Hospitalization costs for patients colonized with carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales during an Australian outbreak.

BACKGROUND: Carbapenem-producing Enterobacterales are an expanding group of Gram-negative bacteria that are resistant to carbapenems and cause over 9000 cases of hospital-associated infections in the USA. Efforts to quantify the economic and societal burden to healthcare are important to inform resource planning to implement infection control programmes. AIM: We estimated the healthcare costs during an outbreak of carbapenemase-producing Escherichia coli OXA-181 in Australia. We aimed to understand the economic burden to hospitals of patients who are asymptomatically colonized with high-risk bacteria. METHODS: Hospital admissions data and associated costs were obtained from the State Health Department. Colonized patients were matched to non-colonized patients on age, sex, admission ward and diagnostic category. Mean healthcare costs and length of stay were examined using generalized linear models and accounted for time-dependent bias, patient age and ward location. FINDINGS: On average, colonized patients had six times higher mean costs (AU$155,784; 95% confidence interval (CI): AU$77,892-285,604) than non-colonized patients (AU$25,964). Mean costs for those aged 75-79 years were 50% lower (P=0.02) compared with the youngest subgroup, 35-39 years of age. The mean extended length of stay was 12 days (95% CI: 3-21) for colonized patients. Nursing care was the main driver of overall costs for colonized (44%) and non-colonized (39%) patients. CONCLUSION: Patients colonized with carbapenem-producing Enterobacterales during an official hospital outbreak incurred higher costs than non-colonized patients. Although infected patients incur substantial economic burden to hospitals, the costs incurred by colonized patients is also high.

Anticholinergic drugs for wheeze in children under the age of two years.

BACKGROUND: Wheeze in infancy and early childhood is common and appears to be increasing though the magnitude of any increase is unclear. Most wheezing episodes in infancy are precipitated by respiratory viral infections. Treatment of very young children with wheeze remains controversial. Anti-cholinergics are often prescribed but practice varies widely and the efficacy of this form of therapy remains the subject for debate. OBJECTIVES: Wheeze in infancy and early childhood is common and appears to be increasing. Most wheezing episodes in infancy are a result of viral infection. Bronchodilator medications such as beta2-agonists and anti-cholinergic agents are often used to relieve symptoms, but patterns of use vary. The objective of this review was to assess the effects of anti-cholinergic therapy in the treatment of wheezing infants. This is a second update of this review. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched the Cochrane Airways Group Specialised Register of trials and the reference lists of articles. We contacted researchers in the field and industry sources. Searches were current as of June 2004. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised trials that compared anti-cholinergic therapy with placebo or beta2-agonists in wheezing children under two years of age. Children with acute bronchiolitis and chronic lung disease were excluded. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Eligibility for inclusion and quality of trials were assessed independently by two reviewers. MAIN RESULTS: Six trials involving 321 infants in three different settings were included. Compared with beta2-agonist alone, the combination of ipratropium bromide and beta2-agonist was associated with a reduced need for additional treatment, but no difference was seen in treatment response, respiratory rate or oxygen saturation improvement in the emergency department. There was no significant difference in length of hospital stay between ipratropium bromide and placebo; or between ipratropium bromide and beta2-agonist combined compared with beta2-agonist alone. However, combined ipratropium bromide and beta2-agonist compared to placebo showed significantly improved clinical scores at 24 hours. Parents preferred ipratropium bromide over nebulised water or placebo for relief of their children's symptoms at home. A further updated search conducted in June 2004 did not yield any new studies. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: There is not enough evidence to support the uncritical use of anti-cholinergic therapy for wheezing infants, although parents using it at home were able to identify benefits.

What is the role of stimulant laxatives in the management of childhood constipation and soiling?.

BACKGROUND: Constipation is extremely common in childhood and may lead to overflow soiling/encopresis. Standard treatment of the more severe case is to empty the bowels of impacted faeces by the use of oral or rectal laxatives and then maintain regular bowel movements by the continuation of osmotic and stimulant laxatives. OBJECTIVES: The objective of the review was to determine the effect of stimulant laxative treatment in children with chronic constipation who may also suffer from soiling / encopresis. SEARCH STRATEGY: The Cochrane database of randomised controlled trials was searched. Additional citations were sought by hand searching of paediatric journals and from contact with known professionals in the field. SELECTION CRITERIA: All identified randomised controlled trials (RCTs) which compare the administering of stimulant laxatives to children with either placebo or alternative treatment. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: No trials were found that met the selection criteria. MAIN RESULTS: No trials were found that adequately met the selection criteria. REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS: The need exists to establish a secure footing for treatment decisions and adequately sized trials are required to provide comparative data on commonly used drugs.

Omega-3 fatty acids (from fish oils) for cystic fibrosis.

BACKGROUND: Epidemiological (population studies) and other studies suggest that a diet rich in omega-3 essential fatty acids (derived from fish oil) may have beneficial anti-inflammatory effects for chronic conditions such as cystic fibrosis. OBJECTIVES: To determine whether there is evidence that omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation reduces morbidity and mortality. To identify any adverse events associated with omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched the Cochrane Cystic Fibrosis and Genetic Disorders Group specialised trials register, which comprises references identified from comprehensive electronic database searches, handsearching relevant journals and handsearching abstract books of conference proceedings. Authors and persons interested in the question were contacted. Date of the most recent search of the Group's specialised register: May 2002. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised controlled trials in patients with cystic fibrosis in which omega-3 fatty acid supplements were compared with a placebo oil. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two reviewers independently selected the trials to be included in the review and assessed the methodological quality of the trials using two approaches: Cochrane assessment of allocation concealment and Jadad quality assessment score. Using data acquisition forms, two reviewers independently extracted data. Missing data has been requested. MAIN RESULTS: The initial literature search identified six trials. Two trials, involving 31 participants satisfied our inclusion criteria and were included in the review. Both compared omega-3 fatty acids to olive oil controls for a six week treatment period. One study (19 participants) showed an improvement in FEV1, FVC, Shwachman score and reduction in sputum volume in the fish oil group at the end of this short treatment period. REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS: The review of trials found that regular omega-3 supplements may provide some benefits for people with cystic fibrosis with relatively few adverse effects, although the evidence is insufficient to draw firm conclusions. There is insufficient evidence to recommend routine use of supplements of omega-3 fatty acids in people with cystic fibrosis. The most notable feature highlighted by this review was the lack of data for many of the outcomes likely to be meaningful to people with or making treatment decisions about CF. A large, long-term, multi-centre, randomised controlled study is needed in order to determine if there is a significant therapeutic effect and to assess the influence of disease severity, dosage and duration of treatment. Future researchers should note the need for additional pancreatic enzymes.

Corticosteroids for hospitalised children with acute asthma.

BACKGROUND: Systemic corticosteroids are used routinely in the management of children with severe acute asthma. There is a lack of consensus regarding the agent, dose and route of corticosteroid administration. OBJECTIVES: To determine the benefit of systemic corticosteroids (oral, intravenous, or intramuscular) compared to placebo and inhaled steroids in acute paediatric asthma. SEARCH STRATEGY: All controlled trials were identified from the Cochrane Airways Review Group Register, hand searching of respiratory journals, reference lists and contacts with experts and pharmaceutical companies. SELECTION CRITERIA: Studies were included if they described a randomised controlled trial (RCT) involving children aged 1-18 years with severe acute asthma who received oral, inhaled, intravenous or intramuscular corticosteroids. Only studies in which patients required hospital admission were included. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two reviewers using a standard form extracted all data. All data, numeric calculations and graphic extrapolations were independently confirmed. MAIN RESULTS: Seven trials were included with a total of 426 children studied (274 with oral prednisone vs. placebo, 106 with intravenous steroids vs placebo and 46 with nebulised budesonide vs prednisolone). A significant number of steroid treated children were discharged early after admission (>4 hours) with an OR of 7.00 (95% CI: 2.98 to 16.45) and NNT of 3 (95%CI: 2 to 8). The length of stay was shorter in the steroid groups with a WMD of -8.75 hours (95% CI: -19.23 to 1.74). There were no significant differences between groups in pulmonary function or oxygen saturation measurements. Children treated with steroids in hospital were less likely to relapse within one to three months with OR 0.19 (95%CI: 0.07 to 0.55) and NNT of 3 (95%CI: 2 to 7). The single small study that compared nebulised budesonide to oral prednisone failed to demonstrate equivalence or a difference between each therapy. REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS: Systemic corticosteroids produce some improvements for children admitted to hospital with acute asthma. The benefits may include earlier discharge and fewer relapses. Inhaled or nebulised corticosteroids cannot be recommended as equivalent to systemic steroids at this time. Further studies examining differing doses and routes of administration for corticosteroids will clarify the optimal therapy.

Anticholinergic drugs for wheeze in children under the age of two years.

BACKGROUND: Wheeze in infancy and early childhood is common and appears to be increasing though the magnitude of any increase is unclear. Most wheezing episodes in infancy are precipitated by respiratory viral infections. Treatment of very young children with wheeze remains controversial. Anti-cholinergics are often prescribed but practice varies widely and the efficacy of this form of therapy remains the subject for debate. OBJECTIVES: Wheeze in infancy and early childhood is common and appears to be increasing. Most wheezing episodes in infancy are a result of viral infection. Bronchodilator medications such as beta2-agonists and anti-cholinergic agents are often used to relieve symptoms, but patterns of use vary. The objective of this review was to assess the effects of anti-cholinergic therapy in the treatment of wheezing infants. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched the Cochrane Airways Group trials register and the reference lists of articles. We contacted researchers in the field and industry sources. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised trials that compared anti-cholinergic therapy with placebo or beta2-agonists in wheezing children under two years of age. Children with acute bronchiolitis and chronic lung disease were excluded. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Eligibility for inclusion and quality of trials were assessed independently by two reviewers. MAIN RESULTS: Six trials involving 321 infants in three different settings were included. Compared with beta2-agonist alone, the combination of ipratropium bromide and beta2-agonist was associated with a reduced need for additional treatment, but no difference was seen in treatment response, respiratory rate or oxygen saturation improvement in the emergency department. There was no significant difference in length of hospital stay between ipratropium bromide and placebo; or between ipratropium bromide and beta2-agonist combined compared with beta2-agonist alone. However, combined ipratropium bromide and beta2-agonist compared to placebo showed significantly improved clinical scores at 24 hours. Parents preferred ipratropium bromide over nebulised water or placebo for relief of their children's symptoms at home. REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS: There is not enough evidence to support the uncritical use of anti-cholinergic therapy for wheezing infants, although parents using it at home were able to identify benefits.

Factors affecting bone mineral density in elderly men receiving chronic in-center hemodialysis.

Twenty-five elderly men receiving chronic hemodialysis had measurements of their bone mineral density (BMD) by dual-photon absorptiometry (DPA). Loss of BMD was much more pronounced in femoral necks than in lumbar vertebrae. Stepwise multiple liner-regression analysis showed that low BMD was associated with 1) hypoalbuminemia, hypermagnesemia, hyperaluminemia, and high serum alkaline phosphatase for femoral necks and 2) hypercalcemia and hypermagnesemia for lumbar vertebrae. These observations suggest that the femoral neck is the preferred site for measurement of BMD in dialysis patients. Along with factors directly affecting bone metabolism, nutritional factors may affect BMD in such patients.

Pressure ulcerations.

Pressure sore are caused by multiple mechanisms. Preventive management requires relief of pressure, skin care, control of spasms, release of contractures and treatment of infection. Conservative treatment succeeds only when pressure on the ulcer site is relieved. Surgical treatment involves primary, secondary and tertiary procedures. Benefits of surgical closure include avoidance of protein loss, prevention of osteomyelitis and other infections, improved appearance and prevention of carcinoma and amyloidosis. A coordinated team approach, incorporating patient education, is effective.

Iron dextran: bone imaging patterns of absorption--a case report.

This case illustrates two different patterns of absorption of Iron Dextran in the gluteal soft tissues due to an intramuscular and a more proper Z-track technique. A 65 year old female presented to the nuclear medicine service for a bone scan to rule out metastatic disease from a surgically resected colon cancer. While the first bone scan showed no evidence of metastases, an abnormal accumulation of Technetium-99m methylene diphosphonate was noted in the left gluteal soft tissue region.

Intraperitoneal radiocolloid imaging in dialysate leaks.

With the increasing use of continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD), a number of complications related to the leakage of dialysate from the abdominal cavity have been described (Dubin and Froelich: Clinical Nuclear Medicine 10(3): 173, 174, 1985; Johnson et al.: Archives of Surgery 122(8): 952-954, 1987; Ducassou et al.: Journal of Nuclear Medicine 25(1): 68, 69, 1984; Walker and Fish: Journal of Nuclear Medicine 29(9): 1596-1602, 1988; Eisenberg et al.: Clinical Nuclear Medicine 13(2): 99-101, 1988). The use of intraperitoneal radiolabeled colloid has been previously described to image entities such as hernias, patent processus vaginalis, abdominal wall, and diaphragmatic leakage by other specialities, but has not been described in the general imaging literature. This paper illustrates a simple, noninvasive method of determining the site of dialysate leak and its importance to assist further patient management.