RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Although people with HIV might be at risk of severe outcomes from infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2; coronavirus 2019 [COVID-19]), regional and temporal differences in SARS-CoV-2 testing in people with HIV across Europe have not been previously described. METHODS: We described the proportions of testing, positive test results, and hospitalizations due to COVID-19 between 1 January 2020 and 31 December 2021 in the EuroSIDA cohort and the factors associated with being tested for SARS-CoV-2 and with ever testing positive. RESULTS: Of 9012 participants, 2270 (25.2%, 95% confidence interval [CI] 24.3-26.1) had a SARS-CoV-2 polymerase chain reaction test during the study period (range: 38.3% in Northern to 14.6% in Central-Eastern Europe). People from Northern Europe, women, those aged <40 years, those with CD4 cell count <350 cells/mm3, and those with previous cardiovascular disease or malignancy were significantly more likely to have been tested, as were people with HIV in 2021 compared with those in 2020. Overall, 390 people with HIV (4.3%, 95% CI 3.9-4.8) tested positive (range: 2.6% in Northern to 7.1% in Southern Europe), and the odds of testing positive were higher in all regions than in Northern Europe and in 2021 than in 2020. In total, 64 people with HIV (0.7%, 95% CI 0.6-0.9) were hospitalized, of whom 12 died. Compared with 2020, the odds of positive testing decreased in all regions in 2021, and the associations with cardiovascular disease, malignancy, and use of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate disappeared in 2021. Among study participants, 58.9% received a COVID-19 vaccine (range: 72.0% in Southern to 14.8% in Eastern Europe). CONCLUSIONS: We observed large heterogeneity in SARS-CoV-2 testing and positivity and a low proportion of hospital admissions and deaths across the regions of Europe.
Assuntos
COVID-19 , Infecções por HIV , Hospitalização , SARS-CoV-2 , Humanos , Feminino , COVID-19/epidemiologia , COVID-19/diagnóstico , Masculino , Infecções por HIV/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções por HIV/epidemiologia , Europa (Continente)/epidemiologia , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Hospitalização/estatística & dados numéricos , Teste para COVID-19/estatística & dados numéricos , Teste para COVID-19/métodos , Estudos de Coortes , Fatores de Risco , Contagem de Linfócito CD4 , IdosoRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: HIV elite controllers (ECs) are a unique subgroup of HIV-positive patients who are long-term virologically suppressed in the absence of antiretroviral treatment (ART). The prevalence of this subgroup is estimated to be < 1%. Various cohorts of ECs have been described in developed countries, most of which have been demographically heterogeneous. The aim of this study was to identify ECs in two large African cohorts and to estimate their prevalence in a relatively genetically homogenous population. METHODS: We screened two cohorts of HIV-positive Ethiopian patients. The first cohort resided in Mekelle, Ethiopia. The second was comprised of HIV-positive Ethiopian immigrants in Israel. In the Mekelle cohort, ART-naïve subjects with stable CD4 counts were prospectively screened using two measurements of viral load 6 months apart. Subjects were defined as ECs when both measurements were undetectable. In the Israeli cohort, subjects with consistently undetectable viral loads (mean of 17 viral load measurements/patient) and stable CD4 count > 500 cells/µL were defined as ECs. RESULTS: In the Mekelle cohort, 16 of 9515 patients (0.16%) fitted the definition of EC, whereas seven of 1160 (0.6%) in the Israeli cohort were identified as ECs (P = 0.011). CONCLUSIONS: This is the first large-scale screening for HIV-positive ECs to be performed in entirely African cohorts. The overall prevalence of ECs is within the range of that previously described in developing countries. The significant difference in prevalence between the two cohorts of similar genetic background is probably a consequence of selection bias but warrants further investigation into possible environmental factors which may underlie the EC state.
Assuntos
Infecções por HIV/epidemiologia , Infecções por HIV/imunologia , HIV-1/fisiologia , Adulto , Contagem de Linfócito CD4 , Estudos de Coortes , Emigrantes e Imigrantes/estatística & dados numéricos , Etiópia/epidemiologia , Feminino , Infecções por HIV/virologia , Humanos , Israel/epidemiologia , Israel/etnologia , Masculino , Programas de Rastreamento , Prevalência , Carga Viral , Adulto JovemRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Semaphorin-4D (CD100), generated by CD4/CD8 T-cells and its receptor on B cells - CD72, play a role in immune regulation. Both have soluble forms - sCD100/sCD72. METHODS: sCD100 and sCD72 levels were determined by ELISA (MyBioSource, USA). RESULTS: 28 chronic HIV patients and 50 matched healthy volunteers participated in our study. Before treatment, CD4 T-cells counts were 267⯱â¯216â¯cells/mcl and viral load (VL) was 586,675⯱â¯1897,431â¯copies/ml. Two years following HAART, CD4 T-cells counts rose to 475⯱â¯264â¯cells/mcl and VL dropped to 2050⯱â¯10,539â¯copies/ml. CD8 T-cells counts were stable. sCD72 levels prior (4.13⯱â¯2.03â¯ng/ml) and following HAART (3.53⯱â¯2.01â¯ng/ml) were similar to control levels (4.51⯱â¯2.66â¯ng/ml). sCD100 levels before (40.47⯱â¯31.4â¯ng/ml) and following HAART (37.68⯱â¯29.44â¯ng/ml) were significantly lower compared to controls (99.67⯱â¯36.72â¯ng/ml) despite the significant increase in CD4 T-cells counts. CONCLUSIONS: The permanent low levels of the immunoregulator sCD100 suggest a role for CD100 in the immune dysfunction and T cells exhaustion of HIV.
Assuntos
Antígenos CD/sangue , Infecções por HIV/imunologia , Semaforinas/sangue , Adolescente , Adulto , Antígenos CD/fisiologia , Antígenos de Diferenciação de Linfócitos B/sangue , Terapia Antirretroviral de Alta Atividade , Contagem de Linfócito CD4 , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/imunologia , Feminino , Infecções por HIV/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções por HIV/virologia , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Semaforinas/fisiologia , Carga Viral , Adulto JovemRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: The aim of this analysis was to review the evidence and update a meta-analysis evaluating the efficacy and safety results from randomized controlled trials of ritonavir-boosted protease inhibitor (PI/r) monotherapy. METHODS: A PubMed/EMBASE search was conducted to find randomized trials of PI/r monotherapy vs. triple therapy in patients with HIV-1 RNA suppression at baseline (<50 HIV-1 RNA copies/mL). Rates of virological suppression were analysed using switch-equals-failure and intensification-included endpoints [intent-to-treat (ITT)]. The rate of treatment-emergent resistance mutations, neurocognitive function endpoints, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) HIV-1 RNA were also analysed by treatment arm. RESULTS: There were 2303 patients from 13 different randomized clinical trials of darunavir/r monotherapy (n = 784: MONET, MONOI, Monarch and PROTEA), lopinavir/r monotherapy (n = 829: OK pilot, OK-04, KalMo, KALESOLO, KRETA, MOST and DREAM), atazanavir/r monotherapy (n = 103: MODAT), or all three (n = 587: PIVOT). HIV-1 RNA plasma suppression was lower in the PI/r monotherapy arm compared with the triple therapy arm in the switch-equals-failure analysis [difference -8.3%; 95% confidence interval (CI) -11.9 to -4.8%], but not when intensification was included (difference 0.5%; 95% CI -2.5 to 3.6%). Rates of resistance mutations were similar between arms, as was overall neurocognitive function. CONCLUSIONS: PI/r monotherapy showed a higher risk of plasma HIV-1 RNA elevations. However, there was no increased risk of treatment-emergent drug resistance, neurocognitive endpoints did not differ, and HIV-1 RNA suppression rates after intensification were similar between PI/r monotherapy and triple therapy.
Assuntos
Sulfato de Atazanavir/uso terapêutico , Darunavir/uso terapêutico , Infecções por HIV/tratamento farmacológico , Inibidores da Protease de HIV/uso terapêutico , Lopinavir/uso terapêutico , Ritonavir/uso terapêutico , Líquido Cefalorraquidiano/virologia , Esquema de Medicação , Quimioterapia Combinada , Infecções por HIV/sangue , HIV-1/genética , Humanos , RNA Viral/sangue , Ensaios Clínicos Controlados Aleatórios como Assunto , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
The re-emergence of syphilis among HIV-infected patients has been reported in recent years. We evaluated co-infection among heterosexual immigrants in an Israeli AIDS center. The records of 1060 HIV-infected patients were evaluated for positive syphilis serology between the years 2000 and 2005, and all seropositive patients were further evaluated. We found 150 HIV/syphilis co-infected patients (57% men, 93% of African origin), of who 135 were found to have late latent syphilis. Lumbar puncture (LP) was performed in 51 patients, 16 (31%) had abnormal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) compatible with neurosyphilis. Abnormal CSF correlated with the absence of previous anti-syphilis treatment, but not with CD4 count, viral load or Venereal Disease Research Laboratory titres. Penicillin was recommended to all patients according to their disease stages and 81 patients completed 12 months post-treatment follow-up. Twenty-one of 81 (26%) treatments were successful, 33 (41%) showed 'serofast reaction' and 27 (33%) failed therapy. In conclusion, a high incidence of syphilis with CSF reactivity suggestive of neurosyphilis was observed in heterosexual Ethiopian HIV-infected patients. Thus, repeated serological screening and CSF evaluation seems to be indicated in these patients. Penicillin therapy resulted in 'serofast reaction' or treatment failure for most patients. More, intensive treatment might be needed for HIV/syphilis in co-infected patients, especially those with severe immune-deficiency and prolonged syphilis infection.
Assuntos
Emigrantes e Imigrantes/estatística & dados numéricos , Infecções por HIV/epidemiologia , Sífilis/epidemiologia , Adulto , População Negra , Feminino , Infecções por HIV/complicações , Humanos , Incidência , Israel/epidemiologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Neurossífilis/complicações , Neurossífilis/epidemiologia , Estudos Retrospectivos , Estudos Soroepidemiológicos , Sífilis/complicações , Sorodiagnóstico da Sífilis , Carga ViralRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: In the present study, we examined the levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-18 and its natural inhibitor, the IL-18 binding protein (IL-18BP), in sera of Wegener's granulomatosis (WG) patients at various stages of the disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Sera from eight consecutive biopsy-proven systemic WG patients (four men and four women; age at diagnosis 58.4 +/- 13.8 years) were obtained longitudinally with a follow-up period of 55.2 +/- 30 months. Sera obtained from 50 healthy subjects were used as controls. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Serum levels of IL-18, IL-18BP, and free IL-18 obtained during an active phase of the disease (Birmingham Vasculitis Activity Score, BVAS > 10) were more than twofold higher than levels in the same patients during inactive disease stages (BVAS < 5; P < 0.002; P < 0.006, and P < 0.03 for IL-18, IL-18BP, and free IL-18, respectively). During inactive stages, the levels of these markers were comparable to those of healthy controls. The elevated levels of IL-18 and IL-18BP in sera during active stages of disease suggest a possible role in the pathogenesis and course of the WG. CONCLUSION: Despite the elevated IL-18BP levels during active disease, free IL-18 remained higher than in the inactive disease stages, suggesting a potential benefit of administration of exogenous IL-18BP as a novel therapeutic approach for active WG.
Assuntos
Granulomatose com Poliangiite/sangue , Peptídeos e Proteínas de Sinalização Intercelular/sangue , Interleucina-18/sangue , Idoso , Biomarcadores/sangue , Feminino , Seguimentos , Granulomatose com Poliangiite/diagnóstico , Humanos , Estudos Longitudinais , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-IdadeRESUMO
The objective of the study was to investigate the HIV-mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) rate in Israel. This was a retrospective study of HIV-infected pregnant women, mainly immigrants from Ethiopia, in six Israeli AIDS centres, in 2000-2005. Medical records of mothers and newborns were evaluated for HIV status, treatment and MTCT rates. Three hundred pregnancies of 241 HIV-infected women, resulting in 304 live births, were studied. In 86/241(36%) women, HIV diagnosis was made during the current pregnancy or shortly after labour. Thirty others were diagnosed during previous pregnancies. Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) was prescribed in 76% of pregnancies. The mean viral load before labour was 23,000 +/- 100,000 copies/mL with a mean CD4 of 406 +/- 223 (range 4-1277) cells/mm(3). Caesarian sections were preformed in 175/300 pregnancies (103/175 with viral load <1000 copies/mL). During labour, azidothymidine (AZT) was given to 80% and nevirapine to 8% of the women. Eighty-eight percent of the neonates received AZT for six weeks. The overall HIV-MTCT rate was 3.6%. MTCT correlated significantly with delayed HIV diagnosis, low CD4, lack of HAART during pregnancy and lack of perinatal treatment. HIV treatment of mothers and their newborns throughout pregnancy, labour and perinatal period are crucial for effective prevention of MTCT, emphasizing the need for early HIV screening, diagnosis and treatment.
Assuntos
Terapia Antirretroviral de Alta Atividade , Infecções por HIV , Transmissão Vertical de Doenças Infecciosas/prevenção & controle , Transmissão Vertical de Doenças Infecciosas/estatística & dados numéricos , Complicações Infecciosas na Gravidez/tratamento farmacológico , Adolescente , Adulto , Fármacos Anti-HIV/uso terapêutico , Emigrantes e Imigrantes , Etiópia , Feminino , Infecções por HIV/epidemiologia , Infecções por HIV/prevenção & controle , Infecções por HIV/transmissão , Infecções por HIV/virologia , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Israel/epidemiologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Programas Nacionais de Saúde , Nevirapina/uso terapêutico , Gravidez , Complicações Infecciosas na Gravidez/epidemiologia , Complicações Infecciosas na Gravidez/virologia , Avaliação de Programas e Projetos de Saúde , Inibidores da Transcriptase Reversa/uso terapêutico , Carga Viral , Adulto Jovem , Zidovudina/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To study two women who presented with internal jugular vein thrombosis that developed shortly after in vitro fertilization (IVF) therapy complicated by mild ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS). METHODS: Evaluation of the past medical history, treatment, laboratory studies, and clinical outcome of both patients. RESULTS: The two patients were found to be carriers for factor V Leiden mutation (FVLM). One was homozygote and the other heterozygote for that mutation. The genetic predisposition probably contributed to the development of an early thrombosis in these patients despite the mildness of their OHSS. In the homozygote patient, the dose of low molecular weight heparin was reduced due to vaginal bleeding. Afterwards, fetal loss due to an extensive placental infarction occurred. Infarction was confined to maternal side while the fetal side vessels were spared. CONCLUSION: We suggest that women of European descent, especially those with personal or familial history of thromboembolic events, should be screened for FVLM before IVF treatment. In those found to be carriers of FVLM, preventive anticoagulation should be considered.
Assuntos
Fator V/genética , Veias Jugulares/patologia , Síndrome de Hiperestimulação Ovariana/complicações , Trombose Venosa/complicações , Adulto , Feminino , Fertilização in vitro , Humanos , Masculino , Síndrome de Hiperestimulação Ovariana/genética , Gravidez , Trombose Venosa/genéticaAssuntos
Fármacos Anti-HIV/uso terapêutico , Continuidade da Assistência ao Paciente/estatística & dados numéricos , Emigrantes e Imigrantes/estatística & dados numéricos , Infecções por HIV/tratamento farmacológico , Adulto , Terapia Antirretroviral de Alta Atividade , Estudos de Coortes , Feminino , Infecções por HIV/diagnóstico , Infecções por HIV/epidemiologia , Homossexualidade Masculina/psicologia , Homossexualidade Masculina/estatística & dados numéricos , Humanos , Israel/epidemiologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Vigilância da População , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of autoantibodies directed against an epitope of the glutamate/N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptor subunit NR2A (which is highly expressed in human brain) in the sera of lupus patients, and to investigate the possible correlation of these antibodies with clinical and serological manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). METHODS: Sera were obtained from 109 consecutive SLE patients. Controls were 65 patients with myasthenia gravis, 19 with autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type I (APS I), and 65 healthy donors. A 15 amino acid long peptide based on a sequence within the NR2A subunit of the NMDA/glutamate receptor was synthesised. Antibodies to this peptide were determined by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. Antibodies against double stranded DNA (dsDNA) were measured by Chrithidia luciliae assay. Disease activity was determined using the SLE disease activity index (SLEDAI). RESULTS: Sera of 34/109 SLE patients (31%) reacted specifically with the NR2A peptide compared with only 4/65 myasthenia gravis patients (6.1%, p<0.001), 1/19 APS I patients (5.3%, p<0.02), and 3/65 healthy controls (4.6%, p<0.001). No correlation was found between the presence of NR2A and dsDNA or anti-cardiolipin specific autoantibodies. In addition, no significant correlation was observed between the presence of NR2A specific antibodies and the SLEDAI score or any lupus related clinical manifestations. CONCLUSIONS: A significant number of SLE patients (31%) have NR2A specific antibodies that do not correlate with anti-dsDNA antibodies. Additional studies of lupus patients with neurological disorders should elucidate the role of NR2A specific antibodies in lupus related CNS manifestations.