"Healthy immigrant effect" among individuals experiencing homelessness in Spain?: Foreign-born individuals had higher average age at death in 15-year retrospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Individuals experiencing homelessness (IEHs) suffer from severe health inequities. Place of origin is linked to health and mortality of IEHs. In the general population the "healthy immigrant effect" provides a health advantage to foreign-born people. This phenomenon has not been sufficiently studied among the IEH population. The objectives are to study morbidity, mortality, and age at death among IEHs in Spain, paying special attention to their origin (Spanish-born or foreign-born) and to examine correlates and predictors of age at death. METHODS: Retrospective cohort study (observational study) of a 15-year period (2006-2020). We included 391 IEHs who had been attended at one of the city's public mental health, substance use disorder, primary health, or specialized social services. Subsequently, we noted which subjects died during the study period and analyzed the variables related to their age at death. We compared the results based on origin (Spanish-born vs. foreign-born) and fitted a multiple linear regression model to the data to establish predictors of an earlier age at death. RESULTS: The mean age at death was 52.38 years. Spanish-born IEHs died on average almost nine years younger. The leading causes of death overall were suicide and drug-related disorders (cirrhosis, overdose, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [COPD]). The results of the linear regression showed that earlier death was linked to COPD (b = - 0.348), being Spanish-born (b = 0.324), substance use disorder [cocaine (b =-0.169), opiates (b =.-243), and alcohol (b =-0.199)], cardiovascular diseases (b = - 0.223), tuberculosis (b = - 0.163), high blood pressure (b =-0.203), criminal record (b =-0.167), and hepatitis C (b =-0.129). When we separated the causes of death for Spanish-born and foreign-born subjects, we found that the main predictors of death among Spanish-born IEHs were opiate use disorder (b =-0.675), COPD (b =-0.479), cocaine use disorder (b =-0.208), high blood pressure (b =-0.358), multiple drug use disorder (b =-0.365), cardiovascular disease (b =-0.306), dual pathology (b =-0.286), female gender (b =-0.181), personality disorder (b =-0.201), obesity (b =-0.123), tuberculosis (b =-0.120) and having a criminal record (b =-0.153). In contrast, the predictors of death among foreign-born IEHs were psychotic disorder (b =-0.134), tuberculosis (b =-0.132), and opiate (b =-0.119) or alcohol use disorder (b =-0.098). CONCLUSIONS: IEHs die younger than the general population, often due to suicide and drug use. The healthy immigrant effect seems to hold in IEHs as well as in the general population.

A Clinical Trial Comparing Smoking Cessation Interventions at Two Levels of Intensity in Stroke Patients, Stratified by the Presence of Insular Cortex Lesions.

INTRODUCTION: Smoking is a stroke risk factor but the most efficient way to promote cessation is unknown. The smoking behavior in patients during the first 2 years post-stroke is studied comparing brief advice and intensive behavioral counseling interventions, taking into consideration biological, psychological, and social factors. METHODS: Randomized clinical trial of 196 stroke patients, stratified by the presence or not of an insular cortex lesion, with two levels of smoking cessation intervention. RESULTS: The study retention rate was 85.2%. Abstinence point prevalence at three months after stroke was 50% in the brief advice group and 51.7% in the intensive behavioral counseling group (p = .82) and at 24 months, 48.3% in the brief group and 47.5% in the intensive group (p = .92). Most relapses occurred in the first weeks. After 3 months the curves separated with fewer events in the intensive group and at 24 months the Hazard Ratio was 0.91 (95% CI = 0.61 to 1.37; p = .67). Twenty-four months after stroke, patients with an insular lesion were more likely to be abstinent (OR 3.60, 95% CI = 1.27 to 10.14), as were those who lived with a partner (OR 2.31, 95% CI = 1.17 to 4.55) and those who were less dependent (OR 0.84, 95% CI = 0.73 to 0.97). CONCLUSIONS: A high percentage of patients gave up smoking in both intervention groups with no significant differences between the two. The effect of the insular lesion on smoking cessation, which is early and continued after two years, is particularly notable. IMPLICATIONS: This two-year clinical trial compares for the first time the efficacy of two different intensities of smoking cessation intervention in stroke patients, taking into consideration the effect of the insula. Good results are obtained both in the short and medium-term in people with stroke, especially when this is accompanied by an insular cortex lesion, but there is no evidence that better results are obtained with longer, more time-intensive, and possibly more costly follow-ups obtain better results than are obtained with briefer interventions.

[Association between early onset of psychoactive drug use and health risk behaviors in chilean adolescents]. / Precocidad de inicio del consumo de sustancias psicoactivas y su relación con otros comportamientos de riesgo para la salud en adolescentes chilenos.

BACKGROUND: Adolescents are more prone to develop health risk behaviors. Among these, early consumption of psychoactive drugs is relevant. AIM: To assess the association between early consumption of illicit drugs, tobacco and alcohol, suicide behaviors, risky sexual behaviors, eating habits and physical activity in school age adolescents from Valparaiso, Chile. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The online world survey of scholar health to identify the health risk behaviors was answered by 550 adolescents aged 15 to 18 years, from a public educational institution at Valparaiso, Chile. RESULTS: Early consumption of alcohol, smoking and illicit drug use was reported by 59, 57 and 44% of respondents, respectively. The frequency of psychoactive drug consumption during the last month, risky sexual behaviors and missing breakfast was higher among those with an early onset of alcohol and illicit drug consumption and smoking. The frequency of suicidal risk behaviors and low consumption of fruits and vegetables was higher among those with an early onset of illicit drug use and smoking. A low physical activity level was associated with early smoking onset. Health risk behaviors were associated with early onset of alcohol and illicit drug consumption and smoking. CONCLUSIONS: Early onset of alcohol and illicit drug consumption and smoking is associated with health risk behaviors in Chilean adolescents.

[Suicidal behavior, psychoactive substances use and quality of life in chilean adolescents]. / Conducta suicida, consumo de sustancias psicoactivas y calidad de vida en adolescentes chilenos.

BACKGROUND: Suicidal behavior is a public health problem, and adolescents are one of the main risk groups. AIM: To analyze the association among suicidal behavior, consumption of psychoactive substances, and Health Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) in adolescents attending schools in Valparaiso, Chile. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Five hundred-fifty adolescents enrolled in a public school participated in the study. HRQoL was evaluated through KIDSCREEN-27, while suicidal behavior and the consumption of psychoactive substances were measured with the Global School-based Student Health Survey (GSHS). RESULTS: The prevalence of suicidal behavior was higher in women and in those who used tobacco or marijuana in the last month. Respondents with a bad perception of physical well-being reported a higher frequency of suicidal ideation than those with a good perception (Odds ratio (OR): 2.24; 95% confidence: 1.49-3.36). Likewise the frequency of suicidal ideation was higher in those with a bad perception of psychological well-being (OR: 3.87; 95%CI: 2.09-7.71), and a bad perception of autonomy and relation with parents (OR:2.46; 95%CI: 1.34-4.54). Suicide planning was also associated with dimensions of autonomy and relation with parents (OR: 2.32; 95% CI: 1.23-4.38) and dimensions of friends and social support (OR: 1.86; 95%CI:1.05-3.28). Suicide attempt was associated with the dimensions of friendship and social support (OR: 1.83; 95%CI: 1.02-3.28) and school environment (OR: 1,92; 95%CI: 1,23-3,01). CONCLUSIONS: Suicide ideation is associated with worse physical and psychological well-being. Suicide planning and suicide attempt is associated with a worse perception about the relation with parents or friends, social support, and school environment.

[Association between eating habits and health related quality of life among school age adolescents]. / Hábitos alimentarios, obesidad y calidad de vida relacionada con la salud en adolescentes chilenos.

BACKGROUND: Adolescence is considered a nutritionally vulnerable period of life, since their eating habits are influenced by factors that can promote the consumption of non-nutritious food. AIM: To analyze the relation between eating habits, obesity, and the perception of Health-Related Quality of Life in school-aged adolescents. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study of 550 adolescents aged 16 ± 1 years (60% women) attending a public education institution in Valparaíso, Chile. The Global School-based Student Health Survey (GSHS) for eating habits and the KIDSCREEN-27 survey for health-related quality of life were self-administered online. The answers were anonymous. A logistic regression analysis was conducted to evaluate the relationship between the variables, which was adjusted for age and sex. RESULTS: Ten percent of men and 6% of women were obese. Those with an inadequate consumption of fruits had a worst perception of their physical well-being, autonomy and relationship with their parents. Psychological well-being and school environment were perceived worst among those that did not consume breakfast. Obese respondents also reported a poorest physical health. CONCLUSIONS: Inadequate eating habits and obesity have a negative effect of health-related quality of life among adolescents.

Biological and Psychological Factors Associated With Smoking Abstinence Six Years Post-Stroke.

Introduction: Tobacco use is a public health problem causing high morbidity and mortality, including stroke. This study evaluates predictive factors of smoking cessation in the long term after stroke. Methods: We followed a cohort of 110 consecutive smokers with stroke for up to 6 years. Sociodemographic variables, stroke severity, insular involvement, stage of change in smoking habit before stroke and disruption of addiction variable (smoking cessation, absence of relapses, having stopped smoking without difficulties and not having had urge) were evaluated. Results: Twenty patients died during follow-up and two patients were lost leaving a final cohort of 88 patients. The prevalence of smoking cessation in the remaining population was 65.9% post-stroke, 54.9% at 3-6 months, 40.9% at 1 year and 37.5% at 6 years. Prevalence was significantly higher in patients with insular involvement during the first year of follow-up, but not at 6 years. Disruption immediately after stroke (OR = 10.1; 95% CI = 2.5 to 40.1) and intention to change before having the stroke (OR = 4.8; 95% CI = 1.0 to 23.0) were predictors of abstinence at 6 years after adjusting for age, sex and stroke severity at baseline. When tobacco abstinence at the 1 year follow-up was included in the model, this factor was the best predictor of tobacco abstinence at 1 year (OR = 10.5; 95% CI = 2.2 to 49.4). Conclusions: Intention of change, having the disruption criteria, and abstinence 1 year after stroke were predictors of abstinence at 6 years. An insular lesion in the acute phase of stroke does not determine the tobacco use status at 6 years. Implications: This study is the first prospective investigation with a cohort of stroke patients to examine the long-term influence of biological and psychological factors on smoking cessation. Tobacco abstinence 1 year after stroke was the strongest predictor of abstinence at 6 years of follow-up. The effect of the insular cortex lesion on tobacco cessation, which had been relevant during the first year, no longer had an influence over the longer period studied here.

[Psychoactive substances use and health-related quality of life among school age adolescents]. / Uso de sustancias psicoactivas y calidad de vida relacionada con la salud en adolescentes escolarizados.

Background The use of psychoactive substances among adolescents is a major social and public health concern. Aim To analyze association of substance abuse and multiple drug use with health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in adolescents attending a high school in Valparaiso, Chile. Material and Methods Analytical cross-sectional study conducted in a sample of adolescents attending high school. HRQOL was assessed using KIDSCREEN-52 questionnaire and substance use was measured using the Global school-based student health survey. Participants had to complete online, self-administered, anonymous questionnaires. Multiple logistic regression analyses were conducted to calculate Odd ratios. Results A total of 550 adolescents aged 16 ± 1 years old completed the questionnaires. Thirty nine percent consumed alcohol during the last month, 31% smoked, 33% used marijuana and 33% admitted the use of multiple drugs. High-risk alcohol consumption was associated with a lower perception of psychological well-being, self-perception and school environment. This last dimension was affected in those who admitted marijuana use during the last month. Multiple drug use (three substances) was associated with a lower perception of physical and psychological well-being, self-perception, relationship with parents, family life and school environment. Conclusions High-risk alcohol consumption and multiple drug use (three substances) have a negative impact on the HRQOL of school age adolescents.

Polydrug use and its relationship with the familiar and social context amongst young college students.

The prevalence of polydrug use continues to grow among Spanish college students. The European Observatory for Drugs and Addictions establishes three different types of polydrug use: Pattern A (consumers of alcohol and tobacco), Pattern B (consumers of cannabis plus alcohol and/or tobacco) and Pattern C (consumers of cannabis plus alcohol plus tobacco plus at least one other kind of illegal drug). The objectives are: 1) to study the frequency of substance consumption among a sample of young Spanish undergradudates studying health and sports science according to their sex; 2) to describe the patterns of polydrug use; 3) to study the relationship between the polydrug use of the participants and polydrug use within their closest environment (parents, sisters or brothers, best friend and partner). The sample was composed of 480 Spanish undergraduates (43.7% females) aged 18 to 36. The level of drug consumption of students and their closest reference persons was evaluated by means of a self-report measure. A total of 46% of the participants reported consumption of two or more substances; among them 29.4% corresponded to Pattern A, 50.7% to Pattern B and 16.7% to Pattern C, while 3.2% corresponded to other multiple consumption patterns (alcohol + cocaine; alcohol + cocaine + tobacco; alcohol + inhalants; amphetamines + hallucinogens + Spice). An important correlation was observed concerning polydrug use between participants and their closest reference persons: the more the reference person is a multiple consumer, the more the participant tends to consume. Polydrug use within the closest environment emerges as one of the key elements to be taken into account in further prevention programs.

El policonsumo de drogas es cada vez más prevalente entre los jóvenes españoles. El Observatorio Europeo de las Drogas y las Toxicomanías establece tres tipologías de policonsumo: Patrón A (consumidores de alcohol y tabaco), Patrón B (consumidores de cannabis junto con alcohol y/o tabaco) y Patrón C (consumidores de cannabis junto con alcohol y tabaco y al menos otra droga ilegal). Los objetivos son: 1) estudiar la frecuencia de consumo de drogas en una muestra de jóvenes universitarios españoles del ámbito de la salud y el deporte según el sexo; 2) describir los patrones de policonsumo; 3) estudiar la relación entre el policonsumo de los participantes y el policonsumo de las personas de su entorno próximo (padres, hermanos, pareja y mejor amigo). La muestra consta de 480 universitarios (43.7% chicas) entre 18 y 36 años. Se administró un autoinforme para evaluar el policonsumo de los participantes y de sus referentes más próximos. Un 46% de los participantes eran consumidores de dos o más sustancias, de los cuales un 29.4% correspondían al Patrón A, un 50.7% al Patrón B, un 16.7% al Patrón C y un 3.2% a otros patrones de policonsumo (alcohol + cocaína; alcohol + cocaína + tabaco; alcohol + inhalantes; anfetaminas + alucinógenos + Spice). Se observa una elevada concordancia entre el policonsumo de los participantes y el de sus referentes próximos, de modo que si el referente es policonsumidor es más probable que el participante también lo sea. El policonsumo de drogas en el entorno próximo de los jóvenes deviene uno de los elementos clave a tener en cuenta en futuras campañas preventivas.

Sex-Related Differences in Post-Stroke Anxiety, Depression and Quality of Life in a Cohort of Smokers.

BACKGROUND: We aimed to study anxiety, depression and quality of life in smokers after stroke by sex. METHODS: A longitudinal prospective study with a 24-month follow-up of acute stroke patients who were previously active smokers. Anxiety and depression were evaluated with the Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale, and quality of life was evaluated with the EQ-5D questionnaire. RESULTS: One hundred and eighty patients participated (79.4% men); their mean age was 57.6 years. Anxiety was most prevalent at 3 months (18.9% in men and 40.5% in women) and depression at 12 months (17.9% in men and 27% in women). The worst perceived health occurred at 24 months (EQ-VAS 67.5 in men and 65.1 in women), which was associated with depression (p < 0.001) and Rankin Scale was worse in men (p < 0.001) and depression in women (p < 0.001). Continued tobacco use was associated with worse perceived health at 3 months in men (p = 0.034) and at 12 months in both sexes. Predictor variables of worse perceived health at 24 months remaining at 3 and 12 months were tobacco use in men and neurological damage in women. CONCLUSION: Differences by sex are observed in the prevalence of anxiety and depression and associated factors and in the predictive factors of perceived health.

Differences in Drug Use among Persons Experiencing Homelessness According to Gender and Nationality.

The main aims of this article are to update the data related to drug and alcohol use in persons experiencing homelessness (PEH) who use shelters, and to see if there are significant differences in their drug use depending on their gender and nationality. The article presents an analysis of the interconnections between the results of drug dependence detection tools (Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT), Drug Abuse Screening Test (DAST-10), Severity of Dependence Scale (SDS)) according to gender and nationality with the intention of identifying specific needs that lead to new lines of research into better approaches to homelessness. A cross-sectional, observational and analytical method was used to analyse the experiences of persons experiencing homelessness who use various shelters in the cities of Madrid, Girona, and Guadalajara (Spain). The results show that there are no gender differences in the risks of using drugs and drug addiction, but there are differences in terms of nationality for drug addiction, with Spanish nationals showing a greater tendency to develop drug addiction. These findings have significant implications, as they highlight socio-cultural and socio-educational influence as risk factors in drug addiction behaviours.

Cigarette, e-cigarette and waterpipe cognitions and use among university students in Guangzhou, China.

INTRODUCTION: There is currently little research on polytobacco use in China. The present study examined cognitions that predicted the use of cigarettes, e-cigarettes and waterpipes in a Chinese sample of students. METHODS: A convenience sample of 281 university students, obtained using snowball sampling, completed an online survey during the 2019-2020 academic year in Guangzhou, China. RESULTS: Men more strongly agreed, than women, with the possible advantages of using alternative nicotine and tobacco products, including: young people who smoke have more friends, smoking makes young people look cool, smoking makes young people feel more comfortable, smoking helps relieve stress, and it would be easy to quit. Factors significantly associated with regular cigarette use were the cognitions: 'I would smoke if my best friend offered', 'Young people who use these products have more friends', and 'It would be easy to quit these products' (global good classifications= 80.1%). In the case of waterpipes, agreement with the cognition: 'The product helps people relieve stress' was significantly associated with its use (global good classifications=80.1%). In the case of e-cigarettes, agreement with the cognitions: 'I would smoke if my best friend offered' and 'It would be easy to quit using these products' were significantly associated with the use of e-cigarettes (global good classifications=74.7%). CONCLUSIONS: The results highlight the need to develop prevention programs that prepare young Chinese people to resist social pressure from friends to use tobacco products. There is also evidence of the need to facilitate and disseminate rigorous scientific information among young people about the possible negative health effects of alternative tobacco products. There were also gender differences in the use of these products and in the cognitions towards their use, so it is important to take the gender perspective into account in the analysis of the results and when writing future questionnaire items.

Mating Performance and Singlehood Across 14 Nations.

Adult individuals frequently face difficulties in attracting and keeping mates, which is an important driver of singlehood. In the current research, we investigated the mating performance (i.e., how well people do in attracting and retaining intimate partners) and singlehood status in 14 different countries, namely Austria, Brazil, China, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Japan, Peru, Poland, Russia, Spain, Turkey, the UK, and Ukraine (N = 7,181). We found that poor mating performance was in high occurrence, with about one in four participants scoring low in this dimension, and more than 57% facing difficulties in starting and/or keeping a relationship. Men and women did not differ in their mating performance scores, but there was a small yet significant effect of age, with older participants indicating higher mating performance. Moreover, nearly 13% of the participants indicated that they were involuntarily single, which accounted for about one-third of the singles in the sample. In addition, more than 15% of the participants indicated that they were voluntarily single, and 10% were between-relationships single. We also found that poor mating performance was associated with an increased likelihood of voluntary, involuntary, and between-relationships singlehood. All types of singlehood were in higher occurrence in younger participants. Although there was some cross-cultural variation, the results were generally consistent across samples.

Smoking cessation 1 year poststroke and damage to the insular cortex.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Hospitalization as a result of stroke provides an opportunity to stop smoking that is often not taken up. The present study analyzes sociodemographic, psychological, and lesion-related variables to identify associated factors for smoking cessation during the first year after stroke. METHODS: We conducted a prospective longitudinal study with a 1-year follow-up of a cohort of 110 patients with acute stroke who were smokers at the time of diagnosis and were admitted consecutively between January 2005 and July 2007. RESULTS: On hospital release, 69.1% had given up smoking but at 1 year, only 40% had stopped smoking. Of the 110 patients, 27 (24.5%) had an acute stroke lesion in the insular cortex, of which 19 (70.3%) were nonsmokers at 1 year. Strongly associated factors in giving up smoking were the location of the lesion in the insular cortex (OR, 5.42; 95% CI, 1.95-15.01; P=0.001) and having the intention of giving up before the stroke, comparing precontemplating patients (without intention of giving up in the near future) with contemplating and prepared patients (intention of stopping in the near future; OR, 7.29; 95% CI, 1.89-28.07; P=0.004). CONCLUSIONS: Of patients with stroke who were smokers, only 4 of 10 patients had stopped smoking 1 year after admission. Our results show that the variables best predicting smoking cessation in patients with a stroke diagnosis 1 year after hospital discharge are insular damage and the prestroke intention to stop.

Polydrug Definition and Assessment: The State of the Art.

Polydrug use is a very common phenomenon and represents an important public health problem. The definition of the term has varied since its inception, and consequently so have forms of self-report evaluation. The aim of this review is to offer an overview of how the concept has evolved and its forms of evaluation through self-reporting. A search of the term polydrug was conducted on the PubMed portal up to August 2022, with a total of 2076 publications detected containing the word polydrug in their title, abstract or keywords. This includes publications that represent an advance in the definition and assessment of this construct through self-reports, which may be useful for researchers carrying out future studies in the field. The importance of distinguishing between concurrent and simultaneous polydrug use and the need to employ comparable measures in parameters for the frequency, magnitude and combination of psychoactive substances involved in polydrug use are two of the main recommendations emerging from this review.

[Homelessness and mental health diagnose during the Great Recession (2008-2017): the effect of immigration.] / Sinhogarismo y salud mental durante la Gran Recesión (2008-2017): el efecto de la inmigración.

OBJECTIVE: Homelessness, which is a severe social problem across Europe and on the rise over the past decade, is closely linked to organic and mental health problems. In front of the lack of diagnostic analysis studies in the Spanish territory, this research aimed to determine the sociodemographic characteristics of a sample of individuals experiencing homelessness (IEH), to determine the prevalence of diagnoses of substance use disorders, dual pathology and other mental disorders and to analyze the existence of diagnostic differences between IEH born in the country and immigrant IEH. METHODS: A transversal and observational study was carried out, based on the analysis of mental health diagnostics of the medical histories of a sample of 1,072 IEH (453 locals and 619 immigrants) assisted between 2008 and 2017 in mental health services in Girona, northeastern Spain. For the statistical analysis, Student's t test was used to compare means and the chi-squared test was used for the analysis of qualitative variables. A binary logistic regression analysis was carried out to establish the predictor variables for the diagnosis of drug addiction and dual pathology. RESULTS: IEH showed high rates of mental disorders, especially psychoactive substances (82.6% of diagnosed people). 43.9% of IEH showed alcohol dependence as the reason for their diagnosis, followed by cocaine addiction and opiates. Foreign born IEH had more diagnoses for alcohol dependence and less for opiates or dual pathology than spanish born IEH. IEH born in Spain showed a higher vulnerability and received more mental health diagnoses than immigrant IEH. CONCLUSIONS: Even though immigrant PESS show more diagnoses for alcohol dependence, PESS born in Spain show a higher vulnerability and receive more mental health diagnoses than immigrant PESS. The process of migrating seems to establish a difference in the kind of mental disorders and addictions the PESS collective is prone to.

OBJETIVO: El sinhogarismo, grave problema social en toda Europa y en aumento durante la última década, está estrechamente vinculado a problemas orgánicos y de salud mental. Frente a la ausencia de estudios de análisis diagnóstico en territorio español, esta investigación pretendió conocer las características sociodemográficas de una muestra de personas en situación de sinhogarismo (PESS), determinar la prevalencia de diagnósticos de trastorno por uso de sustancias psicoactivas, patología dual y otros trastornos mentales y analizar la existencia de diferencias diagnósticas entre PESS nacidas en el país y PESS inmigrantes. METODOS: Se realizó un estudio transversal, observacional y analítico a partir del análisis de los diagnósticos de salud mental de las historias clínicas de una muestra de 1.072 PESS (453 autóctonas y 619 inmigrantes), atendidas durante 2008 y 2017 en los Servicios de Salud Mental de Girona (noreste de España). Para el análisis estadístico se utilizó t de Student para la comparación de medias y el ji-cuadrado para el análisis de variables categóricas. Se efectuó un análisis de regresión logística binaria para establecer las variables predictoras del diagnóstico de drogodependencias y patología dual. RESULTADOS: El 44% de la muestra estaba historiado en la Red de Salud Mental y Adicciones. Las PESS mostraron elevados índices de trastornos mentales, especialmente trastornos por uso de sustancias psicoactivas (82,6% de las personas diagnosticadas). El 43,9% de las PESS diagnosticadas lo fueron por dependencia al alcohol, seguidos de la dependencia a cocaína y a opiáceos. Las PESS inmigrantes tuvieron más diagnósticos por dependencia al alcohol y menos por dependencia a los opiáceos o patología dual que las PESS autóctonas. CONCLUSIONES: Aunque las PESS inmigrantes presentan más diagnósticos en dependencia al alcohol, las PESS nacidas en España muestran una mayor vulnerabilidad y reciben más diagnósticos de salud mental que las PESS inmigrantes. El proceso migratorio establece pues diferencias en el tipo de trastornos mentales y por uso de sustancias en la población de PESS.

Family Climate and Intention to Use Cannabis as Predictors of Cannabis Use and Cannabis-Related Problems among Young University Students.

Determining the predictive variables associated with cannabis use and cannabis-related problems can ease the identification of young cannabis consumers who can benefit from prevention interventions. This study aimed: (1) to describe, among university students, the cannabis use and cannabis-use problems, intention to use cannabis and family climate based on the gender and the people the student lives with; (2) to explore whether the family climate and intention to use cannabis are predictors of cannabis use and cannabis-related problems. The sample was composed of 339 Spanish undergraduates (51.9% females) in a 17-to-25 age range (19.67 ± 1.53). The variables were assessed through a battery based on the ESPAD survey, cannabis abuse screening test, cannabis use intention questionnaire and family climate scale. More men than women had used cannabis in the precedent year and showed greater intention to use cannabis, whereas more women than men showed greater self-efficacy in not using cannabis. The family climate did not predict cannabis use and cannabis-related problems. However, subjective norms and self-efficacy were key predictors of cannabis use and cannabis-use problems, respectively. Different factors seemed to predict the use cannabis in the past year versus cannabis-related problems, and these differences may help inform the development and delivery of preventative efforts.

Influence of Pain and Discomfort in Stroke Patients on Coping Strategies and Changes in Behavior and Lifestyle.

The implementation of prevention strategies can reduce the risk of having a stroke. This prospective, longitudinal, multicenter observational study of 82 patients describes health habits, quality of life, coping strategies, and physical and neurological status at 3 months and 1 year after stroke. The EuroQoL-5D quality of life scale (EQ-5D) and the coping strategy measurement scale (COPE-28) were used to assess pain and discomfort, and behavioral and lifestyle changes. Significant differences were observed in the pain or discomfort levels of those patients with behavioral and lifestyle changes. Correlation was also found between pain or discomfort and the coping strategies associated with active emotional support at 1 year after stroke. The results of the pain or discomfort dimension were not, however, associated with better adherence to treatment. Pain and discomfort could have a predictive value in changes in lifestyles and behaviors but not for treatment adherence in patients who have had a stroke, which is significant at 1 year. In addition to important active coping strategies such as social support, these changes in behavior and lifestyle following a stroke are long-term and should therefore be assessed during the initial examination.

Facebook Intrusion as a Mediator Between Positive Capital and General Distress: A Cross-Cultural Study.

Background: Social networking sites (SNSs) play an important role in many aspects of life nowadays, and it seems to be crucial to explore their impact on human well-being and functioning. The main aim of the study was to examine the mediating role of Facebook intrusion between positive capital and general distress. Positive capital was considered as comprising self-esteem, ego-resiliency, and self-control, while general distress was seen as having three dimensions: depression, anxiety, and stress. Methods: The sample consisted of N = 4,495 participants (M = 22.96 years, SD = 5.46) from 14 countries: Australia, Cyprus, Greece, Hong Kong, Lithuania, New Zealand, Peru, Poland, Russia, Spain, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom, and United States. We used the following methods: the Facebook Intrusion Questionnaire (FIQ), the Self-Esteem Scale (SES), the Brief Self-Control Scale (SCS), The Ego Resiliency Revised Scale and the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21). Results: We found that Facebook intrusion was a mediator between self-esteem and general distress and between self-control and general distress. Limitations: The present study was based on a cross-sectional study, and the measures used were self-report measures. The majority of the participants were recruited using convenience sampling. Conclusions: The present findings contribute to a better understanding on how the social media have impact on individual mental health. Implications for future studies are discussed.

[Alcohol consumption patterns in adolescence]. / Patrones de consumo de alcohol en la adolescencia.

This study analyses alcohol consumption patterns and the role of social influence and risk perception of this substance on its consumption, in a sample of 1,624 secondary school students from Girona aged between 12 and 18 years (49.4% boys). The results show that 20.9% of the teenagers consider themselves regular alcohol consumers and that consumption increases with age, regardless of gender. A high percentage of consumers overcomes the high-risk health threshold, mainly amongst girls because of the gender differences in the metabolism of alcohol. Moreover, the influence of the social environment (friends and family) and risk perception of alcohol both on consumption and high-risk consumption is confirmed.

Cigarette, E-Cigarette and Waterpipe Use among Young Adults: Differential Cognitions about These Three Forms of Smoking.

BACKGROUND: Polytobacco use is common among young adults. The purpose of the present study was to investigate a number of cognitions related to the use of three tobacco products (cigarettes, e-cigarettes and waterpipes) among young adults. METHODS: Participants (n = 799, 59.4% women) aged 18-25 years old (M = 21.8, SD = 1.7) completed an online tobacco cognitions questionnaire. RESULTS: For all three tobacco products, there was significantly more agreement with the cognition "I would smoke if my best friend offered" among tobacco users (used one or more tobacco products) than among non-users. For e-cigarettes and waterpipes, there was significantly more agreement with the cognition "It would be easy to quit these products" than was reported by non-users. Polytobacco users (three tobacco products) endorsed the cognitions scale (the six cognition items were combined to form a single cognitions scale for each tobacco product) significantly more than non-users for cigarettes and e-cigarettes. Furthermore, waterpipe users, polytobacco users, dual users and single users all endorsed the combined cognitions scales more strongly than non-users. CONCLUSIONS: Efforts to prevent polytobacco use should ensure that young adults have the necessary self-efficacy to resist peer pressure and provide them with clear information about the health risks associated with using alternative tobacco products.