Understanding the role of coronary artery revascularization in patients with left ventricular dysfunction and multivessel disease.

Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the most common cause of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). Advances and innovations in medical therapy have been shown to play a crucial role in improving the prognosis of patients with CAD and HFrEF; however, mortality rate in these patients remains high, and the role of surgical and/or percutaneous revascularization strategy is still debated. The Surgical Treatment for Ischemic Heart Failure (STICH) trial and the Revascularization for Ischemic Ventricular Dysfunction (REVIVED) trial have attempted to provide an answer to this issue. Nevertheless, the results of these two trials have generated further uncertainties. Their findings do not provide a definitive answer about the ideal clinical phenotype for surgical or percutaneous coronary revascularization and dispute the historical dogma on myocardial viability and the theory of myocardial hibernation, raising new questions about the proper selection of patients who are candidates for coronary revascularization. The aim of this review is to provide an overview on the actual available evidence of coronary artery revascularization in patients with CAD and left ventricular dysfunction and to suggest new insights on the proper selection and management strategies in this high-risk clinical setting.

Diagnostic issues faced by a rare disease healthcare network during Covid-19 outbreak: data from the Campania Rare Disease Registry.

BACKGROUND: The aims of this study were: to investigate the capacity of the rare disease healthcare network in Campania to diagnose patients with rare diseases during the outbreak of Covid-19; and to shed light on problematic diagnoses during this period. METHODS: To describe the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on the diagnosis of patients with rare diseases, a retrospective analysis of the Campania Region Rare Disease Registry was performed. A tailored questionnaire was sent to rare disease experts to investigate major issues during the emergency period. RESULTS: Prevalence of new diagnoses of rare disease in March and April 2020 was significantly lower than in 2019 (117 versus 317, P < 0.001 and 37 versus 349, P < 0.001, respectively) and 2018 (117 versus 389, P < 0.001 and 37 versus 282, P < 0.001, respectively). Eighty-two among 98 rare disease experts completed the questionnaire. Diagnostic success (95%), access to diagnosis (80%) and follow-up (72%), lack of Personal Protective Equipment (60%), lack of Covid-19 guidelines (50%) and the need for home therapy (78%) were the most important issues raised during Covid-19 outbreak. CONCLUSIONS: This study describes the effects of the Covid-19 outbreak on the diagnosis of rare disease in a single Italian region and investigates potential issues of diagnosis and management during this period.

New Frontiers in the Treatment of Homozygous Familial Hypercholesterolemia.

Homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (HoFH) is a rare genetic disorder. The most common cause is a mutation in both alleles of the gene encoding for the low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor, although other causative mutations have been identified. Complications of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease are common in these patients; therefore, reducing the elevated LDL-cholesterol burden is critical in their management. Conventionally, this is achieved by patients initiating lipid-lowering therapy, but this can present challenges in clinical practice. Fortunately, novel therapeutic strategies have enabled promising innovations in HoFH treatment. This review highlights recent and ongoing studies examining new therapeutic options for patients with HoFH.

The Risk of Sudden Unexpected Cardiac Death in Children: Epidemiology, Clinical Causes, and Prevention.

"Sudden unexplained death (SUD) is a tragic event for both the family and community, particularly when it occurs in young individuals. Sudden cardiac death (SCD) represents the leading form of SUD and is defined as an unexpected event without an obvious extracardiac cause, occurring within 1 hour after the onset of symptoms. In children, the main causes of SCD are inherited cardiac disorders, whereas coronary artery diseases (congenital or acquired), congenital heart diseases, and myocarditis are rare. The present review examines the current state of knowledge regarding SCD in children, discussing the epidemiology, clinical causes, and prevention strategies."

Diagnosis and Management of Cardiovascular Involvement in Friedreich Ataxia.

Friedreich ataxia (FRDA) is an autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disorder caused by a homozygous GAA triplet repeat expansion in the frataxin gene. Cardiac involvement, usually manifesting as hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, can range from asymptomatic cases to severe cardiomyopathy with progressive deterioration of the left ventricular ejection fraction and chronic heart failure. The management of cardiac involvement is directed to prevent disease progression and cardiovascular complications. However, direct-disease therapies are not currently available for FRDA. The present review aims to describe the current state of knowledge regarding cardiovascular involvement of FRDA, focusing on clinical-instrumental features and management of cardiac manifestation.

Low-Dose Ticagrelor in Patients With High Ischemic Risk and Previous Myocardial Infarction: A Multicenter Prospective Real-World Observational Study.

Prolonged dual antiplatelet therapy after 12 months in patients with previous myocardial infarction (MI) is attractive to reduce long-term ischemic complications. In the PEGASUS-TIMI 54, the use of low-dose ticagrelor (60 mg b.i.d.) plus aspirin after 12 months from MI reduced the risk of ischemic events, at the price of limited increase on bleeding complications. However, data on the use of low-dose ticagrelor in real-world practice lack. We aim at providing data on prescription/eligibility criteria and outcomes in patients receiving low-dose ticagrelor in the real-world setting. We enrolled consecutive patients eligible for ticagrelor 60 mg according to Italian national regulation in 3 high-volume centers and collected 1-year outcomes. The primary objective of the study is to generate real-world data about clinical characteristics, eligibility criteria, major adverse cardiovascular events, bleeding, and adverse event in patients receiving low-dose ticagrelor from our cohort. One hundred eighty-one patients were consecutively enrolled with a median follow-up of 18 months. The most used and the least used prescription criteria were multivessel coronary disease (72.4%) and chronic kidney disease (15.5%), respectively. At 1-year follow-up, the rate of major adverse cardiovascular events was 4.97%; of these, 3.86% of patients had a MI, and 1.1% had a stroke/transient ischemic attack, whereas no major bleeding occurred. In conclusion, in a real-world study, including patients with previous MI, low-dose ticagrelor for prolonged dual antiplatelet therapy showed to be effective and safe, with no major bleeding occurring at follow-up.

Childhood obesity: an overview of laboratory medicine, exercise and microbiome.

In the last few years, a significant increase of childhood obesity incidence unequally distributed within countries and population groups has been observed, thus representing an important public health problem associated with several health and social consequences. Obese children have more than a 50% probability of becoming obese adults, and to develop pathologies typical of obese adults, that include type 2-diabetes, dyslipidemia and hypertension. Also environmental factors, such as reduced physical activity and increased sedentary activities, may also result in increased caloric intake and/or decreased caloric expenditure. In the present review, we aimed to identify and describe a specific panel of parameters in order to evaluate and characterize the childhood obesity status useful in setting up a preventive diagnostic approach directed at improving health-related behaviors and identifying predisposing risk factors. An early identification of risk factors for childhood obesity could definitely help in setting up adequate and specific clinical treatments.

Molecular Basis of Inflammation in the Pathogenesis of Cardiomyopathies.

Cardiomyopathies (CMPs) represent a diverse group of heart muscle diseases, grouped into specific morphological and functional phenotypes. CMPs are associated with mutations in sarcomeric and non-sarcomeric genes, with several suspected epigenetic and environmental mechanisms involved in determining penetrance and expressivity. The understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms of myocardial diseases is fundamental to achieving a proper management and treatment of these disorders. Among these, inflammation seems to play an important role in the pathogenesis of CMPs. The aim of the present study is to review the current knowledge on the role of inflammation and the immune system activation in the pathogenesis of CMPs and to identify potential molecular targets for a tailored anti-inflammatory treatment.

Laboratory medicine: health evaluation in elite athletes.

The need to evaluate the health status of an athlete represents a crucial aim in preventive and protective sports science in order to identify the best diagnostic strategy to improve performance and reduce risks related to physical exercise. In the present review we aim to define the main biochemical and haematological markers that vary significantly during and after sports training to identify risk factors, at competitive and professional levels and to highlight the set up of a specific parameter's panel for elite athletes. Moreover, we also intend to consider additional biomarkers, still under investigation, which could further contribute to laboratory sports medicine and provide reliable data that can be used by athlete's competent staff in order to establish personal attitudes and prevent sports injuries.

ECG analysis in patients with acute coronary syndrome undergoing invasive management: rationale and design of the electrocardiography sub-study of the MATRIX trial.

BACKGROUND: The twelve­lead electrocardiogram (ECG) has become an essential tool for the diagnosis, risk stratification, and management of patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACS). However, several areas of residual controversies or gaps in evidence exist. Among them, P-wave abnormalities identifying atrial ischemia/infarction are largely neglected in clinical practice, and their diagnostic and prognostic implications remain elusive; the value of ECG to identify the culprit lesion has been investigated, but validated criteria indicating the presence of coronary occlusion in patients without ST-elevation are lacking; finally, which criteria among the multiple proposed, better define pathological Q-waves or success of revascularisation deserve further investigations. METHODS: The Minimizing Adverse hemorrhagic events via TRansradial access site and systemic Implementation of AngioX (MATRIX) trial was designed to test the impact of bleeding avoidance strategies on ischemic and bleeding outcomes across the whole spectrum of patients with ACS receiving invasive management. The ECG-MATRIX is a pre-specified sub-study of the MATRIX programme which aims at analyzing the clinical value of ECG metrics in 4516 ACS patients (with and without ST-segment elevation in 2212 and 2304 cases, respectively) with matched pre and post-treatment ECGs. CONCLUSIONS: This study represents a unique opportunity to further investigate the role of ECGs in the diagnosis and risk stratification of ACS patients with or without ST-segment deviation, as well as to assess whether the radial approach and bivalirudin may affect post-treatment ECG metrics and patterns in a large contemporary ACS population.

The Role of von Willebrand Factor in Vascular Inflammation: From Pathogenesis to Targeted Therapy.

Beyond its role in hemostasis, von Willebrand factor (VWF) is an emerging mediator of vascular inflammation. Recent studies highlight the involvement of VWF and its regulator, ADAMTS13, in mechanisms that underlie vascular inflammation and immunothrombosis, like leukocyte rolling, adhesion, and extravasation; vascular permeability; ischemia/reperfusion injury; complements activation; and NETosis. The VWF/ADAMTS13 axis is implicated in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, promoting plaque formation and inflammation through macrophage and neutrophil recruitment in inflamed lesions. Moreover, VWF and ADAMTS13 have been recently proposed as prognostic biomarkers in cardiovascular, metabolic, and inflammatory diseases, such as diabetes, stroke, myocardial infarction, and sepsis. All these features make VWF an attractive therapeutic target in thromboinflammation. Several lines of research have recently investigated "tailor-made" inhibitors of VWF. Results from animal models and clinical studies support the potent anti-inflammatory and antithrombotic effect of VWF antagonism, providing reassuring data on its safety profile. This review describes the role of VWF in vascular inflammation "from bench to bedside" and provides an updated overview of the drugs that can directly interfere with the VWF/ADAMTS13 axis.

Inflammation and cardiovascular disease: from pathogenesis to therapeutic target.

Atherosclerosis represents the most common pathological substrate of coronary heart disease (CHD), and the characterization of the disease as a chronic low-grade inflammatory condition is now largely accepted. A number of mediators of inflammation have been widely studied, both as surrogate biomarkers and as causal agents, in the pathophysiological network of atherogenesis and plaque vulnerability. The epidemiological observation that biomarkers of inflammation are associated with clinical cardiovascular risk supports the theory that targeted anti-inflammatory treatment appears to be a promising strategy in reducing residual cardiovascular risk on the background of traditional medical therapy. A large number of randomized controlled trials have shown that drugs commonly used in cardiovascular disease (CVD), such as statins, may be effective in the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular events through an anti-inflammatory effect. Moreover, several anti-inflammatory drugs are being tested for their potential to reduce residual cardiovascular risk on the background of validated medical therapy for atherosclerotic disease. In this paper, we review relevant evidence with regard to the relationship between inflammation and CVD, from pathogenesis to therapeutic strategies.

Strike early-strike strong lipid-lowering strategy with PCSK9i in ACS patients. Real-world evidence from AT-TARGET-IT registry.

AIMS: No data are available on early initiation of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 inhibitors (PCSK9i) in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) in real-world. This study investigates the effects of PCSK9i started at time of ACS hospitalization on lipid control and major CV events in real-world. METHODS: The lipid control outcome was the percentage of patients reaching the LDL-C target of < 55 mg/dL at first lipid control. The clinical outcome was the incidence of composite major CV events (all cause death, non-fatal MI, non-fatal stroke, and ischemia-driven revascularization) during follow-up in relation to quartiles of LDL-C at first lipid control. RESULTS: We included 771 patients with ACS from AT-TARGET-IT registry, receiving PCSK9i prescription during hospitalization or at discharge. Median LDL-C was 137 mg/dL and decreased to 43 mg/dL at first lipid control. 527 (68.3%) patients achieved LDL-C target at the first lipid control at a median time of 37 days from hospitalization; of them, 404 (76.8%) were discharged on statin plus ezetimibe background therapy. Event curves through a median follow-up of 11 months across quartiles of LDL-C showed a stepwise lower risk of 4P-MACE, 3P-MACE, all-cause mortality, and ischemia-driven revascularization in lower quartile of LDL-C values at first lipid control (<23 mg/dL) and in patients reaching LDL-C <55 mg/dL. CONCLUSIONS: Intensive and early lipid-lowering therapy using PCSK9i in patients with ACS (strike early strike strong strategy) is safe and effective in clinical practice and associated with a reduction of residual CV risk.

This study, from AT-TARGET-IT registry, investigates the effects of PCSK9i started at time of ACS hospitalization on lipid control and major CV events in real-world. Intensive and early PCSK9i therapy reduce composite major cardiovascular (CV) events in patients in reaching LDL-C target values. A strike early-strike strong strategy is safe and effective.

Use of bempedoic acid for LDL cholesterol lowering and cardiovascular risk reduction: a consensus document from the Italian study group on atherosclerosis, thrombosis and vascular biology.

The clinical benefit of LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) lowering for cardiovascular disease prevention is well documented. This paper from the Italian Study Group on Atherosclerosis, Thrombosis and Vascular Biology summarizes current recommendations for treatment of hypercholesterolemia, barriers to lipid-lowering therapy implementation and tips to overcome them, as well as available evidence on the efficacy and safety of bempedoic acid. We also report an updated therapeutic algorithm for pharmacological LDL-C lowering in view of the introduction of bempedoic acid in clinical practice.

Immune-Checkpoint Inhibitor-Related Myocarditis: Where We Are and Where We Will Go.

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are specific monoclonal antibodies directed against inhibitory targets of the immune system, mainly represented by programmed death-1 (PD1) ligand-1 (PD-L1) and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4), thus enabling an amplified T-cell-mediated immune response against cancer cells. These drugs have significantly improved prognosis in patients with advanced metastatic cancer (e.g., melanoma, non-small cell lung cancer, renal cell carcinoma). However, uncontrolled activation of anti-tumor T-cells could trigger an excessive immune response, possibly responsible for multi-organ damage, including, among others, lymphocytic myocarditis. The incidence of ICIs-induced myocarditis is underestimated and the patients affected are poorly characterized. The diagnosis and management of this condition are mainly based on expert opinion and case reports. EKG and ultrasound are tests that can help identify patients at risk of myocarditis during treatment by red flags, such as QRS complex enlargement and narrowing of global longitudinal strain (GLS). Therapy of ICI-related myocarditis is based on immunosuppressors, monoclonal antibodies and fusion proteins. A future strategy could involve the use of microRNAs. This review considers the current state of the art of immune-related adverse cardiovascular events, focusing on histological and clinical features, diagnosis and management, including current treatments and future pharmacological targets.

De-escalation strategies in patients with acute coronary syndrome: a step towards precision medicine.

INTRODUCTION: Dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) with aspirin and a P2Y12 inhibitor is a cornerstone in the treatment of patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Current international guidelines recommend the use of 12 months of DAPT with newer P2Y12 inhibitors (i.e. ticagrelor or prasugrel) as first-line therapy in this setting. However, intense and prolonged DAPT regimens are associated with an increased risk of bleeding, with relevant prognostic implications. Recently, a strategy of de-escalation of P2Y12 inhibitors has been proposed as an alternative to conventional DAPT to mitigate the risk of bleeding while preserving ischemic protection after ACS. AREAS COVERED: In this review, we summarize the available evidence on guided and unguided strategies for P2Y12 inhibitor de-escalation in patients with ACS undergoing PCI. EXPERT OPINION: Among patients with ACS, guided and unguided de-escalation strategies are safe and effective for secondary cardiovascular prevention. Although the implementation of genetic and platelet function tests is of interest for treatment personalization, the routine use of guided de-escalation strategies seems impractical. In this context, unguided de-escalation approaches appear more attractive, convenient, and suitable for contemporary practice.

Visceral adipose tissue and residual cardiovascular risk: a pathological link and new therapeutic options.

Obesity is a heterogeneous disease that affects almost one-third of the global population. A clear association has been established between obesity and cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, CVD risk is known to be related more to the local distribution of fat than to total body fat. Visceral adipose tissue (VAT) in particular has a high impact on CVD risk. This manuscript reviews the role of VAT in residual CV risk and the available therapeutic strategies for decreasing residual CV risk related to VAT accumulation. Among the many pathways involved in residual CV risk, obesity and particularly VAT accumulation play a major role by generating low-grade systemic inflammation, which in turn has a high prognostic impact on all-cause mortality and myocardial infarction. In recent years, many therapeutic approaches have been developed to reduce body weight. Orlistat was shown to reduce both weight and VAT but has low tolerability and many drug-drug interactions. Naltrexone-bupropion combination lowers body weight but has frequent side effects and is contraindicated in patients with uncontrolled hypertension. Liraglutide and semaglutide, glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) agonists, are the latest drugs approved for the treatment of obesity, and both have been shown to induce significant body weight loss. Liraglutide, semaglutide and other GLP-1 agonists also showed a positive effect on CV outcomes in diabetic patients. In addition, liraglutide showed to specifically reduce VAT and inflammatory biomarkers in obese patients without diabetes. GLP-1 agonists are promising compounds to limit inflammation in human visceral adipocytes.

Antithrombotic Therapy Optimization in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention.

The antithrombotic management of patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) poses numerous challenges. Triple antithrombotic therapy (TAT), which combines dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) with oral anticoagulation (OAC), provides anti-ischemic protection but increases the risk of bleeding. Therefore, TAT is generally limited to a short phase (1 week) after PCI, followed by aspirin withdrawal and continuation of 6-12 months of dual antithrombotic therapy (DAT), comprising OAC plus clopidogrel, followed by OAC alone. This pharmacological approach has been shown to mitigate bleeding risk while preserving adequate anti-ischemic efficacy. However, the decision-making process remains complex in elderly patients and those with co-morbidities, significantly influencing ischemic and bleeding risk. In this review, we discuss the available evidence in this area from randomized clinical trials and meta-analyses for post-procedural antithrombotic therapies in patients with non-valvular AF undergoing PCI.

An Overview of Molecular Mechanisms in Fabry Disease.

Fabry disease (FD) (OMIM #301500) is a rare genetic lysosomal storage disorder (LSD). LSDs are characterized by inappropriate lipid accumulation in lysosomes due to specific enzyme deficiencies. In FD, the defective enzyme is α-galactosidase A (α-Gal A), which is due to a mutation in the GLA gene on the X chromosome. The enzyme deficiency leads to a continuous deposition of neutral glycosphingolipids (globotriaosylceramide) in the lysosomes of numerous tissues and organs, including endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, corneal epithelial cells, renal glomeruli and tubules, cardiac muscle and ganglion cells of the nervous system. This condition leads to progressive organ failure and premature death. The increasing understanding of FD, and LSD in general, has led in recent years to the introduction of enzyme replacement therapy (ERT), which aims to slow, if not halt, the progression of the metabolic disorder. In this review, we provide an overview of the main features of FD, focusing on its molecular mechanism and the role of biomarkers.

The Biological Role of Vitamins in Athletes' Muscle, Heart and Microbiota.

Physical activity, combined with adequate nutrition, is considered a protective factor against cardiovascular disease, musculoskeletal disorders, and intestinal dysbiosis. Achieving optimal performance requires a significantly high energy expenditure, which must be correctly supplied to avoid the occurrence of diseases such as muscle injuries, oxidative stress, and heart pathologies, and a decrease in physical performance during competition. Moreover, in sports activities, the replenishment of water, vitamins, and minerals consumed during training is essential for safeguarding athletes' health. In this scenario, vitamins play a pivotal role in numerous metabolic reactions and some muscle biochemical adaptation processes induced by sports activity. Vitamins are introduced to the diet because the human body is unable to produce these micronutrients. The aim of this review is to highlight the fundamental role of vitamin supplementation in physical activity. Above all, we focus on the roles of vitamins A, B6, D, E, and K in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disorders, muscle injuries, and regulation of the microbiome.