Associations of 24 h time-use compositions of sitting, standing, physical activity and sleeping with optimal cardiometabolic risk and glycaemic control: The Maastricht Study.

AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: The associations of sitting, standing, physical activity and sleep with cardiometabolic health and glycaemic control markers are interrelated. We aimed to identify 24 h time-use compositions associated with optimal metabolic and glycaemic control and determine whether these varied by diabetes status. METHODS: Thigh-worn activPAL data from 2388 participants aged 40-75 years (48.7% female; mean age 60.1 [SD = 8.1] years; n=684 with type 2 diabetes) in The Maastricht Study were examined. Compositional isometric log ratios were generated from mean 24 h time use (sitting, standing, light-intensity physical activity [LPA], moderate-to-vigorous physical activity [MVPA] and sleeping) and regressed with outcomes of waist circumference, fasting plasma glucose (FPG), 2 h plasma glucose, HbA1c, the Matsuda index expressed as z scores, and with a clustered cardiometabolic risk score. Overall analyses were adjusted for demographics, smoking, dietary intake and diabetes status, and interaction by diabetes status was examined separately. The estimated difference when substituting 30 min of one behaviour with another was determined with isotemporal substitution. To identify optimal time use, all combinations of 24 h compositions possible within the study footprint (1st-99th percentile of each behaviour) were investigated to determine those cross-sectionally associated with the most-optimal outcome (top 5%) for each outcome measure. RESULTS: Compositions lower in sitting time and with greater standing time, physical activity and sleeping had the most beneficial associations with outcomes. Associations were stronger in participants with type 2 diabetes (p<0.05 for interactions), with larger estimated benefits for waist circumference, FPG and HbA1c when sitting was replaced by LPA or MVPA in those with type 2 diabetes vs the overall sample. The mean (range) optimal compositions of 24 h time use, considering all outcomes, were 6 h (range 5 h 40 min-7 h 10 min) for sitting, 5 h 10 min (4 h 10 min-6 h 10 min) for standing, 2 h 10 min (2 h-2 h 20 min) for LPA, 2 h 10 min (1 h 40 min-2 h 20 min) for MVPA and 8 h 20 min (7 h 30 min-9 h) for sleeping. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: Shorter sitting time and more time spent standing, undergoing physical activity and sleeping are associated with preferable cardiometabolic health. The substitutions of behavioural time use were significantly stronger in their associations with glycaemic control in those with type 2 diabetes compared with those with normoglycaemic metabolism, especially when sitting time was balanced with greater physical activity.

Disease severity-based subgrouping of type 2 diabetes does not parallel differences in quality of life: the Maastricht Study.

AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: Type 2 diabetes is a highly heterogeneous disease for which new subgroups ('clusters') have been proposed based on disease severity: moderate age-related diabetes (MARD), moderate obesity-related diabetes (MOD), severe insulin-deficient diabetes (SIDD) and severe insulin-resistant diabetes (SIRD). It is unknown how disease severity is reflected in terms of quality of life in these clusters. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the cluster characteristics and cluster-wise evolution of quality of life in the previously defined clusters of type 2 diabetes. METHODS: We included individuals with type 2 diabetes from the Maastricht Study, who were allocated to clusters based on a nearest centroid approach. We used logistic regression to evaluate the cluster-wise association with diabetes-related complications. We plotted the evolution of HbA1c levels over time and used Kaplan-Meier curves and Cox regression to evaluate the cluster-wise time to reach adequate glycaemic control. Quality of life based on the Short Form 36 (SF-36) was also plotted over time and adjusted for age and sex using generalised estimating equations. The follow-up time was 7 years. Analyses were performed separately for people with newly diagnosed and already diagnosed type 2 diabetes. RESULTS: We included 127 newly diagnosed and 585 already diagnosed individuals. Already diagnosed people in the SIDD cluster were less likely to reach glycaemic control than people in the other clusters, with an HR compared with MARD of 0.31 (95% CI 0.22, 0.43). There were few differences in the mental component score of the SF-36 in both newly and already diagnosed individuals. In both groups, the MARD cluster had a higher physical component score of the SF-36 than the other clusters, and the MOD cluster scored similarly to the SIDD and SIRD clusters. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: Disease severity suggested by the clusters of type 2 diabetes is not entirely reflected in quality of life. In particular, the MOD cluster does not appear to be moderate in terms of quality of life. Use of the suggested cluster names in practice should be carefully considered, as the non-neutral nomenclature may affect disease perception in individuals with type 2 diabetes and their healthcare providers.

Longitudinal associations of plasma kynurenines and ratios with fatigue and quality of life in colorectal cancer survivors up to 12 months post-treatment.

Fatigue is prevalent in colorectal cancer (CRC) survivors, impacting their health-related quality of life (HRQoL). Inflammation-induced activation of the kynurenine pathway may play a role in cancer-related fatigue and HRQoL, but evidence is scarce. Therefore, we aimed to investigate longitudinal associations of plasma tryptophan, kynurenines, and ratios with fatigue and HRQoL in CRC survivors up to 12 months post-treatment. Repeated measurements at 6 weeks, 6 months, and 12 months post-treatment were performed in 249 stage I-III CRC survivors. Plasma tryptophan and eight kynurenines were analyzed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS-MS). Fatigue and HRQoL outcomes were evaluated using validated questionnaires. Confounder-adjusted linear mixed models were conducted to analyze longitudinal associations, with false discovery rate (FDR) correction. Higher tryptophan (Trp), kynurenic acid (KA), and xanthurenic acid (XA) concentrations, as well as a higher kynurenic acid-to-quinolinic acid ratio (KA/QA), were associated with less fatigue and better functioning, while a higher kynurenine-to-tryptophan ratio (KTR) and 3-hydroxykynurenine ratio (HKr) were associated with more fatigue and worse functioning. Finally, higher KA and XA concentrations and a higher KA/QA ratio were associated with a higher overall HRQoL summary score, while a higher HKr was associated with a lower overall HRQoL summary score. In conclusion, we observed that tryptophan and several kynurenines were longitudinally associated with fatigue and HRQoL in CRC survivors up to 12 months post-treatment. Future research is needed to validate our findings and explore the potential of the kynurenine pathway as intervention target for reducing fatigue and enhancing HRQoL after CRC treatment.

Associations of an individual's need for cognition with structural brain damage and cognitive functioning/impairment: cross-sectional population-based study.

BACKGROUND: High cognitive activity possibly reduces the risk of cognitive decline and dementia. AIMS: To investigate associations between an individual's need to engage in cognitively stimulating activities (need for cognition, NFC) and structural brain damage and cognitive functioning in the Dutch general population with and without existing cognitive impairment. METHOD: Cross-sectional data were used from the population-based cohort of the Maastricht Study. NFC was measured using the Need For Cognition Scale. Cognitive functioning was tested in three domains: verbal memory, information processing speed, and executive functioning and attention. Values 1.5 s.d. below the mean were defined as cognitive impairment. Standardised volumes of white matter hyperintensities (WMH), cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and presence of cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) were derived from 3T magnetic resonance imaging. Multiple linear and binary logistic regression analyses were used adjusted for demographic, somatic and lifestyle factors. RESULTS: Participants (n = 4209; mean age 59.06 years, s.d. = 8.58; 50.1% women) with higher NFC scores had higher overall cognition scores (B = 0.21, 95% CI 0.17-0.26, P < 0.001) and lower odds for CSVD (OR = 0.74, 95% CI 0.60-0.91, P = 0.005) and cognitive impairment (OR = 0.60, 95% CI 0.48-0.76, P < 0.001) after adjustment for demographic, somatic and lifestyle factors. The association between NFC score and cognitive functioning was similar for individuals with and without prevalent cognitive impairment. We found no significant association between NFC and WMH or CSF volumes. CONCLUSIONS: A high need to engage in cognitively stimulating activities is associated with better cognitive functioning and less presence of CSVD and cognitive impairment. This suggests that, in middle-aged individuals, motivation to engage in cognitively stimulating activities may be an opportunity to improve brain health.

Retinal microvascular function and incidence and trajectories of clinically relevant depressive symptoms: the Maastricht Study.

BACKGROUND: Cerebral microvascular dysfunction may contribute to depression via disruption of brain structures involved in mood regulation, but evidence is limited. We investigated the association of retinal microvascular function, a proxy for microvascular function in the brain, with incidence and trajectories of clinically relevant depressive symptoms. METHODS: Longitudinal data are from The Maastricht Study of 5952 participants (59.9 ± 8.5 years/49.7% women) without clinically relevant depressive symptoms at baseline (2010-2017). Central retinal arteriolar equivalent and central retinal venular equivalent (CRAE and CRVE) and a composite score of flicker light-induced retinal arteriolar and venular dilation were assessed at baseline. We assessed incidence and trajectories of clinically relevant depressive symptoms (9-item Patient Health Questionnaire score ⩾10). Trajectories included continuously low prevalence (low, n = 5225 [87.8%]); early increasing, then chronic high prevalence (early-chronic, n = 157 [2.6%]); low, then increasing prevalence (late-increasing, n = 247 [4.2%]); and remitting prevalence (remitting, n = 323 [5.4%]). RESULTS: After a median follow-up of 7.0 years (range 1.0-11.0), 806 (13.5%) individuals had incident clinically relevant depressive symptoms. After full adjustment, a larger CRAE and CRVE were each associated with a lower risk of clinically relevant depressive symptoms (hazard ratios [HRs] per standard deviation [s.d.]: 0.89 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.83-0.96] and 0.93 [0.86-0.99], respectively), while a lower flicker light-induced retinal dilation was associated with a higher risk of clinically relevant depressive symptoms (HR per s.d.: 1.10 [1.01-1.20]). Compared to the low trajectory, a larger CRAE was associated with lower odds of belonging to the early-chronic trajectory (OR: 0.83 [0.69-0.99]) and a lower flicker light-induced retinal dilation was associated with higher odds of belonging to the remitting trajectory (OR: 1.23 [1.07-1.43]). CONCLUSIONS: These findings support the hypothesis that cerebral microvascular dysfunction contributes to the development of depressive symptoms.

Longitudinal associations of diurnal rest-activity rhythms with fatigue, insomnia, and health-related quality of life in survivors of colorectal cancer up to 5 years post-treatment.

BACKGROUND: There is a growing population of survivors of colorectal cancer (CRC). Fatigue and insomnia are common symptoms after CRC, negatively influencing health-related quality of life (HRQoL). Besides increasing physical activity and decreasing sedentary behavior, the timing and patterns of physical activity and rest over the 24-h day (i.e. diurnal rest-activity rhythms) could also play a role in alleviating these symptoms and improving HRQoL. We investigated longitudinal associations of the diurnal rest-activity rhythm (RAR) with fatigue, insomnia, and HRQoL in survivors of CRC. METHODS: In a prospective cohort study among survivors of stage I-III CRC, 5 repeated measurements were performed from 6 weeks up to 5 years post-treatment. Parameters of RAR, including mesor, amplitude, acrophase, circadian quotient, dichotomy index, and 24-h autocorrelation coefficient, were assessed by a custom MATLAB program using data from tri-axial accelerometers worn on the upper thigh for 7 consecutive days. Fatigue, insomnia, and HRQoL were measured by validated questionnaires. Confounder-adjusted linear mixed models were applied to analyze longitudinal associations of RAR with fatigue, insomnia, and HRQoL from 6 weeks until 5 years post-treatment. Additionally, intra-individual and inter-individual associations over time were separated. RESULTS: Data were available from 289 survivors of CRC. All RAR parameters except for 24-h autocorrelation increased from 6 weeks to 6 months post-treatment, after which they remained relatively stable. A higher mesor, amplitude, circadian quotient, dichotomy index, and 24-h autocorrelation were statistically significantly associated with less fatigue and better HRQoL over time. A higher amplitude and circadian quotient were associated with lower insomnia. Most of these associations appeared driven by both within-person changes over time and between-person differences in RAR parameters. No significant associations were observed for acrophase. CONCLUSIONS: In the first five years after CRC treatment, adhering to a generally more active (mesor) and consistent (24-h autocorrelation) RAR, with a pronounced peak activity (amplitude) and a marked difference between daytime and nighttime activity (dichotomy index) was found to be associated with lower fatigue, lower insomnia, and a better HRQoL. Future intervention studies are needed to investigate if restoring RAR among survivors of CRC could help to alleviate symptoms of fatigue and insomnia while enhancing their HRQoL. TRIAL REGISTRATION: EnCoRe study NL6904 ( https://www.onderzoekmetmensen.nl/ ).

Longitudinal associations of circadian eating patterns with sleep quality, fatigue and inflammation in colorectal cancer survivors up to 24 months post-treatment.

Fatigue and insomnia, potentially induced by inflammation, are distressing symptoms experienced by colorectal cancer (CRC) survivors. Emerging evidence suggests that besides the nutritional quality and quantity, also the timing, frequency and regularity of dietary intake (chrono-nutrition) could be important for alleviating these symptoms. We investigated longitudinal associations of circadian eating patterns with sleep quality, fatigue and inflammation in CRC survivors. In a prospective cohort of 459 stage I-III CRC survivors, four repeated measurements were performed between 6 weeks and 24 months post-treatment. Chrono-nutrition variables included meal energy contribution, frequency (a maximum of six meals could be reported each day), irregularity and time window (TW) of energetic intake, operationalised based on 7-d dietary records. Outcomes included sleep quality, fatigue and plasma concentrations of inflammatory markers. Longitudinal associations of chrono-nutrition variables with outcomes from 6 weeks until 24 months post-treatment were analysed by confounder-adjusted linear mixed models, including hybrid models to disentangle intra-individual changes from inter-individual differences over time. An hour longer TW of energetic intake between individuals was associated with less fatigue (ß: -6·1; 95 % CI (-8·8, -3·3)) and insomnia (ß: -4·8; 95 % CI (-7·4, -2·1)). A higher meal frequency of on average 0·6 meals/d between individuals was associated with less fatigue (ß: -3·7; 95 % CI (-6·6, -0·8)). An hour increase in TW of energetic intake within individuals was associated with less insomnia (ß: -3·0; 95 % CI (-5·2, -0·8)) and inflammation (ß: -0·1; 95 % CI (-0·1, 0·0)). Our results suggest that longer TWs of energetic intake and higher meal frequencies may be associated with less fatigue, insomnia and inflammation among CRC survivors. Future studies with larger contrasts in chrono-nutrition variables are needed to confirm these findings.

Dietary intake of dicarbonyl compounds and changes in body weight over time in a large cohort of European adults.

Dicarbonyl compounds are highly reactive precursors of advanced glycation end products (AGE), produced endogenously, present in certain foods and formed during food processing. AGE contribute to the development of adverse metabolic outcomes, but health effects of dietary dicarbonyls are largely unexplored. We investigated associations between three dietary dicarbonyl compounds, methylglyoxal (MGO), glyoxal (GO) and 3-deoxyglucosone (3-DG), and body weight changes in European adults. Dicarbonyl intakes were estimated using food composition database from 263 095 European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition-Physical Activity, Nutrition, Alcohol, Cessation of Smoking, Eating Out of Home in Relation to Anthropometry participants with two body weight assessments (median follow-up time = 5·4 years). Associations between dicarbonyls and 5-year body-weight changes were estimated using mixed linear regression models. Stratified analyses by sex, age and baseline BMI were performed. Risk of becoming overweight/obese was assessed using multivariable-adjusted logistic regression. MGO intake was associated with 5-year body-weight gain of 0·089 kg (per 1-sd increase, 95 % CI 0·072, 0·107). 3-DG was inversely associated with body-weight change (-0·076 kg, -0·094, -0·058). No significant association was observed for GO (0·018 kg, -0·002, 0·037). In stratified analyses, GO was associated with body-weight gain among women and older participants (above median of 52·4 years). MGO was associated with higher body-weight gain among older participants. 3-DG was inversely associated with body-weight gain among younger and normal-weight participants. MGO was associated with a higher risk of becoming overweight/obese, while inverse associations were observed for 3-DG. No associations were observed for GO with overweight/obesity. Dietary dicarbonyls are inconsistently associated with body weight change among European adults. Further research is needed to clarify the role of these food components in overweight and obesity, their underlying mechanisms and potential public health implications.

Associations of between- and within-day patterns of physical activity accumulation with arterial stiffness and indices of microvascular health-Evidence from The Maastricht study.

While physical activity (PA) is understood to promote vascular health, little is known about whether the daily and weekly patterns of PA accumulation associate with vascular health. Accelerometer-derived (activPAL3) 6- or 7-day stepping was analyzed for 6430 participants in The Maastricht Study (50.4% women; 22.4% Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)). Multivariable regression models examined associations between stepping metrics (average step count, and time spent slower and faster paced stepping) with arterial stiffness (measured as carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV)), and several indices of microvascular health (heat-induced skin hyperemia, retinal vessel reactivity and diameter), adjusting for confounders and moderators. PA pattern metrics were added to the regression models to identify associations with vascular health beyond that of stepping metrics. Analyses were stratified by T2DM status if an interaction effect was present. Average step count and time spent faster paced stepping was associated with better vascular health, and the association was stronger in those with compared to those without T2DM. In fully adjusted models a higher step count inter-daily stability was associated with a higher (worse) cfPWV in those without T2DM (std ß = 0.04, p = 0.007) and retinal venular diameter in the whole cohort (std ß = 0.07, p = 0.002). A higher within-day variability in faster paced stepping was associated with a lower (worse) heat-induced skin hyperemia in those with T2DM (std ß = -0.31, p = 0.008). Above and beyond PA volume, the daily and weekly patterns in which PA was accumulated were additionally associated with improved macro- and microvascular health, which may have implications for the prevention of vascular disease.

Socioeconomic inequalities in health-related functioning among people with type 2 Diabetes: longitudinal analyses in the Maastricht Study.

BACKGROUND: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a common chronic disease that disproportionally affects disadvantaged groups. People with a low socioeconomic position (SEP) have increased risk of T2DM and people with a low SEP and T2DM have higher HbA1c-levels compared to people with T2DM and high SEP. The aim of this study is to analyze longitudinal socioeconomic differences in health-related functioning in people with T2DM. METHODS: Longitudinal data from 1,537 participants of The Maastricht Study with T2DM were used (32.6% female, mean (SD) age 62.9 (7.7) years). SEP was determined by baseline measures of education, occupation and income. Health-related functioning (physical, mental and social) was measured with the Short-Form Health Survey and the Impact on Participation and Autonomy survey (all scored from 0 to 100). Associations of SEP and health-related functioning were studied annually over a 10-year period (median (IQR) 7.0 (5.0) years, baseline 2010-2018) using linear mixed methods adjusting for demographics, HbA1c-levels and lifestyle factors. RESULTS: Participants with a low SEP had significantly worse health-related functioning compared to those with a high SEP. For example, participants with low income had lower scores for physical (-4.49[CI -5.77;-3.21]), mental (-2.61[-3.78,-1.44]) and social functioning (-9.76[-12.30;-7.23]) compared to participants with high income on a scale from 0 to 100. In addition, participants with a low education significantly declined more over time in mental (score for interaction education with time - 0.23[-0.37;-0.09]) and social functioning (-0.44[-0.77;-0.11]) compared to participants with high education. Participants with low and intermediate incomes significantly declined more over time in physical functioning (-0.17 [-0.34, -0.01 and - 0.18 [-0.36, 0.00]) compared to participants with high income. CONCLUSIONS: Among people with T2DM, those with a lower SEP had worse health-related functioning in general than people with a higher SEP. Additionally, people with T2DM and low education developed poorer mental and social functioning over time compared to people with T2DM and high education. People with T2DM and low or intermediate income declined more in physical functioning over time than those with high incomes. In addition to HbA1c-levels and lifestyle patterns, more attention is needed for socioeconomic differences in health-related functioning for people living with T2DM.

Thinner inner retinal layers are associated with lower cognitive performance, lower brain volume, and altered white matter network structure-The Maastricht Study.

INTRODUCTION: The retina may provide non-invasive, scalable biomarkers for monitoring cerebral neurodegeneration. METHODS: We used cross-sectional data from The Maastricht study (n = 3436; mean age 59.3 years; 48% men; and 21% with type 2 diabetes [the latter oversampled by design]). We evaluated associations of retinal nerve fiber layer, ganglion cell layer, and inner plexiform layer thicknesses with cognitive performance and magnetic resonance imaging indices (global grey and white matter volume, hippocampal volume, whole brain node degree, global efficiency, clustering coefficient, and local efficiency). RESULTS: After adjustment, lower thicknesses of most inner retinal layers were significantly associated with worse cognitive performance, lower grey and white matter volume, lower hippocampal volume, and worse brain white matter network structure assessed from lower whole brain node degree, lower global efficiency, higher clustering coefficient, and higher local efficiency. DISCUSSION: The retina may provide biomarkers that are informative of cerebral neurodegenerative changes in the pathobiology of dementia.

Sex differences in body composition in people with prediabetes and type 2 diabetes as compared with people with normal glucose metabolism: the Maastricht Study.

AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: Obesity is a major risk factor for type 2 diabetes. However, body composition differs between women and men. In this study we investigate the association between diabetes status and body composition and whether this association is moderated by sex. METHODS: In a population-based cohort study (n=7639; age 40-75 years, 50% women, 25% type 2 diabetes), we estimated the sex-specific associations, and differences therein, of prediabetes (i.e. impaired fasting glucose and/or impaired glucose tolerance) and type 2 diabetes (reference: normal glucose metabolism [NGM]) with dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA)- and MRI-derived measures of body composition and with hip circumference. Sex differences were analysed using adjusted regression models with interaction terms of sex-by-diabetes status. RESULTS: Compared with their NGM counterparts, both women and men with prediabetes and type 2 diabetes had more fat and lean mass and a greater hip circumference. The differences in subcutaneous adipose tissue, hip circumference and total and peripheral lean mass between type 2 diabetes and NGM were greater in women than men (women minus men [W-M] mean difference [95% CI]: 15.0 cm2 [1.5, 28.5], 3.2 cm [2.2, 4.1], 690 g [8, 1372] and 443 g [142, 744], respectively). The difference in visceral adipose tissue between type 2 diabetes and NGM was greater in men than women (W-M mean difference [95% CI]: -14.8 cm2 [-26.4, -3.1]). There was no sex difference in the percentage of liver fat between type 2 diabetes and NGM. The differences in measures of body composition between prediabetes and NGM were generally in the same direction, but were not significantly different between women and men. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: This study indicates that there are sex differences in body composition associated with type 2 diabetes. The pathophysiological significance of these sex-associated differences requires further study.

Alcohol consumption and microvascular dysfunction: a J-shaped association: The Maastricht Study.

BACKGROUND: Microvascular dysfunction (MVD) is an important contributor to major clinical disease such as stroke, dementia, depression, retinopathy, and chronic kidney disease. Alcohol consumption may be a determinant of MVD. OBJECTIVE: Main objectives were (1) to study whether alcohol consumption was associated with MVD as assessed in the brain, retina, skin, kidney and in the blood; and (2) to investigate whether associations differed by history of cardiovascular disease or sex. DESIGN: We used cross-sectional data from The Maastricht Study (N = 3,120 participants, 50.9% men, mean age 60 years, and 27.5% with type 2 diabetes [the latter oversampled by design]). We used regression analyses to study the association between total alcohol (per unit and in the categories, i.e. none, light, moderate, high) and MVD, where all measures of MVD were combined into a total MVD composite score (expressed in SD). We adjusted all associations for potential confounders; and tested for interaction by sex, and history of cardiovascular disease. Additionally we tested for interaction with glucose metabolism status. RESULTS: The association between total alcohol consumption and MVD was non-linear, i.e. J-shaped. Moderate versus light total alcohol consumption was significantly associated with less MVD, after full adjustment (beta [95% confidence interval], -0.10 [-0.19; -0.01]). The shape of the curve differed with sex (Pinteraction = 0.03), history of cardiovascular disease (Pinteraction < 0.001), and glucose metabolism status (Pinteraction = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: The present cross-sectional, population-based study found evidence that alcohol consumption may have an effect on MVD. Hence, although increasing alcohol consumption cannot be recommended as a policy, this study suggests that prevention of MVD may be possible through dietary interventions.

The Associations of Habitual Intake of Sulfur Amino Acids, Proteins and Diet Quality with Plasma Sulfur Amino Acid Concentrations: The Maastricht Study.

BACKGROUND: Plasma sulfur amino acids (SAAs), i.e., methionine, total cysteine (tCys), total homocysteine (tHcy), cystathionine, total glutathione (tGSH), and taurine, are potential risk factors for obesity and cardiometabolic disorders. However, except for plasma tHcy, little is known about how dietary intake modifies plasma SAA concentrations. OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether the intake of SAAs and proteins or diet quality is associated with plasma SAAs. METHODS: Data from a cross-sectional subset of The Maastricht Study (n = 1145, 50.5% men, 61 interquartile range: [55, 66] y, 22.5% with prediabetes and 34.3% with type 2 diabetes) were investigated. Dietary intake was assessed using a validated food frequency questionnaire. The intake of SAAs (total, methionine, and cysteine) and proteins (total, animal, and plant) was estimated from the Dutch and Danish food composition tables. Diet quality was assessed using the Dutch Healthy Diet Index, the Mediterranean Diet Score, and the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension score. Fasting plasma SAAs were measured by liquid chromatography (LC) tandem mass spectrometry (MS) (LC/MS-MS). Associations were investigated with multiple linear regressions with tertiles of dietary intake measures (main exposures) and z-standardized plasma SAAs (outcomes). RESULTS: Intake of total SAAs and total proteins was positively associated with plasma tCys and cystathionine. Associations were stronger in women and in those with normal body weight. Higher intake of cysteine and plant proteins was associated with lower plasma tHcy and higher cystathionine. Higher methionine intake was associated with lower plasma tGSH, whereas cysteine intake was positively associated with tGSH. Higher intake of methionine and animal proteins was associated with higher plasma taurine. Better diet quality was consistently related to lower plasma tHcy concentrations, but it was not associated with the other SAAs. CONCLUSION: Targeted dietary modifications might be effective in modifying plasma concentrations of tCys, tHcy, and cystathionine, which have been associated with obesity and cardiometabolic disorders.

Correlations between kynurenines in plasma and CSF, and their relation to markers of Alzheimer's disease pathology.

INTRODUCTION: Altered levels of kynurenines in blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) have been reported in Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, it is still largely unknown whether peripheral kynurenine concentrations resemble those found in CSF and how they relate to AD pathology. We therefore studied correlations between kynurenines in plasma and CSF and their associations with CSF amyloid-beta (Aß1-42) and tau levels in patients from the memory clinic spanning the whole cognitive spectrum. METHODS: The Biobank Alzheimer Center Limburg study is a prospective cohort study of consecutive patients referred to the memory clinic of the Alzheimer Center Limburg. Plasma and CSF concentrations of tryptophan (TRP), eight kynurenines and neopterin from 138 patients were determined by means of LC-MS/MS. Additionally, CSF Aß1-42, total-tau (t-tau) and phosphorylated tau (p-tau) concentrations were determined using commercially available single-parameter ELISA methods. Partial correlations were used to analyze cross-sectional associations between kynurenines in plasma and CSF and their relation to AD related CSF-biomarkers adjusted for age, sex, educational level, and kidney function. RESULTS: Moderate to strong correlations were observed between plasma and CSF levels for quinolinic acid (QA; r = 0.63), TRP (r = 0.47), anthranilic acid (r = 0.59), picolinic acid (r = 0.55), and the kynurenine (KYN)/TRP ratio (KTR; r = 0.55; all p < 0.0001), while other kynurenines correlated only weakly with their corresponding CSF values. No correlations were found between plasma and CSF levels of KA/QA. Several kynurenines were also weakly correlated with Aß1-42, t-tau or p-tau. Plasma levels of KA/QA were negatively correlated with Aß1-42 (r = -0.21, p < 0.05). Plasma levels of TRP were negatively correlated with t-tau (r = -0.19) and levels of KYN with p-tau (r = -0.18; both p < 0.05). CSF levels of KYN (r = 0.20, p < 0.05), KA (r = 0.23, p < 0.01), and KTR (r = 0.18, p < 0.05) were positively correlated with Aß1-42. Finally, TRP and KYN were negatively (r = -0.22 and r = -0.18, respectively), and neopterin positively (r = 0.19) correlated with p-tau (all p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Plasma concentrations of TRP, KP metabolites, KTR, and neopterin all significantly correlated positively with their corresponding CSF concentrations, but many correlations were weak. Additionally, our results suggest a relation between higher kynurenine levels and lower AD pathology load. These results need verification in future studies and require more research into (shared) underlying mechanisms.

Sex comparisons in the association of prediabetes and type 2 diabetes with cognitive function, depression, and quality of life: The Maastricht study.

AIMS: There are sex differences in the excess risk of diabetes-associated cardiovascular disease. However, it is not clear whether these sex differences exist with regard to other complications like mental health aspects. Therefore, we investigated sex differences in the association of prediabetes and type 2 diabetes (T2D) with cognitive function, depression, and quality of life (QoL). MATERIALS AND METHODS: In a population-based cross-sectional cohort study (n = 7639; age 40-75 years, 50% women, 25% T2D), we estimated sex-specific associations, and differences therein, of prediabetes and T2D (reference: normal glucose metabolism) with measures of cognitive function, depression, and physical and mental QoL. Sex differences were analysed using multiple regression models with interaction terms. RESULTS: In general, T2D, but not prediabetes, was associated with higher odds of cognitive impairment, major depressive disorder, and poorer QoL. The odds ratio (OR) of cognitive impairment associated with T2D was 1.29 (95% CI: 0.96-1.72) for women and 1.39 (1.10-1.75) for men. The OR of major depressive disorder associated with T2D was 1.19 (0.69-2.04) for women and 1.68 (1.02-2.75) for men. The mean difference of the physical QoL score (ranging from 0 to 100, with 100 indicating the best possible QoL) associated with T2D was -2.09 (-2.92 to -1.25) for women and -1.81 (-2.48 to -1.13) for men. The mean difference of the mental QoL score associated with T2D was -0.90 (-1.79 to -0.02) for women and -0.52 (-1.23 to 0.20) for men. There was no clear pattern of sex differences in the associations of either prediabetes or T2D with measures of cognitive function, depression, or QoL. CONCLUSIONS: In general, T2D was associated with worse cognitive function, depression, and poorer QoL. The strength of these associations was similar among women and men.

Associations between plasma sulfur amino acids and specific fat depots in two independent cohorts: CODAM and The Maastricht Study.

PURPOSE: Sulfur amino acids (SAAs) have been associated with obesity and obesity-related metabolic diseases. We investigated whether plasma SAAs (methionine, total cysteine (tCys), total homocysteine, cystathionine and total glutathione) are related to specific fat depots. METHODS: We examined cross-sectional subsets from the CODAM cohort (n = 470, 61.3% men, median [IQR]: 67 [61, 71] years) and The Maastricht Study (DMS; n = 371, 53.4% men, 63 [55, 68] years), enriched with (pre)diabetic individuals. SAAs were measured in fasting EDTA plasma with LC-MS/MS. Outcomes comprised BMI, skinfolds, waist circumference (WC), dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA, DMS), body composition, abdominal subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissues (CODAM: ultrasound, DMS: MRI) and liver fat (estimated, in CODAM, or MRI-derived, in DMS, liver fat percentage and fatty liver disease). Associations were examined with linear or logistic regressions adjusted for relevant confounders with z-standardized primary exposures and outcomes. RESULTS: Methionine was associated with all measures of liver fat, e.g., fatty liver disease [CODAM: OR = 1.49 (95% CI 1.19, 1.88); DMS: OR = 1.51 (1.09, 2.14)], but not with other fat depots. tCys was associated with overall obesity, e.g., BMI [CODAM: ß = 0.19 (0.09, 0.28); DMS: ß = 0.24 (0.14, 0.34)]; peripheral adiposity, e.g., biceps and triceps skinfolds [CODAM: ß = 0.15 (0.08, 0.23); DMS: ß = 0.20 (0.12, 0.29)]; and central adiposity, e.g., WC [CODAM: ß = 0.16 (0.08, 0.25); DMS: ß = 0.17 (0.08, 0.27)]. Associations of tCys with VAT and liver fat were inconsistent. Other SAAs were not associated with body fat. CONCLUSION: Plasma concentrations of methionine and tCys showed distinct associations with different fat depots, with similar strengths in the two cohorts.

Sedentary behaviour and physical activity are associated with biomarkers of endothelial dysfunction and low-grade inflammation-relevance for (pre)diabetes: The Maastricht Study.

AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: Biomarkers of endothelial dysfunction and low-grade inflammation are important in the pathogenesis of CVD and can potentially be modified by physical activity and sedentary behaviour. Effects of physical activity on biomarkers of endothelial dysfunction may be especially prominent in type 2 diabetes. METHODS: In the population-based Maastricht Study (n = 2363, 51.5% male, 28.3% type 2 diabetes, 15.1% prediabetes [defined as impaired glucose tolerance and impaired fasting glucose]), we determined biomarkers of endothelial dysfunction and low-grade inflammation, and combined z scores were calculated. Physical activity and sedentary behaviour were measured by activPAL. Linear regression analyses were used with adjustment for demographic, lifestyle and cardiovascular risk factors. RESULTS: The association between total, light, moderate-to-vigorous and vigorous intensity physical activity and sedentary time on the one hand and biomarkers of endothelial dysfunction on the other were generally significant and were consistently stronger in prediabetes and type 2 diabetes as compared with normal glucose metabolism status (p for interaction <0.05). Associations between physical activity and sedentary behaviour on the one hand and low-grade inflammation on the other were also significant and were similar in individuals with and without (pre)diabetes (p for interaction >0.05). CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: Physical activity and sedentary behaviour are associated with biomarkers of endothelial dysfunction and low-grade inflammation. For biomarkers of endothelial dysfunction, associations between physical activity and sedentary behaviour were consistently stronger in (pre)diabetes than in normal glucose metabolism. Whether increasing physical activity or decreasing sedentary time can positively influence biomarkers of endothelial dysfunction in individuals with prediabetes and type 2 diabetes requires further study.

Plasma metabolomic profiling of dietary patterns associated with glucose metabolism status: The Maastricht Study.

BACKGROUND: Glucose metabolism has been reported to be affected by dietary patterns, while the underlying mechanisms involved remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate the potential mediation role of circulating metabolites in relation to dietary patterns for prediabetes and type 2 diabetes. METHODS: Data was derived from The Maastricht Study that comprised of 3441 participants (mean age of 60 years) with 28% type 2 diabetes patients by design. Dietary patterns were assessed using a validated food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), and the glucose metabolism status (GMS) was defined according to WHO guidelines. Both cross-sectional and prospective analyses were performed for the circulating metabolome to investigate their associations and mediations with responses to dietary patterns and GMS. RESULTS: Among 226 eligible metabolite measures obtained from targeted metabolomics, 14 were identified to be associated and mediated with three dietary patterns (i.e. Mediterranean Diet (MED), Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension Diet (DASH), and Dutch Healthy Diet (DHD)) and overall GMS. Of these, the mediation effects of 5 metabolite measures were consistent for all three dietary patterns and GMS. Based on a 7-year follow-up, a decreased risk for apolipoprotein A1 (APOA1) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) (RR 0.60, 95% CI 0.55, 0.65; RR 0.89, 95% CI 0.83, 0.97, respectively) but an increased risk for ratio of ω-6 to ω-3 fatty acids (RR 1.29, 95% CI 1.05, 1.43) of type 2 diabetes were observed from prediabetes, while APOA1 showed a decreased risk of type 2 diabetes from normal glucose metabolism (NGM; RR 0.82, 95% CI 0.75, 0.89). CONCLUSIONS: In summary, this study suggests that adherence to a healthy dietary pattern (i.e. MED, DASH, or DHD) could affect the GMS through circulating metabolites, which provides novel insights into understanding the biological mechanisms of diet on glucose metabolism and leads to facilitating prevention strategy for type 2 diabetes.

Studying the association of diabetes and healthcare cost on distributed data from the Maastricht Study and Statistics Netherlands using a privacy-preserving federated learning infrastructure.

The mining of personal data collected by multiple organizations remains challenging in the presence of technical barriers, privacy concerns, and legal and/or organizational restrictions. While a number of privacy-preserving and data mining frameworks have recently emerged, much remains to show their practical utility. In this study, we implement and utilize a secure infrastructure using data from Statistics Netherlands and the Maastricht Study to learn the association between Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) and healthcare expenses considering the impact of lifestyle, physical activities, and complications of T2DM. Through experiments using real-world distributed personal data, we present the feasibility and effectiveness of the secure infrastructure for practical use cases of linking and analyzing vertically partitioned data across multiple organizations. We discovered that individuals diagnosed with T2DM had significantly higher expenses than those with prediabetes, while participants with prediabetes spent more than those without T2DM in all the included healthcare categories to different degrees. We further discuss a joint effort from technical, ethical-legal, and domain-specific experts that is highly valued for applying such a secure infrastructure to real-life use cases to protect data privacy.