RESUMO
Adaptor protein 2-associated kinase 1 (AAK1) is a member of the Ark1/Prk1 family of serine/threonine kinases and plays a role in modulating receptor endocytosis. AAK1 was identified as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of neuropathic pain when it was shown that AAK1 knock out (KO) mice had a normal response to the acute pain phase of the mouse formalin model, but a reduced response to the persistent pain phase. Herein we report our early work investigating a series of pyrrolo[2,1-f][1,2,4]triazines as part of our efforts to recapitulate this KO phenotype with a potent, small molecule inhibitor of AAK1. The synthesis, structure-activity relationships (SAR), and in vivo evaluation of these AAK1 inhibitors is described.
RESUMO
Screening of 100 acylsulfonamides from the Bristol-Myers Squibb compound collection identified the C3-cyclohexyl indole 6 as a potent Nav1.7 inhibitor. Replacement of the C2 furanyl ring of 6 with a heteroaryl moiety or truncation of this group led to the identification of 4 analogs with hNav1.7 IC50 values under 50â¯nM. Fluorine substitution of the truncated compound 12 led to 34 with improved potency and isoform selectivity. The inverted indole 36 also maintained good activity. Both 34 and 36 exhibited favorable CYP inhibition profiles, good membrane permeability and a low efflux ratio and, therefore, represent new leads in the search for potent and selective Nav1.7 inhibitors to treat pain.
Assuntos
Descoberta de Drogas , Indóis/química , Canal de Sódio Disparado por Voltagem NAV1.7/efeitos dos fármacos , Sulfonamidas/farmacologia , Humanos , Concentração Inibidora 50 , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Sulfonamidas/químicaRESUMO
Replacement of the piperidine ring in the lead benzenesulfonamide Nav1.7 inhibitor 1 with a weakly basic morpholine core resulted in a significant reduction in Nav1.7 inhibitory activity, but the activity was restored by shortening the linkage from methyleneoxy to oxygen. These efforts led to a series of morpholine-based aryl sulfonamides as isoform-selective Nav1.7 inhibitors. This report describes the synthesis and SAR of these analogs.
Assuntos
Morfolinas/farmacologia , Canal de Sódio Disparado por Voltagem NAV1.7/metabolismo , Sulfonamidas/farmacologia , Bloqueadores do Canal de Sódio Disparado por Voltagem/farmacologia , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Humanos , Estrutura Molecular , Morfolinas/química , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Sulfonamidas/síntese química , Sulfonamidas/química , Bloqueadores do Canal de Sódio Disparado por Voltagem/síntese química , Bloqueadores do Canal de Sódio Disparado por Voltagem/químicaRESUMO
Since zwitterionic benzenesulfonamide Nav1.7 inhibitors suffer from poor membrane permeability, we sought to eliminate this characteristic by replacing the basic moiety with non-basic bicyclic acetals and monocyclic ethers. These efforts led to the discovery of the non-zwitterionic aryl sulfonamide 49 as a selective Nav1.7 inhibitor with improved membrane permeability. Despite its moderate cellular activity, 49 exhibited robust efficacy in mouse models of neuropathic and inflammatory pain and modulated translational electromyogram measures associated with activation of nociceptive neurons.
Assuntos
Descoberta de Drogas , Modelos Biológicos , Canal de Sódio Disparado por Voltagem NAV1.7/metabolismo , Neurônios/efeitos dos fármacos , Nociceptividade/efeitos dos fármacos , Sulfonamidas/farmacologia , Administração Oral , Animais , Dor Crônica/induzido quimicamente , Dor Crônica/tratamento farmacológico , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Adjuvante de Freund , Células HEK293 , Humanos , Inflamação/induzido quimicamente , Inflamação/tratamento farmacológico , Masculino , Camundongos , Estrutura Molecular , Neurônios/metabolismo , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Sulfonamidas/administração & dosagem , Sulfonamidas/químicaRESUMO
To identify novel targets for neuropathic pain, 3097 mouse knockout lines were tested in acute and persistent pain behavior assays. One of the lines from this screen, which contained a null allele of the adapter protein-2 associated kinase 1 (AAK1) gene, had a normal response in acute pain assays (hot plate, phase I formalin), but a markedly reduced response to persistent pain in phase II formalin. AAK1 knockout mice also failed to develop tactile allodynia following the Chung procedure of spinal nerve ligation (SNL). Based on these findings, potent, small-molecule inhibitors of AAK1 were identified. Studies in mice showed that one such inhibitor, LP-935509, caused a reduced pain response in phase II formalin and reversed fully established pain behavior following the SNL procedure. Further studies showed that the inhibitor also reduced evoked pain responses in the rat chronic constriction injury (CCI) model and the rat streptozotocin model of diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Using a nonbrain-penetrant AAK1 inhibitor and local administration of an AAK1 inhibitor, the relevant pool of AAK1 for antineuropathic action was found to be in the spinal cord. Consistent with these results, AAK1 inhibitors dose-dependently reduced the increased spontaneous neural activity in the spinal cord caused by CCI and blocked the development of windup induced by repeated electrical stimulation of the paw. The mechanism of AAK1 antinociception was further investigated with inhibitors of α2 adrenergic and opioid receptors. These studies showed that α2 adrenergic receptor inhibitors, but not opioid receptor inhibitors, not only prevented AAK1 inhibitor antineuropathic action in behavioral assays, but also blocked the AAK1 inhibitor-induced reduction in spinal neural activity in the rat CCI model. Hence, AAK1 inhibitors are a novel therapeutic approach to neuropathic pain with activity in animal models that is mechanistically linked (behaviorally and electrophysiologically) to α2 adrenergic signaling, a pathway known to be antinociceptive in humans.
Assuntos
Neuralgia/tratamento farmacológico , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/farmacologia , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinases/antagonistas & inibidores , Animais , Fenômenos Eletrofisiológicos/efeitos dos fármacos , Técnicas de Inativação de Genes , Células HEK293 , Humanos , Masculino , Camundongos , Neuralgia/metabolismo , Neuralgia/fisiopatologia , Nociceptividade/efeitos dos fármacos , Fenótipo , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/uso terapêutico , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinases/deficiência , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinases/genética , Ratos , Medula Espinal/efeitos dos fármacos , Medula Espinal/enzimologia , Medula Espinal/fisiopatologiaRESUMO
Modulating GPR88 activity is suggested to have therapeutic utility in the treatment of CNS disorders, such as schizophrenia. This Letter will describe the discovery and SAR development of a class of potent GPR88 agonists.
Assuntos
Amidas/farmacologia , Aminas/farmacologia , Doenças do Sistema Nervoso Central/tratamento farmacológico , Descoberta de Drogas , Receptores Acoplados a Proteínas G/agonistas , Amidas/síntese química , Amidas/química , Aminas/síntese química , Aminas/química , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Humanos , Estrutura Molecular , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
Small molecule modulators of GPR88 activity (agonists, antagonists, or modulators) are of interest as potential agents for the treatment of a variety of psychiatric disorders including schizophrenia. A series of phenylglycinol and phenylamine analogs have been prepared and evaluated for their GPR88 agonist activity and pharmacokinetic (PK) properties.
Assuntos
Aminas/farmacologia , Desenho de Fármacos , Etanolaminas/farmacologia , Receptores Acoplados a Proteínas G/agonistas , Aminas/síntese química , Aminas/química , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Etanolaminas/síntese química , Etanolaminas/química , Células HEK293 , Humanos , Estrutura Molecular , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
NMDA receptor hypofunction is hypothesized to contribute to cognitive deficits associated with schizophrenia. Since direct activation of NMDA receptors is associated with serious adverse effects, modulation of the NMDA co-agonists, glycine or D-serine, represents a viable alternative therapeutic approach. Indeed, clinical trials with glycine and D-serine have shown positive results, although concerns over toxicity related to the high-doses required for efficacy remain. Synaptic concentrations of D-serine and glycine are regulated by the amino acid transporter alanine serine cysteine transporter-1 (asc-1). Inhibition of asc-1 would increase synaptic D-serine and possibly glycine, eliminating the need for high-dose systemic D-serine or glycine treatment. In this manuscript, we characterize Compound 1 (BMS-466442), the first known small molecule inhibitor of asc-1. Compound 1 selectively inhibited asc-1 mediated D-serine uptake with nanomolar potency in multiple cellular systems. Moreover, Compound 1 inhibited asc-1 but was not a competitive substrate for this transporter. Compound 1 is the first reported selective inhibitor of the asc-1 transporter and may provide a new path for the development of asc-1 inhibitors for the treatment of schizophrenia.
Assuntos
Sistema y+ de Transporte de Aminoácidos/antagonistas & inibidores , Agonistas de Aminoácidos Excitatórios/farmacologia , Histidina/análogos & derivados , Indóis/síntese química , Indóis/farmacologia , Receptores de N-Metil-D-Aspartato/agonistas , Aminoácidos/metabolismo , Animais , Linhagem Celular , Córtex Cerebral/citologia , Córtex Cerebral/efeitos dos fármacos , Córtex Cerebral/metabolismo , Glicina/metabolismo , Histidina/síntese química , Histidina/farmacologia , Humanos , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Serina/metabolismo , Bibliotecas de Moléculas Pequenas , Sinaptossomos/metabolismoRESUMO
As we celebrate International Women's Day 2024 with the theme "Inspire Inclusion", the women of the ACS Medicinal Chemistry Division (MEDI) want to foster a sense of belonging, relevance, and empowerment by sharing uplifting stories of what inspired them to become medicinal chemists. In this editorial, we are featuring female medicinal chemistry scientists to provide role models, encouragement, and inspiration to others. We asked women medicinal chemists to contribute a brief paragraph about what inspired them to become medicinal chemists or what inspires them today as medicinal chemists. The responses and contributions highlight their passions and motivations, such as their love of the sciences and their drive to improve human health by contributing to basic research and creating lifesaving drugs.
RESUMO
As we celebrate International Women's Day 2024 with the theme "Inspire Inclusion", the women of the ACS Medicinal Chemistry Division (MEDI) want to foster a sense of belonging, relevance, and empowerment by sharing uplifting stories of what inspired them to become medicinal chemists. In this editorial, we are featuring female medicinal chemistry scientists to provide role models, encouragement, and inspiration to others. We asked women medicinal chemists to contribute a brief paragraph about what inspired them to become medicinal chemists or what inspires them today as medicinal chemists. The responses and contributions highlight their passions and motivations, such as their love of the sciences and their drive to improve human health by contributing to basic research and creating lifesaving drugs.
Assuntos
Química Farmacêutica , Poder Psicológico , Humanos , FemininoRESUMO
On the occasion of the 2023 International Women's Day on March 8, 2023, we want to celebrate and highlight the contributions of many women volunteers in the American Chemical Society Division of Medicinal Chemistry (ACS MEDI).
Assuntos
Química Farmacêutica , Humanos , Feminino , Estados UnidosRESUMO
On the occasion of the 2023 International Women's Day on March 8, 2023, we want to celebrate and highlight the contributions of many women volunteers in the American Chemical Society Division of Medicinal Chemistry (ACS MEDI).
RESUMO
Pyrido[3,2-b]pyrazin-3(4H)-ones and pteridin-7(8H)-ones were evaluated as corticotropin-releasing factor-1 receptor antagonists. The synthesis, SAR studies and pharmacokinetic evaluation of these analogs are described herein.
Assuntos
Pteridinas/química , Pirazinas/química , Receptores de Hormônio Liberador da Corticotropina/antagonistas & inibidores , Animais , Ansiolíticos/síntese química , Ansiolíticos/química , Ansiolíticos/farmacocinética , Meia-Vida , Pteridinas/síntese química , Pteridinas/farmacocinética , Pirazinas/síntese química , Pirazinas/farmacocinética , Ratos , Receptores de Hormônio Liberador da Corticotropina/metabolismo , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
Adaptor protein 2-associated kinase 1 (AAK1) is a serine/threonine kinase that was identified as a therapeutic target for the potential treatment of neuropathic pain. Inhibition of AAK1 in the central nervous system, particularly within the spinal cord, was found to be the relevant site for achieving an antinociceptive effect. We previously reported that compound 7 is a brain-penetrant, AAK1 inhibitor that showed efficacy in animal models for neuropathic pain. One approach we took to improve upon the potency of 7 involved tying the amide back into the neighboring phenyl ring to form a bicyclic heterocycle. Investigation of the structure-activity relationships (SARs) of substituents on the resultant quinazoline and quinoline ring systems led to the identification of (S)-31, a brain-penetrant, AAK1-selective inhibitor with improved enzyme and cellular potency compared to 7. The synthesis, SAR, and in vivo evaluation of a series of quinazoline and quinoline-based AAK1 inhibitors are described herein.
Assuntos
Neuralgia , Quinolinas , Amidas/farmacologia , Amidas/uso terapêutico , Animais , Neuralgia/tratamento farmacológico , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/farmacologia , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/uso terapêutico , Quinazolinas/uso terapêutico , Quinolinas/farmacologia , Quinolinas/uso terapêutico , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
Recent mouse knockout studies identified adapter protein-2-associated kinase 1 (AAK1) as a viable target for treating neuropathic pain. BMS-986176/LX-9211 (4), as a highly selective, CNS-penetrable, and potent AAK1 inhibitor, has advanced into phase II human trials. On exploring the structure-activity relationship (SAR) around this biaryl alkyl ether chemotype, several additional compounds were found to be highly selective and potent AAK1 inhibitors with good druglike properties. Among these, compounds 43 and 58 showed very good efficacy in two neuropathic pain rat models and had excellent CNS penetration and spinal cord target engagement. Both compounds also exhibited favorable physicochemical and oral pharmacokinetic (PK) properties. Compound 58, a central pyridine isomer of BMS-986176/LX-9211 (4), was 4-fold more potent than 4 in vitro and showed lower plasma exposure needed to achieve similar efficacy compared to 4 in the CCI rat model. However, both 43 and 58 showed an inferior preclinical toxicity profile compared to 4.
Assuntos
Anestésicos Gerais , Neuralgia , Animais , Éteres/uso terapêutico , Camundongos , Neuralgia/tratamento farmacológico , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/farmacologia , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/uso terapêutico , Ratos , Medula Espinal , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
Effective treatment of chronic pain, in particular neuropathic pain, without the side effects that often accompany currently available treatment options is an area of significant unmet medical need. A phenotypic screen of mouse gene knockouts led to the discovery that adaptor protein 2-associated kinase 1 (AAK1) is a potential therapeutic target for neuropathic pain. The synthesis and optimization of structure-activity relationships of a series of aryl amide-based AAK1 inhibitors led to the identification of 59, a brain penetrant, AAK1-selective inhibitor that proved to be a valuable tool compound. Compound 59 was evaluated in mice for the inhibition of µ2 phosphorylation. Studies conducted with 59 in pain models demonstrated that this compound was efficacious in the phase II formalin model for persistent pain and the chronic-constriction-injury-induced model for neuropathic pain in rats. These results suggest that AAK1 inhibition is a promising approach for the treatment of neuropathic pain.
Assuntos
Amidas/farmacologia , Anti-Inflamatórios não Esteroides/farmacologia , Encéfalo/enzimologia , Neuralgia/tratamento farmacológico , Proteínas Quinases/farmacologia , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinases/antagonistas & inibidores , Amidas/síntese química , Amidas/química , Animais , Anti-Inflamatórios não Esteroides/síntese química , Anti-Inflamatórios não Esteroides/química , Células CACO-2 , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Descoberta de Drogas , Células HEK293 , Humanos , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Microssomos Hepáticos/química , Microssomos Hepáticos/metabolismo , Estrutura Molecular , Neuralgia/metabolismo , Proteínas Quinases/síntese química , Proteínas Quinases/química , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinases/metabolismo , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
3-Aryl-indole and 3-aryl-indazole derivatives were identified as potent and selective Nav1.7 inhibitors. Compound 29 was shown to be efficacious in the mouse formalin assay and also reduced complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA)-induced thermal hyperalgesia and chronic constriction injury (CCI) induced cold allodynia and models of inflammatory and neuropathic pain, respectively, following intraperitoneal (IP) doses of 30 mg/kg. The observed efficacy could be correlated with the mouse dorsal root ganglion exposure and NaV1.7 potency associated with 29.
Assuntos
Indazóis/química , Indóis/química , Canal de Sódio Disparado por Voltagem NAV1.7/química , Neuralgia/tratamento farmacológico , Sulfonamidas/química , Bloqueadores do Canal de Sódio Disparado por Voltagem/uso terapêutico , Animais , Avaliação Pré-Clínica de Medicamentos , Células HEK293 , Meia-Vida , Humanos , Hiperalgesia/tratamento farmacológico , Hiperalgesia/patologia , Masculino , Camundongos , Canal de Sódio Disparado por Voltagem NAV1.7/metabolismo , Neuralgia/patologia , Técnicas de Patch-Clamp , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Sulfonamidas/metabolismo , Sulfonamidas/uso terapêutico , Bloqueadores do Canal de Sódio Disparado por Voltagem/química , Bloqueadores do Canal de Sódio Disparado por Voltagem/metabolismoRESUMO
The CRF antagonist pharmacophore is a heterocyclic ring bearing a critical hydrogen-bond acceptor nitrogen and an orthogonal aromatic ring. CRFR1 antagonists have shown a 40-fold and 200-fold loss in potency against the CRFR1 H199V and M276I mutant receptors, suggesting key interactions with these residues. We have derived a two component computational model that correlates CRFR1 binding affinity within the reported series to antagoinst/H199 complexation energy and M276 hydrophobic contacts.
Assuntos
Modelos Moleculares , Pteridinas/síntese química , Piridazinas/síntese química , Relação Quantitativa Estrutura-Atividade , Receptores de Hormônio Liberador da Corticotropina/antagonistas & inibidores , Animais , Plexo Corióideo/metabolismo , Lobo Frontal/metabolismo , Técnicas In Vitro , Pteridinas/química , Pteridinas/farmacologia , Piridazinas/química , Piridazinas/farmacologia , Ensaio Radioligante , Ratos , Receptores de Hormônio Liberador da Corticotropina/metabolismo , SuínosRESUMO
Adaptor-associated kinase 1 (AAK1), a member of the Ark1/Prk1 family of serine/threonine kinases, plays a role in modulating clatherin coated endocytosis of specific surface receptors. We have demonstrated that AAK1 inhibitors are efficacious in rodent models of neuropathic pain (Kostich et al., 2016). Here we have characterized the binding properties and distribution pattern of the tritiated AAK1 radioligand, [3H]BMT-046091, in rodents and cynomolgus monkeys, and used the radioligand to measure the brain target occupancy following systemic administration of AAK1 inhibitors. We have found that [3H]BMT-046091 is potent and selective AAK1 inhibitor. It inhibits AAK1 phosphorylation of a peptide derived from a physiologic substrate, the µ2 subunit of the adaptor protein complex, with an IC50 value of 2.8 nM, and is inactive at >5 µM in a panel of functional or binding assays for receptors, transporters and enzymes. [3H]BMT-046091 binding in the brain is absent in the AAK1 knockout mouse, and is displaceable with a high concentration of AAK1 inhibitors in wild type mice. Specific [3H]BMT-046091 binding is widespread in the brain and spinal cord with the highest density in the cortex, hippocampus, amygdala, striatum and thalamus. In the spinal cord, [3H]BMT-046091 binding appears enriched in the dorsal horn superficial layers. Oral administration of LP-935509, an AAK1 inhibitor, results in a dose-dependent occupation of AAK1 binding sites in the brain and spinal cord. The increase in AAK1 binding site occupancy by LP-935509 correlates with the decrease in antinociceptive responses in the rat chronic constriction injury model of neuropathic pain.
Assuntos
Encéfalo/efeitos dos fármacos , Inibidores Enzimáticos/farmacocinética , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinases/metabolismo , Traumatismos da Medula Espinal/complicações , Aminas/farmacocinética , Animais , Autorradiografia , Encéfalo/diagnóstico por imagem , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Ácidos Cicloexanocarboxílicos/farmacocinética , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Inibidores Enzimáticos/química , Lateralidade Funcional , Gabapentina , Haplorrinos , Hiperalgesia/etiologia , Concentração Inibidora 50 , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Knockout , Naftiridinas/química , Naftiridinas/farmacocinética , Neuralgia/etiologia , Neuralgia/metabolismo , Ligação Proteica/efeitos dos fármacos , Ligação Proteica/genética , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinases/genética , Ensaio Radioligante , Ratos , Trítio/farmacocinética , Ácido gama-Aminobutírico/farmacocinéticaRESUMO
By taking advantage of certain features in piperidine 4, we developed a novel series of cyclohexylamine- and piperidine-based benzenesulfonamides as potent and selective Nav1.7 inhibitors. However, compound 24, one of the early analogs, failed to reduce phase 2 flinching in the mouse formalin test even at a dose of 100 mpk PO due to insufficient dorsal root ganglion (DRG) exposure attributed to poor membrane permeability. Two analogs with improved membrane permeability showed much increased DRG concentrations at doses of 30 mpk PO, but, confoundingly, only one of these was effective in the formalin test. More data are needed to understand the disconnect between efficacy and exposure relationships.