RESUMO
Adaptor protein 2-associated kinase 1 (AAK1) is a member of the Ark1/Prk1 family of serine/threonine kinases and plays a role in modulating receptor endocytosis. AAK1 was identified as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of neuropathic pain when it was shown that AAK1 knock out (KO) mice had a normal response to the acute pain phase of the mouse formalin model, but a reduced response to the persistent pain phase. Herein we report our early work investigating a series of pyrrolo[2,1-f][1,2,4]triazines as part of our efforts to recapitulate this KO phenotype with a potent, small molecule inhibitor of AAK1. The synthesis, structure-activity relationships (SAR), and in vivo evaluation of these AAK1 inhibitors is described.
RESUMO
Modulating GPR88 activity is suggested to have therapeutic utility in the treatment of CNS disorders, such as schizophrenia. This Letter will describe the discovery and SAR development of a class of potent GPR88 agonists.
Assuntos
Amidas/farmacologia , Aminas/farmacologia , Doenças do Sistema Nervoso Central/tratamento farmacológico , Descoberta de Drogas , Receptores Acoplados a Proteínas G/agonistas , Amidas/síntese química , Amidas/química , Aminas/síntese química , Aminas/química , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Humanos , Estrutura Molecular , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
Small molecule modulators of GPR88 activity (agonists, antagonists, or modulators) are of interest as potential agents for the treatment of a variety of psychiatric disorders including schizophrenia. A series of phenylglycinol and phenylamine analogs have been prepared and evaluated for their GPR88 agonist activity and pharmacokinetic (PK) properties.
Assuntos
Aminas/farmacologia , Desenho de Fármacos , Etanolaminas/farmacologia , Receptores Acoplados a Proteínas G/agonistas , Aminas/síntese química , Aminas/química , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Etanolaminas/síntese química , Etanolaminas/química , Células HEK293 , Humanos , Estrutura Molecular , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
NMDA receptor hypofunction is hypothesized to contribute to cognitive deficits associated with schizophrenia. Since direct activation of NMDA receptors is associated with serious adverse effects, modulation of the NMDA co-agonists, glycine or D-serine, represents a viable alternative therapeutic approach. Indeed, clinical trials with glycine and D-serine have shown positive results, although concerns over toxicity related to the high-doses required for efficacy remain. Synaptic concentrations of D-serine and glycine are regulated by the amino acid transporter alanine serine cysteine transporter-1 (asc-1). Inhibition of asc-1 would increase synaptic D-serine and possibly glycine, eliminating the need for high-dose systemic D-serine or glycine treatment. In this manuscript, we characterize Compound 1 (BMS-466442), the first known small molecule inhibitor of asc-1. Compound 1 selectively inhibited asc-1 mediated D-serine uptake with nanomolar potency in multiple cellular systems. Moreover, Compound 1 inhibited asc-1 but was not a competitive substrate for this transporter. Compound 1 is the first reported selective inhibitor of the asc-1 transporter and may provide a new path for the development of asc-1 inhibitors for the treatment of schizophrenia.
Assuntos
Sistema y+ de Transporte de Aminoácidos/antagonistas & inibidores , Agonistas de Aminoácidos Excitatórios/farmacologia , Histidina/análogos & derivados , Indóis/síntese química , Indóis/farmacologia , Receptores de N-Metil-D-Aspartato/agonistas , Aminoácidos/metabolismo , Animais , Linhagem Celular , Córtex Cerebral/citologia , Córtex Cerebral/efeitos dos fármacos , Córtex Cerebral/metabolismo , Glicina/metabolismo , Histidina/síntese química , Histidina/farmacologia , Humanos , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Serina/metabolismo , Bibliotecas de Moléculas Pequenas , Sinaptossomos/metabolismoRESUMO
Pyrido[3,2-b]pyrazin-3(4H)-ones and pteridin-7(8H)-ones were evaluated as corticotropin-releasing factor-1 receptor antagonists. The synthesis, SAR studies and pharmacokinetic evaluation of these analogs are described herein.
Assuntos
Pteridinas/química , Pirazinas/química , Receptores de Hormônio Liberador da Corticotropina/antagonistas & inibidores , Animais , Ansiolíticos/síntese química , Ansiolíticos/química , Ansiolíticos/farmacocinética , Meia-Vida , Pteridinas/síntese química , Pteridinas/farmacocinética , Pirazinas/síntese química , Pirazinas/farmacocinética , Ratos , Receptores de Hormônio Liberador da Corticotropina/metabolismo , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
Adaptor protein 2-associated kinase 1 (AAK1) is a serine/threonine kinase that was identified as a therapeutic target for the potential treatment of neuropathic pain. Inhibition of AAK1 in the central nervous system, particularly within the spinal cord, was found to be the relevant site for achieving an antinociceptive effect. We previously reported that compound 7 is a brain-penetrant, AAK1 inhibitor that showed efficacy in animal models for neuropathic pain. One approach we took to improve upon the potency of 7 involved tying the amide back into the neighboring phenyl ring to form a bicyclic heterocycle. Investigation of the structure-activity relationships (SARs) of substituents on the resultant quinazoline and quinoline ring systems led to the identification of (S)-31, a brain-penetrant, AAK1-selective inhibitor with improved enzyme and cellular potency compared to 7. The synthesis, SAR, and in vivo evaluation of a series of quinazoline and quinoline-based AAK1 inhibitors are described herein.
Assuntos
Neuralgia , Quinolinas , Amidas/farmacologia , Amidas/uso terapêutico , Animais , Neuralgia/tratamento farmacológico , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/farmacologia , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/uso terapêutico , Quinazolinas/uso terapêutico , Quinolinas/farmacologia , Quinolinas/uso terapêutico , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
Recent mouse knockout studies identified adapter protein-2-associated kinase 1 (AAK1) as a viable target for treating neuropathic pain. BMS-986176/LX-9211 (4), as a highly selective, CNS-penetrable, and potent AAK1 inhibitor, has advanced into phase II human trials. On exploring the structure-activity relationship (SAR) around this biaryl alkyl ether chemotype, several additional compounds were found to be highly selective and potent AAK1 inhibitors with good druglike properties. Among these, compounds 43 and 58 showed very good efficacy in two neuropathic pain rat models and had excellent CNS penetration and spinal cord target engagement. Both compounds also exhibited favorable physicochemical and oral pharmacokinetic (PK) properties. Compound 58, a central pyridine isomer of BMS-986176/LX-9211 (4), was 4-fold more potent than 4 in vitro and showed lower plasma exposure needed to achieve similar efficacy compared to 4 in the CCI rat model. However, both 43 and 58 showed an inferior preclinical toxicity profile compared to 4.
Assuntos
Anestésicos Gerais , Neuralgia , Animais , Éteres/uso terapêutico , Camundongos , Neuralgia/tratamento farmacológico , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/farmacologia , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/uso terapêutico , Ratos , Medula Espinal , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
Effective treatment of chronic pain, in particular neuropathic pain, without the side effects that often accompany currently available treatment options is an area of significant unmet medical need. A phenotypic screen of mouse gene knockouts led to the discovery that adaptor protein 2-associated kinase 1 (AAK1) is a potential therapeutic target for neuropathic pain. The synthesis and optimization of structure-activity relationships of a series of aryl amide-based AAK1 inhibitors led to the identification of 59, a brain penetrant, AAK1-selective inhibitor that proved to be a valuable tool compound. Compound 59 was evaluated in mice for the inhibition of µ2 phosphorylation. Studies conducted with 59 in pain models demonstrated that this compound was efficacious in the phase II formalin model for persistent pain and the chronic-constriction-injury-induced model for neuropathic pain in rats. These results suggest that AAK1 inhibition is a promising approach for the treatment of neuropathic pain.
Assuntos
Amidas/farmacologia , Anti-Inflamatórios não Esteroides/farmacologia , Encéfalo/enzimologia , Neuralgia/tratamento farmacológico , Proteínas Quinases/farmacologia , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinases/antagonistas & inibidores , Amidas/síntese química , Amidas/química , Animais , Anti-Inflamatórios não Esteroides/síntese química , Anti-Inflamatórios não Esteroides/química , Células CACO-2 , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Descoberta de Drogas , Células HEK293 , Humanos , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Microssomos Hepáticos/química , Microssomos Hepáticos/metabolismo , Estrutura Molecular , Neuralgia/metabolismo , Proteínas Quinases/síntese química , Proteínas Quinases/química , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinases/metabolismo , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
The CRF antagonist pharmacophore is a heterocyclic ring bearing a critical hydrogen-bond acceptor nitrogen and an orthogonal aromatic ring. CRFR1 antagonists have shown a 40-fold and 200-fold loss in potency against the CRFR1 H199V and M276I mutant receptors, suggesting key interactions with these residues. We have derived a two component computational model that correlates CRFR1 binding affinity within the reported series to antagoinst/H199 complexation energy and M276 hydrophobic contacts.
Assuntos
Modelos Moleculares , Pteridinas/síntese química , Piridazinas/síntese química , Relação Quantitativa Estrutura-Atividade , Receptores de Hormônio Liberador da Corticotropina/antagonistas & inibidores , Animais , Plexo Corióideo/metabolismo , Lobo Frontal/metabolismo , Técnicas In Vitro , Pteridinas/química , Pteridinas/farmacologia , Piridazinas/química , Piridazinas/farmacologia , Ensaio Radioligante , Ratos , Receptores de Hormônio Liberador da Corticotropina/metabolismo , SuínosRESUMO
Corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) is the primary regulator of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, coordinating the endocrine, behavioral, and autonomic responses to stress. It has been postulated that small molecules that can antagonize the binding of CRF1 to its receptor may serve as a treatment for anxiety-related and/or affective disorders. Members within a series of 3,4-dihydro-1H-pyrido[2,3-b]pyrazin-2-ones, exemplified by compound 2 (IC50 = 0.70 nM), were found to be very potent antagonists of CRF1. Compound 8w showed high CRF1 receptor binding affinity and was examined further in vivo. The compound was efficacious in a defensive withdrawal model of anxiety in rats and had a long half-life and reasonable oral bioavailability in dog pharmacokinetic studies.
Assuntos
Pirazinas/síntese química , Piridinas/síntese química , Receptores de Hormônio Liberador da Corticotropina/antagonistas & inibidores , Administração Oral , Animais , Ansiolíticos/síntese química , Ansiolíticos/farmacocinética , Ansiolíticos/farmacologia , Ansiedade/psicologia , Comportamento Animal/efeitos dos fármacos , Ligação Competitiva , Cães , Lobo Frontal/efeitos dos fármacos , Lobo Frontal/metabolismo , Meia-Vida , Técnicas In Vitro , Masculino , Pirazinas/farmacocinética , Pirazinas/farmacologia , Piridinas/farmacocinética , Piridinas/farmacologia , Ensaio Radioligante , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Tempo de Reação/efeitos dos fármacos , Receptores de Hormônio Liberador da Corticotropina/metabolismo , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
Potent cyclin dependent kinase inhibitors were prepared using parallel synthesis methodology. Treating advanced intermediate 2 with a variety of hydrazides in DMSO at 80 degrees C for 30 min gave the desired acylsemicarbazides in good to excellent yield. Several compounds were active against cdk4/D1 and cdk2/E in the low nanomolar range. The SAR indicates a wide variety of substituents are tolerated at the acylsemicarbazide moiety.