The impact Of high-intensity interval training On functioning And health-related quality Of life In post-stroke patients: A systematic review With meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the effects of high-intensity interval training on the functioning and health-related quality of life of post-stroke patients. METHODS: We searched the following electronic databases: MEDLINE/Pubmed, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, PEDro database, and Scielo up to January 2022 for randomized controlled trials that investigated the effects of high-intensity interval training in post-stroke patients. Two reviewers selected the studies independently. Study quality was evaluated using the PEDro scale. The mean difference (MD), standard mean difference (SMD), and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. RESULTS: Nine studies met the study criteria (375 patients). The age of the participants ranged from 55.8 to 72.1 years. The studies included patients within 2 weeks of stroke onset to patients longer than 1 month of stroke. High-intensity interval training resulted in improvement in cardiorespiratory fitness (peak oxygen uptake) MD (3.8 mL/kg/min, 95% CI: 2.62, 5.01, n = 91), balance MD 5.7 (95% CI: 3.50, 7.91; N = 64), and gait speed SMD (0.2 m/s; 95% CI: 0.05, 0.27; N = 100) compared with continuous aerobic training. The health-related quality of life did not differ between the groups. Compared to usual care, high-intensity interval training improved the cardiorespiratory fitness SMD (0.5 95% CI: 0.14, 0.81, n = 239). No serious adverse events were observed. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this systematic review show that high-intensity interval training was more efficient than continuous aerobic training to gain cardiorespiratory fitness, balance and gait speed in post-stroke patients. In addition, compared to usual care, high-intensity interval training improved cardiorespiratory fitness.

Effect of exercise on epicardial adipose tissue in adults: a systematic review and meta-analyses.

According to previous epidemiological studies, we can reduce the thickness of epicardial fat and improve cardiovascular risk factors through exercise, and the changes may depend on the form of exercise. We systemically reviewed published studies that evaluated exercise intervention on epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) levels. We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing one exercise with another exercise or diet for the treatment to reduce EAT. We used fixed effects models for meta-analyses; effects of exercise on outcomes were described as mean differences (MD) or standardized difference of means (SMD) was used, their 95% confidence intervals (CI). Five RCTs were included (n = 299), 156 in exercise group and 143 in the control. In comparison to the control group, exercise significantly reduced EAT (SMD - 0.57, 95%CI - 0.97 to - 0.18) and waist circumference (MD - 2.95 cm, 95%CI - 4.93 to - 0.97). Exercise did not have an effect on BMI (MD - 0.23 kg/m2, 95%CI - 0.73 to 0.27), weight (MD - 0.06 kg, 95%CI - 1.46 to 1.34), or HDL (SMD 0.26, 95%CI - 0.06 to 0.57).VO2 was significantly increased by exercise (SMD 1.58, 95%CI 1.17 to 1.99). Risk of bias was high for 3 studies, and GRADE quality of evidence was very low to moderate. Exercise reduced epicardial adipose tissue and waist circumference, and did not have effect on weight, BMI, or HDL. Newer trials with better design and methods are necessary to improve the quality of the evidence. PROSPERO registration number (CRD42018096581).

Endomyocardial fibrosis: past, present, and future.

Endomyocardial fibrosis (EMF) is a neglected idiopathic disorder, predominant in tropical and subtropical regions of the developing world. It is characterized by fibrotic thickening of the endocardium and myocardium of one or both ventricles. EMF was an important cause of heart failure which accounted for up to 20% of the cases in endemic areas of Africa (rural community in Mozambique), but during the last few years, incidents of the disease have decreased considerably. Although its pathogenesis and etiology are not fully understood, its pathology resembles conditions such as eosinophilic cardiomyopathy and hypereosinophilic syndrome. Extensive fibrosis of the ventricular endocardium causing architectural distortion, impaired filling, and valvular insufficiency defines the disease. Confined to peculiar and limited geographical areas, the etiology remains blurred and it carries a grim prognosis. Medical care currently remains very challenging as one-third to half of patients with an advanced disease die within 2 years. Surgery in the correct setting can increase survival and especially in patients with advanced heart failure.

Effect of Aerobic Exercise on Peak Oxygen Consumption, VE/VCO2 Slope, and Health-Related Quality of Life in Patients with Heart Failure with Preserved Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The aim of this study was to determine the effects of aerobic exercise on peak oxygen uptake (peak VO2), minute ventilation/carbon dioxide production (VE/VCO2 slope), and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) among patients with heart failure (HF) and preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). RECENT FINDINGS: We conducted a Cochrane Library, MEDLINE/PubMed, Physiotherapy Evidence Database, and SciELO search (from 1985 to May 2019) for randomized controlled trials that evaluated the effects of aerobic exercise in HFpEF patients. We calculated the mean differences (MD) and 95% confidence interval (CI). Ten intervention studies were included providing a total of 399 patients. Compared with control, aerobic exercise resulted in improvement in peak VO2 MD 1.9 mL kg-1 min-1 (95% CI 1.3 to 2.5; N = 314) and HRQoL measured by Minnesota Living with Heart Failure MD 5.4 (95% CI - 10.5 to - 0.2; N = 256). No significant difference in VE/VCO2 slope was found between participants in the aerobic exercise group and the control group. The quality of evidence for peak VO2 and HRQoL was assessed as being moderate. Aerobic exercise moderately improves peak VO2 and HRQoL and should be considered a strategy of rehabilitation of HFpEF individuals.

SGLT2 inhibition and heart failure-current concepts.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a major risk factor for several cardiovascular (CV) conditions, including heart failure (HF). However, until recently, no therapy to treat patients with diabetes could also reduce CV risks related to HF. The EMPA-REG OUTCOME trial with empagliflozin was the first to demonstrate significant cardioprotective benefits in this population. Its impressive 35% reduction in hospitalizations for HF drew the attention of the scientific community to the possibility that pharmacologic sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibition could be part of the armamentarium for treating patients with HF, with and without diabetes. The recently published CANVAS Program (with canagliflozin) and real-life data from the CVD-Real Study (using dapagliflozin, empagliflozin, and canagliflozin) further strengthened this hypothesis, suggesting that the observed benefit is not restricted to a particular drug, but is rather a class effect. This review explores the effects of pharmacologic SGLT2 inhibitors' use in cardiac function and discusses the potential role of this class of medication as a treatment for HF.

Some types of exercise interventions are more effective than others in people with coronary heart disease: systematic review and network meta-analysis.

QUESTION: What are the effects of different types of exercise treatments on oxygen consumption, quality of life and mortality in people with coronary heart disease? DESIGN: Systematic review with network meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. PARTICIPANTS: Adults with coronary heart disease. INTERVENTION: Exercise interventions including aerobic (continuous or high-intensity interval) training, resistance training, respiratory muscle exercises, water-based exercises, yoga, Tai chi, Qigong exercises and a combination of different types of exercise. OUTCOME MEASURES: Oxygen consumption, quality of life and mortality. RESULTS: This review included 178 randomised controlled trials with 19,143 participants. Several exercise interventions improved peak oxygen consumption (mL/kg/min): high-intensity interval training (MD 4.5, 95% CI 3.7 to 5.4); combined water-based exercises and moderate-intensity continuous training (MD 3.7, 95% CI 1.3 to 6.0); combined aerobic and resistance exercise (MD 3.4, 95% CI 2.5 to 4.3); water-based exercises (MD 3.4, 95% CI 0.6 to 6.2); combined respiratory muscle training and aerobic exercise (MD 3.2, 95% CI 0.6 to 5.8); Tai chi (MD 3.0, 95% CI 1.0 to 5.0); moderate-intensity continuous training (MD 3.0, 95% CI 2.3 to 3.6); high-intensity continuous training (MD 2.7, 95% CI 1.6 to 3.8); and resistance training (MD 2.2, 95% CI 0.6 to 3.7). Quality of life was improved by yoga (SMD 1.5, 95% CI 0.5 to 2.4), combined aerobic and resistance exercise (SMD 1.2, 95% CI 0.6 to 1.7), moderate-intensity continuous training (SMD 1.1, 95% CI 0.6 to 1.6) and high-intensity interval training (SMD 0.9, 95% CI 0.1 to 1.6). All-cause mortality was reduced by continuous aerobic exercise (RR 0.67, 95% CI 0.53 to 0.86) and combined aerobic and resistance exercise (RR 0.58, 95% CI 0.36 to 0.94). Continuous aerobic exercise also reduced cardiovascular mortality (RR 0.56, 95% CI 0.42 to 0.74). CONCLUSION: People with coronary heart disease may use a range of exercise modalities to improve oxygen consumption, quality of life and mortality. REGISTRATION: PROSPERO CRD42022344545.

Determinants of cardiorespiratory fitness measured by cardiopulmonary exercise testing in COVID-19 survivors: a systematic review with meta-analysis and meta­regression.

BACKGROUND: The relationship between cardiorespiratory fitness and its possible determinants in post-COVID-19 survivors has not been systematically assessed. OBJECTIVES: To identify and summarize studies comparing cardiorespiratory fitness measured by cardiopulmonary exercise testing in COVID-19 survivors versus non-COVID-19 controls, as well as to determine the influence of potential moderating factors. METHODS: We conducted a systematic search of MEDLINE/PubMed, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, Google Scholar, and SciELO since their inceptions until June 2022. Mean differences (MD), standard mean differences (SMD), and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated. Subgroup and meta-regression analyses were used to evaluate potential moderating factors. RESULTS: 48 studies (3372 participants, mean age 42 years, and with a mean testing time of 4 months post-COVID-19) were included, comprising a total of 1823 COVID-19 survivors and 1549 non-COVID-19 controls. After data pooling, VO2 peak (SMD=1.0 95% CI: 0.5, 1.5; 17 studies; N = 1273) was impaired in COVID-19 survivors. In 15 studies that reported VO2 peak values in ml/min/kg, non-COVID-19 controls had higher peak VO2 values than COVID-19 survivors (MD=6.2, 95% CI: 3.5, 8.8; N = 905; I2=84%). In addition, VO2 peak was associated with age, time post-COVID-19, disease severity, presence of dyspnea, and reduced exercise capacity. CONCLUSION: This systematic review provides evidence that cardiorespiratory fitness may be impaired in COVID-19 survivors, especially for those with severe disease, presence of dyspnea, and reduced exercise capacity. Furthermore, the degree of reduction of VO2 peak is inversely associated with age and time post-COVID.

Cardiovascular and Neurological Complications of COVID-19: A Narrative Review.

A novel coronavirus emerged in China in late 2019 as a disease named coronavirus disease 2019. This pathogen was initially identified as causing a respiratory syndrome, but later, it was found that COVID-19 could also affect other body systems, such as the neurological and cardiovascular systems. For didactic purposes, cardiovascular and neurological manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 have been classified in three different groups: acute complications, late complications, and post-vaccine complications. Therefore, the following study has the goal to summarize and disseminate the present knowledge about the cardiovascular and neurological manifestations of COVID-19 based on the latest and most up-to-date data available and, thus, promote more prepared medical care for these conditions as the medical team is updated. Based on what is brought on this revision and its understanding, the medical service becomes more aware of the causal relationship between some conditions and COVID-19 and can better prepare for the most prevalent conditions to associate and, consequently, to treat patients earlier. Therefore, there is a chance of better prognoses in this context and the need to increase the number of studies about complications related to SARS-CoV-2 infection for a better understanding of other associated conditions.

Efficacy and safety of very early mobilization after thrombolysis in acute ischemic stroke: a randomized clinical trial.

BACKGROUND: Stroke has a deleterious impact on human health due to its high incidence, degree of disabling sequelae and mortality, constituting one of the main causes of death and disability worldwide. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to assess the efficacy and safety of very early mobilization (VEMG) after thrombolysis in functional recovery in patients with acute ischemic stroke. METHODS: The present study was an open, prospective, randomized study, with no blinded outcome, carried out in the stroke unit of a tertiary referral hospital located in Salvador-Bahia, Brazil. The primary outcome was the level of functional independence. Secondary outcomes were functional mobility, balance, complications within 7 days of hospitalization and 90 days after hospital discharge, and length of stay. OUTCOMES: A total of 104 patients with ischemic stroke who received thrombolytic treatment between August 2020 and July 2021 were prospectively recruited to the study. Of these, 51 patients received VEMG within 24 h of the ictus and another 53 patients receiving usual care (UCG) with mobilization 24 h after the ictus. When compared to the usual care, the VEMG group was not associated with a significant reduction in the risk of the primary outcome (relative risk [95% confidence intervals]: 0.74 [0.339-1.607]) or any of the secondary outcomes. CONCLUSION: In this study, the strategy of early mobilization after thrombolysis in ischemic stroke was safe, but without evidence of short-term benefit. Brazilian Registry of Clinical Trials under the registry (registry number: RBR-8bgcs3).

Use of Electronic Messages in the Follow-Up of Patients With Heart Failure: Randomized Pilot Study.

Heart Failure (HF) has been ide.epsied as an important public health problem, with high morbidity and mortality, despite advances in current therapy. New strategies are demanded to reduce the number of hospitalizations and deaths. Telemedicine approaches could improve the management of patients with cardiovascular conditions. Sixty patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) were randomized to this pilot study. Weekly electronic messages were sent for 1 year. The use of telemedicine was effective instrument for the evolutionary follow-up of patients with HFrEF during the COVID-19 pandemic, but did not demonstrate an impact on the reduction of cardiovascular outcomes or hospitalization for HF. REBEC - Brazilian Registry of Clinical Trials ide.epsier RBR-5q6x56k. Monitoring heart disease patients via WhatsApp during the COVID-19 pandemic. Available from http://www.ensaiosclinicos.gov.br/rg/RBR-5q6x56k/.

Comparison of the Direct Oral Anticoagulants and Warfarin in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation and Valvular Heart Disease: Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.

Background: Direct oral anticoagulants (DOACS) are approved for use in non-valvular atrial fibrillation (AF). This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of DOACs vs. warfarin and update the evidence for treatment of AF and valvular heart disease (VHD). Methods: We identified randomized clinical trials (RCTs) and post-hoc analyses comparing the use of DOACS and Warfarin in AF and VHD, including biological and mechanical heart valves (MHV), updating from 2010 to 2020. Through systematic review and meta-analysis, by using the "Rev Man" program 5.3, the primary effectiveness endpoints were stroke and systemic embolism (SE). The primary safety outcome was major bleeding, while the secondary outcome included intracranial hemorrhage. We performed prespecified subgroup analyses. Data were analyzed by risk ratio (RR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) and the I-square (I 2) statistic as a quantitative measure of inconsistency. Risk of bias and methodological quality assessment of included trials was evaluated with the modified Cochrane risk-of-bias tool. Results: We screened 326 articles and included 8 RCTs (n = 14.902). DOACs significantly reduced the risk of stroke/SE (RR 0.80, 95% CI: 0.68-0.94; P = 0.008; moderate quality evidence; I 2 = 2%) and intracranial hemorrhage (RR 0.40, 95% CI: 0.24-0.66; P = 0.0004; I 2 = 49%) with a similar risk of major bleeding (RR 0.83, 95% CI: 0.56-1.24; P = 0.36; I 2 = 88%) compared to Warfarin. Conclusions: In this update, DOACs remained with similar efficacy and safety compared to warfarin in thromboprophylaxis for AF and VHD.

Prognostic power of conventional echocardiography in individuals without history of cardiovascular diseases: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Echocardiographic abnormalities are associated with a higher incidence of adverse cardiovascular outcomes. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate whether echocardiographic abnormalities are predictors of cardiovascular events in individuals without previous cardiovascular diseases. The PubMed, Scopus, and SciELO databases were searched for longitudinal studies investigating the association between echocardiographic abnormalities and cardiovascular events among individuals without known cardiovascular diseases. Two independent reviewers analyzed data on the number of participants, age and sex, echocardiographic alterations, follow-up time, and cardiovascular outcomes. The meta-analysis estimated the risk ratio (RR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). Heterogeneity was assessed using I2 test. Twenty-two longitudinal studies met the eligibility criteria, comprising a total of 55,603 patients. Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) was associated with non-fatal cardiovascular events (RR 2.16; 95% CI 1.22-3.84), death from cardiovascular disease (RR 2.58; 95% CI 1.83- 3.64), and all-cause mortality (RR 2.02; 95% CI 1.34-3.04). Left ventricular diastolic dysfunction (LVDD) and left atrial dilation (LA) were associated with fatal and non-fatal cardiovascular events (RR 2.01; 95% CI 1.32-3.07) and (RR 1.78; 95% CI 1.16-2.73), respectively. Aortic root dilation was associated with non-fatal cardiovascular events (RR 1.25; 95% CI 1.09-1.43). In conclusion, LVH, LVDD, dilations of the LA, and of the aortic root were associated with an increased risk of adverse events in individuals without previous cardiovascular diseases. This study suggests that simple data obtained on conventional echocardiography can be an important predictor of cardiovascular outcomes in a low-risk population.

Rivaroxaban Versus Warfarin in Patients with Mechanical Heart Valves: Open-Label, Proof-of-Concept trial-The RIWA study.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: To date, vitamin K antagonists are the only available oral anticoagulants in patients with mechanical heart valves. In this way, we developed a pilot trial with rivaroxaban. METHODS:  The RIWA study was a proof-of-concept, open-label, randomized clinical trial and was designed to assess the incidence of thromboembolic and bleeding events of the rivaroxaban-based strategy (15 mg twice daily) in comparison to dose-adjusted warfarin. Patients were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio and were followed prospectively for 90 days. RESULTS:  A total of 72 patients were enrolled in the present study. Of these, 44 patients were randomized: 23 patients were allocated to the rivaroxaban group and 21 to the warfarin group. After 90 days of follow-up, the primary outcome occurred in one patient (4.3%) in the rivaroxaban group and three patients (14.3%) in the warfarin group (risk ratio [RR] 0.27; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.02-2.85; P = 0.25). Minor bleeding (without discontinuation of medical therapy) occurred in six patients (26.1%) in the rivaroxaban group versus six patients (28.6%) in the warfarin group (RR 0.88; 95% CI 0.23-3.32; P = 0.85). One patient in the warfarin group died from myocardial infarction. No cases of hemorrhagic stroke, valve thrombosis, peripheral embolic events, or new intracardiac thrombus were related in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: In this pilot study, rivaroxaban 15 mg twice daily had thromboembolic and bleeding events similar to warfarin in patients with mechanical heart valves. These data confirm the authors' proof-of-concept and suggest that a larger trial with a similar design is not unreasonable. CLINICALTRIAL. GOV IDENTIFIER: NCT03566303.

Association Between Epicardial Adipose Tissue and Stroke.

Epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) is correlated with endothelial dysfunction, metabolic syndrome, increased mortality and recent studies showed a possible association with the increased risk of stroke. We performed a systematic review of studies evaluating the association between EAT and stroke. Eighty studies met the inclusion criteria and were consequently analyzed. The review had Five main findings. First, the increased epicardial fat thickness (EFT) may be associated with the stroke episode. Second, regardless of the imaging method (echocardiography, MRI, and CT) this association remains. Third, the association of metabolic syndrome and atrial fibrillation seems to increase the risk of stroke. Fourth, this systematic review was considered as low risk of bias. Despite being unable to establish a clear association between EAT and stroke, we have organized and assessed all the research papers on this topic, analyzing their limitations, suggesting improvements in future pieces of research and pointing out gaps in the literature. Furthermore, the mechanistic links between increased EAT and stroke incidence remains unclear, thus, further research is warranted.

Implications for Clinical Practice from a Multicenter Survey of Heart Failure Management Centers.

OBJECTIVES: This observational, cross-sectional study based aimed to test whether heart failure (HF)-disease management program (DMP) components are influencing care and clinical decision-making in Brazil. METHODS: The survey respondents were cardiologists recommended by experts in the field and invited to participate in the survey via printed form or email. The survey consisted of 29 questions addressing site demographics, public versus private infrastructure, HF baseline data of patients, clinical management of HF, performance indicators, and perceptions about HF treatment. RESULTS: Data were obtained from 98 centers (58% public and 42% private practice) distributed across Brazil. Public HF-DMPs compared to private HF-DMP were associated with a higher percentage of HF-DMP-dedicated services (79% vs 24%; OR: 12, 95% CI: 94-34), multidisciplinary HF (MHF)-DMP [84% vs 65%; OR: 3; 95% CI: 1-8), HF educational programs (49% vs 18%; OR: 4; 95% CI: 1-2), written instructions before hospital discharge (83% vs 76%; OR: 1; 95% CI: 0-5), rehabilitation (69% vs 39%; OR: 3; 95% CI: 1-9), monitoring (44% vs 29%; OR: 2; 95% CI: 1-5), guideline-directed medical therapy-HF use (94% vs 85%; OR: 3; 95% CI: 0-15), and less B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) dosage (73% vs 88%; OR: 3; 95% CI: 1-9), and key performance indicators (37% vs 60%; OR: 3; 95% CI: 1-7). In comparison to non- MHF-DMP, MHF-DMP was associated with more educational initiatives (42% vs 6%; OR: 12; 95% CI: 1-97), written instructions (83% vs 68%; OR: 2: 95% CI: 1-7), rehabilitation (69% vs 17%; OR: 11; 95% CI: 3-44), monitoring (47% vs 6%; OR: 14; 95% CI: 2-115), GDMT-HF (92% vs 83%; OR: 3; 95% CI: 0-15). In addition, there were less use of BNP as a biomarker (70% vs 84%; OR: 2; 95% CI: 1-8) and key performance indicators (35% vs 51%; OR: 2; 95% CI: 91,6) in the non-MHF group. Physicians considered changing or introducing new medications mostly when patients were hospitalized or when observing worsening disease and/or symptoms. Adherence to drug treatment and non-drug treatment factors were the greatest medical problems associated with HF treatment. CONCLUSION: HF-DMPs are highly heterogeneous. New strategies for HF care should consider the present study highlights and clinical decision-making processes to improve HF patient care.

Comparison of the New Oral Anticoagulants and Warfarin in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation and Valvular Heart Disease: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

INTRODUCTION: New oral anticoagulants (NOACs) are approved for use in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation (AF). OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of NOACs compared with warfarin in AF and valvular heart disease (VHD). METHODS: We identified randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and post-hoc analyses comparing NOACs and warfarin in AF and VHD, including biological and mechanical heart valves (MHV). Through systematic review and meta-analysis, with the aid of the "Rev Man" program 5.3, the primary effectiveness endpoints were stroke and systemic embolism (SE). The primary safety outcome was major bleeding, and the secondary outcome included intracranial hemorrhage. Data were analyzed using risk ratios (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs), and heterogeneity was assessed using the I2 statistic. RESULTS: Six RCTs were included, involving 13,850 patients with AF and VHD. NOACs significantly reduced the risk of stroke/SE (RR 0.78; 95% CI 0.66-0.91; P = 0.002) and intracranial hemorrhage (RR 0.51; 95% CI 0.33-0.79; P = 0.003) and lowered the risk of major bleeding (RR 0.77; 95% CI 0.58-1.02; P = 0.07) compared with warfarin. CONCLUSIONS: The efficacy and safety of NOACs as thromboprophylaxis for AF and VHD are similar to those of warfarin.

Effect of combined aerobic and resistance training on peak oxygen consumption, muscle strength and health-related quality of life in patients with heart failure with reduced left ventricular ejection fraction: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of combined aerobic and resistance training on peak oxygen consumption (peak VO2), minute ventilation/carbon dioxide production (VE/VCO2 slope), muscle strength and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in heart failure patients with reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (HFrEF). METHODS: We searched Cochrane, Pubmed, and PEDro (from the earliest date available to September 2018) for RCTs that evaluated the effects of combined aerobic and resistance training in HFrEF patients. Weighted mean differences (WMD), standardized mean difference (SMD), and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated. RESULTS: 39 studies met the study criteria, including 2008 patients, 14 compared combined aerobic and resistance training versus aerobic training, and 25 compared combined aerobic and resistance training versus control. Compared to aerobic training, combined aerobic and resistance training resulted in improvement in muscle strength SMD 0.7 (95% CI: 0.3 to 1.0 N = 167) and, HRQoL WMD -2.6 (95% CI: -5.0 to -0.1 N = 138). A nonsignificant difference in peak VO2 and VE/VCO2 slope was found for participants in the combined aerobic and resistance training group compared with aerobic training group. Compared to control, combined aerobic and resistance training resulted in improvement in peak VO2 WMD 2.9 (95% CI: 1.6 to 4.4 N = 638), muscle strength SMD 0.64 (95% CI: 0.4 to 0.9 N = 315) and, HRQoL WMD -9.8 (95% CI: -15.2 to -4.5 N = 524). CONCLUSIONS: Combined aerobic and resistance training improves peak VO2, muscle strength and HRQoL and should be considered as a component of care of HFrEF patients.

High intensity interval training versus moderate intensity continuous training on exercise capacity and quality of life in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of high intensity interval training (HIIT) versus moderate intensity continuous training (MICT) in heart failure patients with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). BACKGROUND: Despite the well-known positive effects of exercise in heart failure patients, the best mode of exercise is still under discussion. METHODS: We searched Pubmed/MEDLINE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, PEDro data base, and SciELO (from the earliest date available to October 2017) for randomized controlled trials that evaluated the effects of HIIT versus MICT in HFrEF patients. Weighted mean differences (WMD) with 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated, and heterogeneity was assessed using the I2 test. RESULTS: 13 studies met the study criteria, including 411 patients. Compared to MICT, HIIT resulted in improvement in Peak VO2 WMD (1.35 mL·kg-1·min-1 95% CI: 0.03 to 2.64 N = 411). HIIT resulted in no difference in VE/VCO2 slope WMD (-1.21 95% CI: -3.0 to 0.58 N = 135), and quality of life measured by Minnesota Living with Heart Failure questionnaire WMD (1.19 95% CI: -5.81 to 8.19 N = 79). Sub-group analyses comparing studies with and without isocaloric exercise training protocol also showed a nonsignificant difference in peak VO2 for participants in the HIIT group compared with MICT group. CONCLUSIONS: HIIT improves peak VO2 and should be considered as a component of care of HFrEF patients. However, its superiority versus MICT disappears when isocaloric protocols are compared. An important caveat is uncertainty and variation of actual training intensities compared to program targets.

High-density lipoprotein-cholesterol functionality and metabolic syndrome: Protocol for review and meta-analysis.

INTRODUCTION: The prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and MetS-related stroke is set to increase dramatically in coming decades. MetS is a complex disease that includes endothelial dysfunction, insulin resistance, diabetes, hypertension, ectopic obesity, and dyslipidaemia and an increased risk of cardiovascular events. One function of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (HDL-C) is the cholesterol-efflux pathway, which is the pathway where cholesterol is removed from macrophages within the arterial walls back into the bloodstream and out to the liver. As one of the key functions of HDL, their hypothesis was that if they could measure HDL-C-efflux capacity, they would have a better handle on the role of HDL in atherosclerosis. However, there are no systematic analyses or well-conducted meta-analyses to evaluate the relationship between HDL-C functionality and MetS. The aim of this study is to examine this association of HDL-C functionality with MetS in different ages and sex. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: The update systematic review and meta-analysis will be conducted using published studies that will be identified from electronic databases (i.e., PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Google Scholar). Studies that examined the association between HDL-C functionality and MetS; focused on cohort, case-control, and cross-sectional studies; were conducted among in adults aged 40 to 70 years; provided sufficient data for calculating odds ratio or relative risk with a 95% confidence interval; were published as original articles written in English or other languages; and have been published until January 2018 will be included. Study selection, data collection, quality assessment, and statistical syntheses will be conducted based on discussions among investigators. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: Ethics approval was not required for this study because it was based on published studies. The results and findings of this study will be submitted and published in a scientific peer-reviewed journal. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: PROSPERO (CRD42018083465).