Modifiable factors to prevent severe hypoglycaemic and diabetic ketoacidosis presentations in people with type 1 diabetes.

AIMS: In tackling rising diabetes-related emergencies, the need to understand and address emergency service usage by people with type 1 diabetes is vital. This review aimed to quantify current trends in presentations for type 1 diabetes-related emergencies and identify public health strategies that reduce the frequency of diabetes-related emergencies and improve glycaemic management. METHODS: Medline (OVID), Cochrane and CINAHL were searched for studies published between 2000 and 2023, focusing on people with type 1 diabetes, severe hypoglycaemia and/or diabetic ketoacidosis, and ambulance and/or emergency department usage. There were 1313 papers identified, with 37 publications meeting review criteria. RESULTS: The incidence of type 1 diabetes-related emergencies varied from 2.4 to 14.6% over one year for hypoglycaemic episodes, and between 0.07 and 11.8 events per 100 person-years for hyperglycaemic episodes. Notably, our findings revealed that ongoing diabetes education and the integration of diabetes technology, such as continuous glucose monitoring and insulin pump therapy, significantly reduced the incidence of these emergencies. However, socio-economic disparities posed barriers to accessing these technologies, subsequently shifting the cost to emergency healthcare and highlighting the need for governments to consider subsidising these technologies as part of preventative measures. CONCLUSIONS: Improving access to continuous glucose monitoring and insulin pump therapy, in combination with ongoing diabetes education focusing on symptom recognition and early management, will reduce the incidence of diabetes-related emergencies. Concurrent research assessing emergency healthcare usage patterns during the implementation of such measures is essential to ensure these are cost-effective.

Health-related quality of life assessment in health economic analyses involving type 2 diabetes.

AIM: Incorporating health-related quality of life (HRQoL) measures into health economic analyses can help to provide evidence to inform decisions about how to improve patient outcomes in the most cost-effective manner. The aim of this narrative review was to assess which HRQoL instruments have been used in economic evaluations of type 2 diabetes management including in Indigenous communities. METHOD: MEDLINE (Ovid), Embase (Ovid) and Cochrane were searched from inception to June 2022. Studies included patients with type 2 diabetes; economic evaluations, derived scores from direct questioning of individuals; and were in English. Records were assessed for bias using the JBI critical appraisal tools. RESULTS: A total of 3737 records were identified, with 22 publications meeting the criteria for inclusion. Across those 22 articles, nine HRQoL instruments had been utilised. Generic tools were most frequently used to measure HRQoL, including EQ-5D (-3 L and -5 L) (n = 10, 38%); SF-12 (n = 5, 19%); and SF-36 (n = 4, 15%). Two tools addressing the specific stressors faced by people with type 2 diabetes were utilised: Problem Areas In Diabetes tool (n = 1, 4%) and Diabetes Distress Scale (n = 1, 4%). Two publications reported whether the study population included Indigenous peoples. CONCLUSION: A wide range of HRQoL instruments are used in economic evaluations of type 2 diabetes management, with the most frequent being varying forms of the EQ-5D. Few economic evaluations noted whether Indigenous peoples were featured in the study population. More research into HRQoL in people living with type 2 diabetes is urgently needed to improve evidence on effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of interventions.

Potential kidney protective effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists.

Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) have gained increasing attention for their potential benefits in people with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) with chronic kidney disease (CKD). This class of medication has demonstrated promising results in reducing albuminuria, preserving estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), and mitigating cardiovascular (CV) risk, making them potential therapeutic options for individuals with CKD. The kidney protective effects of GLP-1RAs extend beyond glycaemic control, and are thought to be attributed to their anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and natriuretic properties. Despite these promising findings, the use of GLP-RAs has yet to be definitively shown to slow progression to chronic kidney failure, or reduce CV and kidney related death in people with T2DM and CKD. The Research Study to See How Semaglutide (a once weekly subcutaneous administered GLP-1RA) Works Compared to Placebo in People with Type 2 Diabetes and Chronic Kidney Disease (FLOW trial) was recently stopped because of efficacy. The primary end point for the FLOW trial consists of a composite endpoint of (i) onset of chronic kidney failure; (ii) death from kidney failure; (iii) cardiovascular death; and (iv) onset of a persistent ≥50% reduction in eGFR from baseline. It has also been reported by the sponsors of the trial that the primary end point of the trial was reduced by 24% with both CKD and CV outcomes contributing to risk reduction. In anticipation of the results of the FLOW trial being published, we review the current evidence surrounding kidney outcomes and proposed kidney protective pathways associated with GLP-1RA use.

Management of Poststroke Hyperglycemia: Results of the TEXAIS Randomized Clinical Trial.

BACKGROUND: Hyperglycemia in acute ischemic stroke reduces the efficacy of stroke thrombolysis and thrombectomy, with worse clinical outcomes. Insulin-based therapies are difficult to implement and may cause hypoglycemia. We investigated whether exenatide, a GLP-1 (glucagon-like peptide-1) receptor agonist, would improve stroke outcomes, and control poststroke hyperglycemia with minimal hypoglycemia. METHODS: The TEXAIS trial (Treatment With Exenatide in Acute Ischemic Stroke) was an international, multicenter, phase 2 prospective randomized clinical trial (PROBE [Prospective Randomized Open Blinded End-Point] design) enrolling adult patients with acute ischemic stroke ≤9 hours of stroke onset to receive exenatide (5 µg BID subcutaneous injection) or standard care for 5 days, or until hospital discharge (whichever sooner). The primary outcome (intention to treat) was the proportion of patients with ≥8-point improvement in National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score (or National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale scores 0-1) at 7 days poststroke. Safety outcomes included death, episodes of hyperglycemia, hypoglycemia, and adverse event. RESULTS: From April 2016 to June 2021, 350 patients were randomized (exenatide, n=177, standard care, n=173). Median age, 71 years (interquartile range, 62-79), median National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score, 4 (interquartile range, 2-8). Planned recruitment (n=528) was stopped early due to COVID-19 disruptions and funding constraints. The primary outcome was achieved in 97 of 171 (56.7%) in the standard care group versus 104 of 170 (61.2%) in the exenatide group (adjusted odds ratio, 1.22 [95% CI, 0.79-1.88]; P=0.38). No differences in secondary outcomes were observed. The per-patient mean daily frequency of hyperglycemia was significantly less in the exenatide group across all quartiles. No episodes of hypoglycemia were recorded over the treatment period. Adverse events of mild nausea and vomiting occurred in 6 (3.5%) exenatide patients versus 0 (0%) standard care with no withdrawal. CONCLUSIONS: Treatment with exenatide did not reduce neurological impairment at 7 days in patients with acute ischemic stroke. Exenatide did significantly reduce the frequency of hyperglycemic events, without hypoglycemia, and was safe to use. Larger acute stroke trials using GLP-1 agonists such as exenatide should be considered. REGISTRATION: URL: www.australianclinicaltrials.gov.au; Unique identifier: ACTRN12617000409370. URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov; Unique identifier: NCT03287076.

Detection and molecular characterization of Clostridium perfringens, Paeniclostridium sordellii and Clostridium septicum from lambs and goat kids with hemorrhagic abomasitis in Turkey.

BACKGROUND: The pathogenic Clostridia cause neurotoxic, histotoxic and enterotoxic infections in humans and animals. Several Clostridium species have been associated with abomasitis in ruminants. The present study aimed to investigate the frequency, and the presence of virulence genes, of Clostridium perfringens, Paeniclostridium sordellii and Clostridium septicum in lambs and goat kids with hemorrhagic abomasitis. RESULTS: A total of 38 abomasum samples, collected from lambs and goat kids of 1 week to 1 month of age in different farms located in eastern Turkey between 2021 and 2022, were evaluated by histopathology, culture and PCR. At necropsy, the abomasum of the animals was excessively filled with caseinized content and gas, and the abomasum mucosa was hemorrhagic in varying degrees. In histopathological evaluation, acute necrotizing hemorrhagic inflammation was noted in abomasum samples. The examination of swab samples by culture and PCR revealed that C. perfringens type A was the most frequently detected species (86.84%) either alone or in combination with other Clostridium species. P. sordellii, C. perfringens type F and C. septicum were also harboured in the samples, albeit at low rates. Beta2 toxin gene (cpb2) was found in three of C. perfringens type A positive samples. CONCLUSION: It was suggested that vaccination of pregnant animals with toxoid vaccines would be beneficial in terms of protecting newborn animals against Clostridial infections. This study investigated the presence of clostridial toxin genes in abomasal samples for the first time in Turkey.

The impact of botanical fermented foods on metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes: a systematic review of randomised controlled trials.

Our systematic review assessed the impact of botanical fermented food (BFF) consumption on glucose, lipid, anthropometric, inflammatory and gut microbiota parameters, in adults with metabolic syndrome (MetS), MetS components or type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Embase, MEDLINE, Cochrane CENTRAL and Google Scholar were searched with no language limits, from inception to 31 August 2022, for eligible randomised controlled trials (RCTs). Two independent reviewers screened 6873 abstracts and extracted relevant data. Risk of bias (ROB) was assessed using the Cochrane Collaboration's ROB2 tool. The final review included twenty-six RCTs, with thirty-one reports published between 2001 and 2022. Significant (p < 0·05) within-group and between-group changes in cardiometabolic outcome means were reported in twenty-three and nineteen studies, respectively. Gut microbiota composition was assessed in four studies, with two finding significant between-group differences. No significant difference between groups of any measured outcomes was observed in five studies. There were fourteen studies at low ROB; ten were of some concern; and two were at high ROB. In 73% of included studies, BFF consumption by participants with obesity, MetS or T2DM led to significant between-group improvements in discrete cardiometabolic outcomes, including fasting blood glucose, lipid profile, blood pressure, waist circumference, body fat percentage and C-reactive protein. BFF consumption increased the abundance of beneficial gut bacteria, such as Bifidobacterium and LAB, whilst reducing potential pathogens such as Bacteroides. To determine the clinical significance of BFFs as therapeutic dietary adjuncts, their safety, tolerability and affordability must be balanced with the limited power and magnitude of these preliminary findings.

Improved metabolic parameters of people with diabetes attending an Aboriginal health service in regional Victoria.

BACKGROUND: Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people have higher rates of diabetes and its complications than non-Aboriginal people. Rumbalara Aboriginal Co-operative is the major primary healthcare provider for Aboriginal people in the Greater Shepparton region. AIMS: To evaluate the baseline metabolic parameters and presence of diabetes complications in people with type 2 diabetes attending Rumbalara Aboriginal Co-operative in 2017 and compare it with other Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander studies and Australian specialist diabetes services. METHODS: Clinical and biochemical characteristics, including diabetes type, age, weight, body mass index (BMI), blood pressure, micro- and macrovascular complications, glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c), haemoglobin, renal function, lipid profile, urine albumin:creatinine ratio, diabetes medications, renin angiotensin system inhibition therapies, HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors and antiplatelet agents, were determined. RESULTS: One hundred and twenty-six individuals had diabetes, 121 had type 2 diabetes. One hundred and thirteen identified as Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander. Median age was 57.5 (48-68) years, median HbA1c was 7.8% (6.8-9.6) and median BMI was 33.4 kg/m2 (29-42.3). Compared with other Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander populations, this population was older and had more obesity, but with better glycaemia management. Compared with specialist diabetes services, this population was of similar age, with greater BMI but comparable HbA1c. CONCLUSIONS: Aboriginal people living with type 2 diabetes attending this regional Aboriginal health service have comparable glycaemic management to specialist diabetes services in Australia, managed largely by primary care physicians with limited access to specialist care for the past 5 years.

Diabetes IN hospital - Glucose and Outcomes in the COVID-19 pandemic (DINGO COVID-19): the 2020 Melbourne hospital experience prior to novel variants and vaccinations.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: A relationship between diabetes, glucose and COVID-19 outcomes has been reported in international cohorts. This study aimed to assess the relationship between diabetes, hyperglycaemia and patient outcomes in those hospitalised with COVID-19 during the first year of the Victorian pandemic prior to novel variants and vaccinations. DESIGN, SETTING: Retrospective cohort study from March to November 2020 across five public health services in Melbourne, Australia. PARTICIPANTS: All consecutive adult patients admitted to acute wards of participating institutions during the study period with a diagnosis of COVID-19, comprising a large proportion of patients from residential care facilities and following dexamethasone becoming standard-of-care. Admissions in patients without known diabetes and without inpatient glucose testing were excluded. RESULTS: The DINGO COVID-19 cohort comprised 840 admissions. In 438 admissions (52%), there was no known diabetes or in-hospital hyperglycaemia, in 298 (35%) patients had known diabetes, and in 104 (12%) patients had hyperglycaemia without known diabetes. ICU admission was more common in those with diabetes (20%) and hyperglycaemia without diabetes (49%) than those with neither (11%, P < 0.001 for all comparisons). Mortality was higher in those with diabetes (24%) than those without diabetes or hyperglycaemia (16%, P = 0.02) but no difference between those with in-hospital hyperglycaemia and either of the other groups. On multivariable analysis, hyperglycaemia was associated with increased ICU admission (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 6.7, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 4.0-12, P < 0.001) and longer length of stay (aOR 173, 95% CI 11-2793, P < 0.001), while diabetes was associated with reduced ICU admission (aOR 0.55, 95% CI 0.33-0.94, P = 0.03). Neither diabetes nor hyperglycaemia was independently associated with in-hospital mortality. CONCLUSIONS: During the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic, in-hospital hyperglycaemia and known diabetes were not associated with in-hospital mortality, contrasting with published international experiences. This likely mainly relates to hyperglycaemia indicating receipt of mortality-reducing dexamethasone therapy. These differences in published experiences underscore the importance of understanding population and clinical treatment factors affecting glycaemia and COVID-19 morbidity within both local and global contexts.

Feasibility and acceptability of the use of flash glucose monitoring encountered by Indigenous Australians with type 2 diabetes mellitus: initial experiences from a pilot study.

BACKGROUND: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is highly prevalent within the Indigenous Australian community. Novel glucose monitoring technology offers an accurate approach to glycaemic management, providing real-time information on glucose levels and trends. The acceptability and feasibilility of this technology in Indigenous Australians with T2DM has not been investigated. OBJECTIVE: This feasibility phenomenological study aims to understand the experiences of Indigenous Australians with T2DM using flash glucose monitoring (FGM). METHODS: Indigenous Australians with T2DM receiving injectable therapy (n = 8) who used FGM (Abbott Freestyle Libre) for 6-months, as part of a clinical trial, participated in semi-structured interviews. Thematic analysis of the interviews was performed using NVivo12 Plus qualitative data analysis software (QSR International). RESULTS: Six major themes emerged: 1) FGM was highly acceptable to the individual; 2) FGM's convenience was its biggest benefit; 3) data from FGM was a tool to modify lifestyle choices; 4) FGM needed to be complemented with health professional support; 5) FGM can be a tool to engage communities in diabetes management; and 6) cost of the device is a barrier to future use. CONCLUSIONS: Indigenous Australians with T2DM had positive experiences with FGM. This study highlights future steps to ensure likelihood of FGM is acceptable and effective within the wider Indigenous Australian community.

Systematic review of the effectiveness of nurse-led care in reducing glycated haemoglobin in adults with Type 1 or 2 diabetes.

BACKGROUND: Type 1 and 2 diabetes care, especially within primary health-care settings, has traditionally involved doctor-led clinics. However, with increasing chronic disease burden, there is scope for nurses to expand their role in assisting diabetes self-management. AIMS: This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of nurse-led care in reducing glycated haemoglobin in adults with Type 1 or 2 diabetes. METHODS: Methodology from the Joanna Briggs Institute Method for Systematic Review Research and the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were followed, including identifying publications, assessing study quality, summarizing evidence and interpreting findings. The search strategy involved using the Medical Subject Headings and keyword variations when searching MEDLINE (Ovid), Scopus, PubMed and the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) databases. Inclusion criteria were samples with Type 1 or 2 diabetes, mean age of ≥18 years, English language studies and publication date of January 2011-December 2021. RESULTS: Overall, 34 articles from 16 countries met inclusion criteria. Though not always clinically significant, results indicated that nurse-led care had beneficial impacts on glycated haemoglobin values, with reductions from 0.03% to 2.0%. This was evident when nurses received formal training, used treatment algorithms, had limited medical support, utilized technology and offered defined culturally sensitive and appropriate diabetes care. CONCLUSIONS: Findings support nurse-led Type 1 and 2 diabetes care. Although further research is required, changes may necessitate increased recognition of nurse-led care and funding. Nurse-led care models should differ according to health-care settings.

Body mass index is inversely associated with capillary ketones at the time of colonoscopy: Implications for SGLT2i use.

OBJECTIVE: Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) have been associated with diabetic ketoacidosis at the time of colonoscopy. This study aimed to identify factors associated with ketone concentrations in SGLT2i-treated type 2 diabetes compared with non-SGLT2i-treated diabetes, and those with impaired fasting glycaemia (IFG) and normoglycaemia. DESIGN: Cross-sectional, multicentre, observational study June-December 2020 in four Australian tertiary hospitals. PARTICIPANTS: Capillary glucose and ketones were measured in people undergoing colonoscopy: 37 SGLT2i-treated and 105 non-SGLT2i-treated type 2 diabetes, 65 IFG and 151 normoglycaemia. MEASUREMENTS: Body mass index (BMI), age, glucose, fasting duration and where relevant, HbA1c and time since last SGLT2i dose. RESULTS: In SGLT2i-treated diabetes, BMI (ρ = -0.43 [95% confidence interval: -0.67, -0.11]) and duration since last SGLT2i dose (ρ = -0.33 [-0.60, 0.00]) correlated negatively with increasing ketones, but there was no correlation with fasting duration. In non-SGLT2i-treated diabetes, BMI correlated negatively (ρ = -0.24 [-0.42, -0.05]) and fasting duration positively (ρ = 0.26 [0.07, 0.43]) with ketones. In IFG participants, only fasting duration correlated with ketones (ρ = 0.28 [0.03, 0.49]). In normoglycaemic participants, there were negative correlations with BMI (ρ = -0.20 [-0.35, -0.04]) and fasting glucose (ρ = -0.31 [-0.45, -0.15]) and positive correlations with fasting duration (ρ = 0.20 [0.04, 0.35]) and age (ρ = 0.19 [0.03, 0.34]). Multiple regression analysis of the entire cohort showed BMI, age and fasting glucose remained independently associated with ketones, but in SGLT2i-treated participants only BMI remained independently associated. CONCLUSIONS: In SGLT2i-treated diabetes, lower BMI was a novel risk factor for higher ketones precolonoscopy. Pending larger confirmatory studies, extra vigilance for ketoacidosis is warranted in these people.

Review of potential biomarkers of inflammation and kidney injury in diabetic kidney disease.

Diabetic kidney disease is expected to increase rapidly over the coming decades with rising prevalence of diabetes worldwide. Current measures of kidney function based on albuminuria and estimated glomerular filtration rate do not accurately stratify and predict individuals at risk of declining kidney function in diabetes. As a result, recent attention has turned towards identifying and assessing the utility of biomarkers in diabetic kidney disease. This review explores the current literature on biomarkers of inflammation and kidney injury focussing on studies of single or multiple biomarkers between January 2014 and February 2020. Multiple serum and urine biomarkers of inflammation and kidney injury have demonstrated significant association with the development and progression of diabetic kidney disease. Of the inflammatory biomarkers, tumour necrosis factor receptor-1 and -2 were frequently studied and appear to hold most promise as markers of diabetic kidney disease. With regards to kidney injury biomarkers, studies have largely targeted markers of tubular injury of which kidney injury molecule-1, beta-2-microglobulin and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin emerged as potential candidates. Finally, the use of a small panel of selective biomarkers appears to perform just as well as a panel of multiple biomarkers for predicting kidney function decline.

Feasibility study of a prototype extended-wear insulin infusion set in adults with type 1 diabetes.

AIM: To assess the feasibility of a prototype insulin infusion set (IIS) for extended wear in adults with type 1 diabetes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The prototype Capillary Biomedical investigational extended-wear IIS (CBX IIS) incorporates a soft, flexible, reinforced kink-resistant angled nylon-derivative cannula with one distal and three proximal ports to optimize insulin delivery. Twenty adult participants with type 1 diabetes established on insulin pump therapy used the CBX IIS for two 7-day test periods while wearing a Dexcom G5 continuous glucose monitor. RESULTS: Participants were able to wear the CBX IIS for an average of 6.6 ± 1.4 days. Eighty-eight percent (36 of 41) of sets were worn for 7 days. No serious adverse events were reported. Five infusion sets failed prematurely because of: unresolvable hyperglycaemia (three); hyperglycaemia with elevated ketones (one); or infection (one). Median time in range (3.9-10.0 mmol/L) was 62% (54-76). Average glucose levels per day of infusion set wear showed a statistically significant increase over time (p < .001). CONCLUSIONS: Our preliminary observations confirm the tolerability of the prototype CBX IIS for extended wear, albeit with a deterioration in glucose control after the third day.

Analysis of Serum Advanced Glycation Endproducts Reveals Methylglyoxal-Derived Advanced Glycation MG-H1 Free Adduct Is a Risk Marker in Non-Diabetic and Diabetic Chronic Kidney Disease.

Accumulation of advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs) is linked to decline in renal function, particularly in patients with diabetes. Major forms of AGEs in serum are protein-bound AGEs and AGE free adducts. In this study, we assessed levels of AGEs in subjects with and without diabetes, with normal renal function and stages 2 to 4 chronic kidney disease (CKD), to identify which AGE has the greatest progressive change with decline in renal function and change in diabetes. We performed a cross-sectional study of patients with stages 2-4 CKD, with and without diabetes, and healthy controls (n = 135). Nine protein-bound and free adduct AGEs were quantified in serum. Most protein-bound AGEs increased moderately through stages 2-4 CKD whereas AGE free adducts increased markedly. Methylglyoxal-derived hydroimidazolone MG-H1 free adduct was the AGE most responsive to CKD status, increasing 8-fold and 30-fold in stage 4 CKD in patients without and with diabetes, respectively. MG-H1 Glomerular filtration flux was increased 5-fold in diabetes, likely reflecting increased methylglyoxal glycation status. We conclude that serum MG-H1 free adduct concentration was strongly related to stage of CKD and increased in diabetes status. Serum MG-H1 free adduct is a candidate AGE risk marker of non-diabetic and diabetic CKD.

Continuous glucose monitoring: A review of the evidence in type 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus.

CONTEXT AND AIM: Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) is becoming widely accepted as an adjunct to diabetes management. Compared to standard care, CGM can provide detailed information about glycaemic variability in an internationally standardised ambulatory glucose profile, enabling more informed user and clinician decision making. We aimed to review the evidence, user experience and cost-effectiveness of CGM. METHODS: A literature search was conducted by combining subject headings 'CGM' and 'flash glucose monitoring', with key words 'type 1 diabetes' and 'type 2 diabetes', limited to '1999 to current'. Further evidence was obtained from relevant references of retrieved articles. RESULTS: There is a strong evidence for CGM use in people with type 1 diabetes, with benefits of reduced glycated haemoglobin and hypoglycaemia, and increased time in range. While the evidence for CGM use in type 2 diabetes is less robust, similar benefits have been demonstrated. CGM can improve diabetes-related satisfaction in people with diabetes (PWD) and parents of children with diabetes, as well as the clinician experience. However, CGM does have limitations including cost, accuracy and perceived inconvenience. Cost-effectiveness analyses have indicated that CGM is a cost-effective adjunct to type 1 diabetes management that is associated with reduced diabetes-related complications and hospitalisation. CONCLUSIONS: Continuous glucose monitoring is revolutionising diabetes management. It is a cost-effective adjunct to diabetes management that has the potential to improve glycaemic outcomes and quality of life in PWD, especially type 1 diabetes.

An overview of COVID-19 in people with diabetes: Pathophysiology and considerations in the inpatient setting.

INTRODUCTION: The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has continued to have a devastating impact on health worldwide. There has been a rapid evolution of evidence, establishing an increased risk of morbidity and mortality associated with diabetes and concurrent COVID-19. The objective of this review is to explore the current evidence for inpatient assessment and management of diabetes during the COVID-19 pandemic and highlight areas requiring further exploration. METHODS: A literature search of databases was conducted to November 2020 using variations on keywords SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19, SARS, MERS and diabetes. Information relating to the impact of diabetes on severity of COVID-19 infection, the impact of COVID-19 infection on diabetes management and diabetes-related complications was integrated to create a narrative review. DISCUSSION: People with diabetes and COVID-19 are at an increased risk of morbidity and mortality. It is important that people with both known and previously unrecognised diabetes and COVID-19 be promptly identified and assessed during acute illness, with close monitoring for clinical deterioration or complications. People with diabetes may require titration or alteration of their glycaemic management due to the potential for worse outcomes with hyperglycaemia and COVID-19 infection. Comprehensive discharge planning is vital to optimise ongoing glycaemic management. CONCLUSION: Further understanding of the risk of adverse outcomes and optimisation of glycaemic management for people with diabetes during COVID-19 is required to improve outcomes. Increased glucose and ketone monitoring, substitution of insulin for some oral anti-hyperglycaemic medications and careful monitoring for complications of diabetes such as diabetic ketoacidosis should be considered.

DNA methylation profiling identifies epigenetic differences between early versus late stages of diabetic chronic kidney disease.

BACKGROUND: We investigated a cross-sectional epigenome-wide association study of patients with early and late diabetes-associated chronic kidney disease (CKD) to identify possible epigenetic differences between the two groups as well as changes in methylation across all stages of diabetic CKD. We also evaluated the potential of using a panel of identified 5'-C-phosphate-G-3' (CpG) sites from this cohort to predict the progression of diabetic CKD. METHODS: This cross-sectional study recruited 119 adults. DNA was extracted from blood using the Qiagen QIAampDNA Mini Spin Kit. Genome-wide methylation analysis was performed using Illumina Infinium MethylationEPIC BeadChips (HM850K). Intensity data files were processed and analysed using the minfi and MissMethyl packages for R. We examined the degree of methylation of CpG sites in early versus late diabetic CKD patients for CpG sites with an unadjusted P-value <0.01 and an absolute change in methylation of 5% (n = 239 CpG sites). RESULTS: Hierarchical clustering of the 239 CpG sites largely separated the two groups. A heat map for all 239 CpG sites demonstrated distinct methylation patterns in the early versus late groups, with CpG sites showing evidence of progressive change. Based on our differentially methylated region (DMR) analysis of the 239 CpG sites, we highlighted two DMRs, namely the cysteine-rich secretory protein 2 (CRISP2) and piwi-like RNA-mediated gene silencing 1 (PIWIL1) genes. The best predictability for the two groups involved a receiver operating characteristics curve of eight CpG sites alone and achieved an area under the curve of 0.976. CONCLUSIONS: We have identified distinct DNA methylation patterns between early and late diabetic CKD patients as well as demonstrated novel findings of potential progressive methylation changes across all stages (1-5) of diabetic CKD at specific CpG sites. We have also identified associated genes CRISP2 and PIWIL1, which may have the potential to act as stage-specific diabetes-associated CKD markers, and showed that the use of a panel of eight identified CpG sites alone helps to increase the predictability for the two groups.

Geometric Distortion Correction of Renal Diffusion Tensor Imaging Using the Reversed Gradient Method.

ABSTRACT: Renal echo planar diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) has clinical potential but suffers from geometric distortion. We evaluated feasibility of reversed gradient distortion correction in 10 diabetic patients and 6 volunteers. Renal area, apparent diffusion coefficient, fractional anisotropy, and tensor eigenvalues were measured on uncorrected and distortion-corrected DTI. Corrected DTI correlated better than uncorrected DTI (r = 0.904 vs 0.840, P = 0.002) with reference anatomic T2-weighted imaging, with no significant difference in DTI metrics.

Treatment implications of a delayed diagnosis of maturity-onset diabetes of the young.

Maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY) is a rare form of monogeneic diabetes that classically presents as non-insulin requiring diabetes with evidence of autosomal dominant inheritance in individuals who are typically young and lean. However, these criteria do not capture all cases and can also overlap with other types of diabetes. The hepatocyte nuclear factor-1 alpha (HNF1A) mutation is a common cause of MODY and is highly sensitive to sulphonylureas, which should be first-line therapy. Our case represents the diagnostic challenges of HNF1A MODY and the implications of a delayed diagnosis, which can lead to reduced success of sulphonylurea treatment.

Feasibility of once weekly exenatide-LAR and enhanced diabetes care in Indigenous Australians with type 2 diabetes (Long-acting-Once-Weekly-Exenatide laR-SUGAR, 'Lower SUGAR' study).

BACKGROUND: Diabetes is 3-4 times more prevalent in Indigenous Australians with blood glucose levels often above target range. Once weekly formulations of exenatide(exenatide-LAR) have demonstrated significantly greater improvements in glycaemic management with no increased risk of hypoglycaemia and with reductions in bodyweight but have not been studied in Indigenous Australians. AIMS: To assess the feasibility and metabolic effects of once weekly supervised injection of exenatide-LAR in addition to standard care in Indigenous Australians with type 2 diabetes. METHODS: Two communities in Central Australia with longstanding specialist clinical outreach services were allocated by random coin toss to receive once-weekly exenatide-LAR injection with weekly nurse review and adjustment of medication for 20 weeks (community with exenatide-LAR) or to weekly nurse review in addition to standard care over 20 weeks (community without exenatide-LAR). The primary outcome was the feasibility of an intensive diabetes management model of care with and without weekly supervised exenatide-LAR. Secondary outcomes included change in HbA1c. RESULTS: Thirteen participants from the community with exenatide-LAR and nine participants from the community without exenatide-LAR were analysed. Eighty-five percent of individuals in the community with exenatide-LAR and 67% in the community without exenatide-LAR attended more than half of clinic visits. Median difference in the change in HbA1c from baseline to final visit, adjusted for baseline HbA1c, between the community with exenatide-LAR and the community without exenatide-LAR was -3.1%, 95% CI (-5.80%, -0.38%; P = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS: Weekly exenatide-LAR combined with weekly nurse review demonstrated greater improvements in HbA1c, highlighting its potential for use in remote communities.