directly upon presentation; an additional 882 persons tested positive in an ambulatory setting before subsequent hospitalization, a median of 4.8 days later. Total hospitalization rate was thus 8174 persons (30.6% of positive persons). There was a broad range (>10-fold) in the cumulative number of positive cases across individual zip codes following documented first caseincidence. Test positivity was greater for persons living in zip codes with lower annual household income. CONCLUSIONS: Our data reveal that SARS-CoV-2 incidence emerged rapidly and almost simultaneously across a broad demographic population in the region. These findings support the premise that SARS-CoV-2 infection was widely distributed prior to virus testing availability.
Assuntos
COVID-19 , SARS-CoV-2 , Adulto , Feminino , Hospitalização , Humanos , Incidência , Masculino , New YorkRESUMO
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was first identified in December 2019 and has quickly become a worldwide pandemic. In response, many diagnostic manufacturers have developed molecular assays for SARS-CoV-2 under the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) pathway. This study compared three of these assays, the Hologic Panther Fusion SARS-CoV-2 assay (Fusion), the Hologic Aptima SARS-CoV-2 assay (Aptima), and the BioFire Defense COVID-19 test (BioFire), to determine analytical and clinical performance as well as workflow. All three assays showed similar limits of detection (LODs) using inactivated virus, with 100% detection, ranging from 500 to 1,000 genome equivalents/ml, whereas use of a quantified RNA transcript standard showed the same trend but had values ranging from 62.5 to 125 copies/ml, confirming variability in absolute quantification of reference standards. The clinical correlation found that the Fusion and BioFire assays had a positive percent agreement (PPA) of 98.7%, followed by the Aptima assay at 94.7%, compared to the consensus result. All three assays exhibited 100% negative percent agreement (NPA). Analysis of discordant results revealed that all four samples missed by the Aptima assay had cycle threshold (Ct ) values of >37 by the Fusion assay. In conclusion, while all three assays showed similar relative LODs, we showed differences in absolute LODs depending on which standard was employed. In addition, the Fusion and BioFire assays showed better clinical performance, while the Aptima assay showed a modest decrease in overall PPA. These findings should be kept in mind when making platform testing decisions.
Assuntos
Betacoronavirus/genética , Técnicas de Laboratório Clínico/métodos , Infecções por Coronavirus/diagnóstico , Técnicas de Diagnóstico Molecular/métodos , Técnicas de Amplificação de Ácido Nucleico/métodos , Pneumonia Viral/diagnóstico , COVID-19 , Teste para COVID-19 , Humanos , Pandemias , RNA Viral/análise , RNA Viral/genética , SARS-CoV-2 , Estados Unidos , United States Food and Drug AdministrationRESUMO
We report a case of septic arthritis of a native knee joint due to Corynebacterium striatum, a rare and unusual cause of septic arthritis of native joints. The isolate was identified by a combination of phenotypic, mass spectrometric, and nucleic acid-based assays and exhibited high-level resistance to most antimicrobials.
Assuntos
Artrite Infecciosa/diagnóstico , Artrite Infecciosa/microbiologia , Infecções por Corynebacterium/diagnóstico , Infecções por Corynebacterium/microbiologia , Corynebacterium/isolamento & purificação , Articulação do Joelho/microbiologia , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Humanos , MasculinoRESUMO
Bartonella are ubiquitous gram-negative pathogens that cause chronic blood stream infections in mammals. Two species most often responsible for human infection, B. henselae and B. quintana, cause prolonged febrile illness in immunocompetent hosts, known as cat scratch disease and trench fever, respectively. Fascinatingly, in immunocompromised hosts, these organisms also induce new blood vessel formation leading to the formation of angioproliferative tumors, a disease process named bacillary angiomatosis. In addition, they cause an endothelial-lined cystic disease in the liver known as bacillary peliosis. Unfortunately, there are as yet no completely satisfying small animal models for exploring these unique human pathologies, as neither species appears able to sustain infection in small animal models. Therefore, we investigated the potential use of other Bartonella species for their ability to recapitulate human pathologies in an immunodeficient murine host. Here, we demonstrate the ability of Bartonella taylorii to cause chronic infection in SCID/BEIGE mice. In this model, Bartonella grows in extracellular aggregates, embedded within collagen matrix, similar to previous observations in cat scratch disease, bacillary peliosis, and bacillary angiomatosis. Interestingly, despite overwhelming infection later in disease, evidence for significant intracellular replication in endothelial or other cell types was not evident. We believe that this new model will provide an important new tool for investigation of Bartonella-host interaction.
Assuntos
Infecções por Bartonella/imunologia , Infecções por Bartonella/fisiopatologia , Bartonella/patogenicidade , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Hospedeiro Imunocomprometido/imunologia , Animais , Bartonella/imunologia , Infecções por Bartonella/patologia , Infecções por Bartonella/veterinária , Doença da Arranhadura de Gato/microbiologia , Gatos , Humanos , Rim/microbiologia , Rim/patologia , Fígado/microbiologia , Fígado/patologia , Camundongos , Camundongos SCID , Baço/microbiologia , Baço/patologia , Febre das Trincheiras/microbiologiaRESUMO
We evaluated the ability of direct fluorescent antigen (DFA) influenza tests to identify novel H1N1 influenza virus. DFA results were compared with polymerase chain reaction results. The negative predictive value of DFA testing was at least 96%. Therefore, when performed on specimens of adequate quality, DFA tests can effectively rule out infection due to novel H1N1 virus.
Assuntos
Antígenos Virais/análise , Técnica Direta de Fluorescência para Anticorpo/normas , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H1N1/imunologia , Influenza Humana/diagnóstico , Humanos , Influenza Humana/virologia , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Valor Preditivo dos Testes , Sensibilidade e EspecificidadeRESUMO
Clostridium sordellii (C. sordellii) is an anaerobic gram-positive rod most commonly found in the soil and sewage but also as part of the normal flora of the gastrointestinal tract and vagina of a small percentage of healthy individuals. C. sordellii infection is considered to result from childbirth, abortion, and/or gynecological procedures. Although many strains of C. sordellii are nonpathogenic, virulent toxin-producing strains exist. Infection with this organism typically manifests as a patient experiencing septic shock rapidly followed by end-organ failure. Identification of C. sordelli has been successful by traditional culture, mass spectrometry methods, and via molecular methods. Herein, we present a fatal case of C. sordellii infection of a postpartum 33-year-old Asian woman. The organism was isolated by culture and identified using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) technology. With the advent of rapid detection methods, antepartum screening for the fatal Clostridium species should be implemented in the general female population.
Assuntos
Infecções por Clostridium/complicações , Infecções por Clostridium/diagnóstico , Clostridium sordellii/isolamento & purificação , Choque Séptico/etiologia , Choque Séptico/patologia , Adulto , Povo Asiático , Técnicas Bacteriológicas , Evolução Fatal , Feminino , Humanos , Programas de Rastreamento/métodos , Período Pós-Parto , Cuidado Pré-Natal/métodos , Espectrometria de Massas por Ionização e Dessorção a Laser Assistida por MatrizRESUMO
Sarcoma associated with osteonecrosis or bone infarction is a rare but well-documented pathological event. In this report, a 69-year-old man with sickle cell trait presented with malignant fibrous histiocytoma (MFH) in his distal tibia. The resected tumor was found in association with a large medullary infarct that extended 10 cm proximal from the tumor site. Bone infarcts can be caused by a number of processes including corticosteroid overuse, alcoholism, dysbarism, and hemoglobinopathies such as sickle cell disease. Patients with sickle cell anemia often develop osteonecrosis, but osteonecrosis has also been reported in people with sickle cell trait, albeit much more rarely. Our patient is only the third reported case of infarct-related bone sarcoma in a patient with sickle cell trait. Bone infarction may be a rare though serious consequence of sickle cell trait.
Assuntos
Neoplasias Ósseas/patologia , Osso e Ossos/irrigação sanguínea , Histiocitoma Fibroso Benigno/secundário , Infarto/etiologia , Traço Falciforme/complicações , Idoso , Neoplasias Ósseas/complicações , Neoplasias Ósseas/diagnóstico por imagem , Histiocitoma Fibroso Benigno/complicações , Histiocitoma Fibroso Benigno/diagnóstico por imagem , Humanos , Imuno-Histoquímica , Infarto/patologia , Neoplasias Pulmonares/secundário , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Masculino , Osteonecrose/etiologia , Osteonecrose/patologia , Radiografia , Tíbia/diagnóstico por imagem , Tíbia/patologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The amyloid beta-protein (Abeta) is believed to be the key mediator of Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology. Abeta is most often characterized as an incidental catabolic byproduct that lacks a normal physiological role. However, Abeta has been shown to be a specific ligand for a number of different receptors and other molecules, transported by complex trafficking pathways, modulated in response to a variety of environmental stressors, and able to induce pro-inflammatory activities. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Here, we provide data supporting an in vivo function for Abeta as an antimicrobial peptide (AMP). Experiments used established in vitro assays to compare antimicrobial activities of Abeta and LL-37, an archetypical human AMP. Findings reveal that Abeta exerts antimicrobial activity against eight common and clinically relevant microorganisms with a potency equivalent to, and in some cases greater than, LL-37. Furthermore, we show that AD whole brain homogenates have significantly higher antimicrobial activity than aged matched non-AD samples and that AMP action correlates with tissue Abeta levels. Consistent with Abeta-mediated activity, the increased antimicrobial action was ablated by immunodepletion of AD brain homogenates with anti-Abeta antibodies. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Our findings suggest Abeta is a hitherto unrecognized AMP that may normally function in the innate immune system. This finding stands in stark contrast to current models of Abeta-mediated pathology and has important implications for ongoing and future AD treatment strategies.
Assuntos
Doença de Alzheimer/metabolismo , Peptídeos beta-Amiloides/fisiologia , Peptídeos Catiônicos Antimicrobianos/farmacologia , Peptídeos beta-Amiloides/metabolismo , Encéfalo/patologia , Candida albicans/metabolismo , Sobrevivência Celular , Meio Ambiente , Humanos , Imunidade Inata , Inflamação , Ligantes , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Oxazinas/farmacologia , Proteínas Recombinantes/química , Xantenos/farmacologia , CatelicidinasRESUMO
Systemic anthrax infection is usually fatal even with optimal medical care. Further insights into anthrax pathogenesis are therefore urgently needed to develop more effective therapies. Animal models that reproduce human disease will facilitate this research. Here, we describe the detailed histopathology of systemic anthrax infection in A/J mice infected with Bacillus anthracis Sterne, a strain with reduced virulence for humans. Subcutaneous infection leads to systemic disease with multiple pathologies including oedema, haemorrhage, secondary pneumonia and lymphocytolysis. These pathologies bear marked similarity to primary pathologies observed during human disease. Therefore, this simple, small animal model will allow researchers to study the major pathologies observed in humans, while permitting experimentation in more widely available Biosafety Level 2 facilities.