The Evolving Treatment of Peripheral Arterial Disease through Guideline-Directed Recommendations.

Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) refers to partial or complete occlusion of one or more non-coronary arteries that leads to compromised blood flow and ischemia. Numerous processes are involved in arterial stenosis, however, atherosclerosis remains the most common etiology. PAD constitutes a major health economic problem, and it is estimated that over 200 million people around the world suffer from PAD, with at least 20% having some degree of claudication. The purpose of this review is to compare and contrast the guidelines on PAD published in 2005, 2011 and 2016 in terms of new recommendations and level of evidence for practicing clinicians.

A Practical Review of the Emerging Direct Anticoagulants, Laboratory Monitoring, and Reversal Agents.

Millions of patients in the United States use anticoagulation for a variety of indications, such as the prevention of stroke in those with atrial fibrillation (AF) and the treatment and prevention of venous thrombosis. For over six decades warfarin was the only available oral anticoagulant, but now several DOACs are available and their use has become more prevalent in recent years. In spite of this increased use, many physicians remain reluctant to prescribe DOACs due to concerns about bleeding and reversibility.

Real-world incidence of efficacy and safety outcomes in patients on direct oral anticoagulants with left ventricular systolic dysfunction at a tertiary referral center.

BACKGROUND: Patients with heart failure (HF) have increased risk for thromboembolic events. Real-world incidences of efficacy and safety outcomes of direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) in patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction (LVSD) are of growing clinical interest. HYPOTHESIS: Real-world efficacy and safety outcomes of DOACs in patients with LVSD will be similar to those of LVSD or HF subgroups in the RE-LY, ROCKET-AF, and ARISTOTLE trials. METHODS: We performed a retrospective review of adult patients with LVSD (left ventricular ejection fraction ≤40%) on DOAC therapy between 2010 and 2016. Incidences of safety and efficacy outcomes of anticoagulation with DOACs were extracted from primary and secondary hospital discharge diagnoses. RESULTS: DOACs were prescribed to 287 patients with LVSD over a mean follow-up of 313.3 ± 52.3 days. Many patients had moderate and severe chronic kidney disease (28.9% and 10.1%, respectively) and indications for anticoagulation therapy other than atrial fibrillation (19.9%). For efficacy outcomes, the calculated incidence rates of ischemic stroke and systemic embolism were 1.2 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.25-3.56) and 0.81 (95% CI: 0.10-2.94) events per 100 person-years, respectively. For the safety outcomes, incidence rates of GI bleeding and intracranial hemorrhage were 2.4 (95% CI: 0.8-5.3) and 0.41 (95% CI: 0.1-2.2) events per 100 patient-years, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings are largely compatible with the results of LVSD or HF subgroups in RE-LY, ROCKET-AF, and ARISTOTLE trials and add to increasing confidence that DOACs can be safely used for stroke and systemic embolism prevention in patients with LVSD.