RESUMO
Severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is characterized by overproduction of immune mediators, but the role of interferons (IFNs) of the type I (IFN-I) or type III (IFN-III) families remains debated. We scrutinized the production of IFNs along the respiratory tract of COVID-19 patients and found that high levels of IFN-III, and to a lesser extent IFN-I, characterize the upper airways of patients with high viral burden but reduced disease risk or severity. Production of specific IFN-III, but not IFN-I, members denotes patients with a mild pathology and efficiently drives the transcription of genes that protect against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). In contrast, compared to subjects with other infectious or noninfectious lung pathologies, IFNs are overrepresented in the lower airways of patients with severe COVID-19 that exhibit gene pathways associated with increased apoptosis and decreased proliferation. Our data demonstrate a dynamic production of IFNs in SARS-CoV-2-infected patients and show IFNs play opposing roles at distinct anatomical sites.
Assuntos
COVID-19/patologia , Interferons/metabolismo , Sistema Respiratório/virologia , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Fatores Etários , Envelhecimento/patologia , COVID-19/genética , COVID-19/imunologia , Células Epiteliais/patologia , Células Epiteliais/virologia , Regulação da Expressão Gênica , Humanos , Interferons/genética , Leucócitos/patologia , Leucócitos/virologia , Pulmão/patologia , Pulmão/virologia , Síndrome do Desconforto Respiratório/patologia , Síndrome do Desconforto Respiratório/virologia , Carga ViralRESUMO
Chronic lung allograft dysfunction (CLAD) and interstitial lung disease associated with collagen tissue diseases (CTD-ILD) are two end-stage lung disorders in which different chronic triggers induce activation of myo-/fibroblasts (LFs). Everolimus, an mTOR inhibitor, can be adopted as a potential strategy for CLAD and CTD-ILD, however it exerts important side effects. This study aims to exploit nanomedicine to reduce everolimus side effects encapsulating it inside liposomes targeted against LFs, expressing a high rate of CD44. PEGylated liposomes were modified with high molecular weight hyaluronic acid and loaded with everolimus (PEG-LIP(ev)-HA400kDa). Liposomes were tested by in vitro experiments using LFs derived from broncholveolar lavage (BAL) of patients affected by CLAD and CTD-ILD, and on alveolar macrophages (AM) and lymphocytes isolated, respectively, from BAL and peripheral blood. PEG-LIP-HA400kDa demonstrated to be specific for LFs, but not for CD44-negative cells, and after loading everolimus, PEG-LIP(ev)-HA400kDa were able to arrest cell cycle arrest and to decrease phospho-mTOR level. PEG-LIP(ev)-HA400kDa showed anti-inflammatory effect on immune cells. This study opens the possibility to use everolimus in lung fibrotic diseases, demonstrating that our lipids-based vehicles can vehicle everolimus inside cells exerting the same drug molecular effect, not only in LFs, but also in immune cells.
Assuntos
Everolimo/farmacologia , Ácido Hialurônico/farmacologia , Lipossomos/química , Fibrose Pulmonar/tratamento farmacológico , Anti-Inflamatórios/química , Anti-Inflamatórios/farmacologia , Lavagem Broncoalveolar/métodos , Pontos de Checagem do Ciclo Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Células Cultivadas , Sistemas de Liberação de Medicamentos/métodos , Everolimo/química , Fibroblastos/efeitos dos fármacos , Fibroblastos/metabolismo , Humanos , Receptores de Hialuronatos/metabolismo , Ácido Hialurônico/química , Inflamação/tratamento farmacológico , Inflamação/metabolismo , Pulmão/efeitos dos fármacos , Pulmão/metabolismo , Doenças Pulmonares Intersticiais/tratamento farmacológico , Doenças Pulmonares Intersticiais/metabolismo , Macrófagos Alveolares/efeitos dos fármacos , Macrófagos Alveolares/metabolismo , Polietilenoglicóis/química , Fibrose Pulmonar/metabolismoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) rapidly reached pandemic proportions. Given that the main target of SARS-CoV-2 are lungs leading to severe pneumonia with hyperactivation of the inflammatory cascade, we conducted a prospective study to assess alveolar inflammatory status in patients with moderate to severe COVID-19. METHODS: Diagnostic bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was performed in 33 adult patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection by real-time PCR on nasopharyngeal swab admitted to the Intensive care unit (ICU) (n = 28) and to the Intermediate Medicine Ward (IMW) (n = 5). We analyze the differential cell count, ultrastructure of cells and Interleukin (IL)6, 8 and 10 levels. RESULTS: ICU patients showed a marked increase in neutrophils (1.24 × 105 ml- 1, 0.85-2.07), lower lymphocyte (0.97 × 105 ml- 1, 0.024-0.34) and macrophages fractions (0.43 × 105 ml- 1, 0.34-1.62) compared to IMW patients (0.095 × 105 ml- 1, 0.05-0.73; 0.47 × 105 ml- 1, 0.28-1.01 and 2.14 × 105 ml- 1, 1.17-3.01, respectively) (p < 0.01). Study of ICU patients BAL by electron transmission microscopy showed viral particles inside mononuclear cells confirmed by immunostaining with anti-viral capsid and spike antibodies. IL6 and IL8 were significantly higher in ICU patients than in IMW (IL6 p < 0.01, IL8 p < 0.0001), and also in patients who did not survive (IL6 p < 0.05, IL8 p = 0.05 vs. survivors). IL10 did not show a significant variation between groups. Dividing patients by treatment received, lower BAL concentrations of IL6 were found in patients treated with steroids as compared to those treated with tocilizumab (p < 0.1) or antivirals (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Alveolitis, associated with COVID-19, is mainly sustained by innate effectors which showed features of extensive activation. The burden of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL6 and IL8 in the broncho-alveolar environment is associated with clinical outcome.
Assuntos
Líquido da Lavagem Broncoalveolar/imunologia , Infecções por Coronavirus/imunologia , Inflamação/imunologia , Interleucina-6/imunologia , Interleucina-8/imunologia , Leucócitos/imunologia , Pulmão/imunologia , Macrófagos Alveolares/imunologia , Pneumonia Viral/imunologia , Monofosfato de Adenosina/análogos & derivados , Monofosfato de Adenosina/uso terapêutico , Corticosteroides/uso terapêutico , Idoso , Alanina/análogos & derivados , Alanina/uso terapêutico , Anticorpos Monoclonais Humanizados/uso terapêutico , Antivirais/uso terapêutico , Betacoronavirus , Lavagem Broncoalveolar , Líquido da Lavagem Broncoalveolar/citologia , Líquido da Lavagem Broncoalveolar/virologia , COVID-19 , Infecções por Coronavirus/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções por Coronavirus/terapia , Combinação de Medicamentos , Feminino , Humanos , Hidroxicloroquina/uso terapêutico , Unidades de Terapia Intensiva , Interleucina-10/imunologia , Itália , Leucócitos Mononucleares/virologia , Lopinavir/uso terapêutico , Pulmão/citologia , Pulmão/virologia , Linfócitos/imunologia , Masculino , Microscopia Eletrônica de Transmissão , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Neutrófilos/imunologia , Pandemias , Pneumonia Viral/terapia , Prognóstico , Estudos Prospectivos , Respiração Artificial/métodos , Ritonavir/uso terapêutico , SARS-CoV-2 , Glicoproteína da Espícula de Coronavírus/metabolismo , Taxa de Sobrevida , Vírion/metabolismo , Vírion/ultraestrutura , Tratamento Farmacológico da COVID-19RESUMO
Collagen Tissue Disease-associated Interstitial Lung Fibrosis (CTD-ILDs) and Bronchiolitis Obliterans Syndrome (BOS) represent severe lung fibrogenic disorders, characterized by fibro-proliferation with uncontrolled extracellular matrix deposition. Hyaluronic acid (HA) plays a key role in fibrosis with its specific receptor, CD44, overexpressed by CTD-ILD and BOS cells. The aim is to use HA-liposomes to develop an inhalatory treatment for these diseases. Liposomes with HA of two molecular weights were prepared and characterized. Targeting efficiency was assessed toward CTD-ILD and BOS cells by flow cytometry and confocal microscopy and immune modulation by RT-PCR and ELISA techniques. HA-liposomes were internalized by CTD-ILD and BOS cells expressing CD44, and this effect increased with higher HA MW. In THP-1 cells, HA-liposomes decreased pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1ß, IL-12, and anti-fibrotic VEGF transcripts but increased TGF-ß mRNA. However, upon analyzing TGF-ß release from healthy donors-derived monocytes, we found liposomes did not alter the release of active pro-fibrotic cytokine. All liposomes induced mild activation of neutrophils regardless of the presence of HA. HA liposomes could be also applied for lung fibrotic diseases, being endowed with low pro-inflammatory activity, and results confirmed that higher MW HA are associated to an increased targeting efficiency for CD44 expressing LFs-derived from BOS and CTD-ILD patients.
Assuntos
Bronquiolite Obliterante/tratamento farmacológico , Ácido Hialurônico/farmacologia , Lipossomos/farmacologia , Fibrose Pulmonar/tratamento farmacológico , Células A549 , Adulto , Bronquiolite Obliterante/patologia , Sistemas de Liberação de Medicamentos , Regulação da Expressão Gênica/efeitos dos fármacos , Voluntários Saudáveis , Humanos , Receptores de Hialuronatos/efeitos dos fármacos , Ácido Hialurônico/química , Lipossomos/química , Microscopia Confocal , Monócitos/efeitos dos fármacos , Fibrose Pulmonar/patologia , Fator de Crescimento Transformador beta/genética , Fator A de Crescimento do Endotélio Vascular/genéticaRESUMO
The efficacy of pre-emptive therapy in the prevention of cytomegalovirus (CMV) disease and the potential association of CMV infection with the occurrence of chronic lung allograft dysfunction (CLAD) was evaluated in 129 lung transplant recipients receiving pre-emptive therapy based on pp65-antigenemia or CMV-DNA in the blood and in the bronchoalveolar lavage. Seventy-one (55%) patients received pre-emptive ganciclovir/valganciclovir (GCV/VGCV) for CMV infection for a median of 28 (9-191) days. Possible CMV disease occurred in six (5%) patients and was healed after the GCV/VGCV therapy. The cumulative incidence of CLAD was 38% and 54% at 5 and 10 years. Acute rejection and CMV load in the blood (but not in the lung) were independent predictors of the occurrence of CLAD. Pre-emptive therapy is highly effective in preventing CMV disease in lung recipients and does not induce a superior incidence of CLAD compared to what reported for other cohorts of patients who received an extended antiviral prophylaxis.
RESUMO
Epigenetic changes, including miRNAs deregulation, have been suggested to play a significant role in development of obliterative bronchiolitis (OB) in transplanted lungs. Many studies have tried to identify ideal candidate miRNAs and the downstream pathways implicated in the bronchiolar fibro-obliterative process. Several candidate miRNAs, previously indicated as possibly being associated with OB, were analyzed by combining the quantitative real time-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and in situ hybridization (ISH) of lung tissues of OB affected patients. Disease and OB-lesion-specific expression of miR-21-5p was confirmed and by computational analysis we were able to identify the network of genes most probably associated miR-21-5p in the context of OB fibrogenesis. Among all potentially associated genes, STAT3 had a very high probability score. Immunohistochemistry showed that STAT3/miR-21-5p were co-over expressed in OB lesions, thus, suggesting miR-21-5p could regulate STAT3 expression. However, miR-21-5p inhibition in cultures of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS) derived myofibroblasts did not significantly affect STAT3 mRNA and protein expression levels. This study demonstrates the specificity of miR-21-5p over-expression in OB lesions and contributes to existing knowledge on the miR-21-5p downstream pathway. Activation of STAT3 is associated with miR-21-5p upregulation, however, STAT-3 network activation is most likely complex and miR-21-5p is not the sole regulator of STAT3.
Assuntos
Bronquiolite Obliterante/genética , Bronquiolite Obliterante/metabolismo , Transplante de Pulmão , MicroRNAs/genética , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Feminino , Humanos , Pulmão/metabolismo , Transplante de Pulmão/métodos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Fator de Transcrição STAT3/genética , Regulação para Cima , Adulto JovemRESUMO
The release of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), a process termed NETosis, avoids pathogen spread but may cause tissue injury. NETs have been found in severe COVID-19 patients, but their role in disease development is still unknown. The aim of this study is to assess the capacity of NETs to drive epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of lung epithelial cells and to analyze the involvement of NETs in COVID-19. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of severe COVID-19 patients showed high concentration of NETs that correlates with neutrophils count; moreover, the analysis of lung tissues of COVID-19 deceased patients showed a subset of alveolar reactive pneumocytes with a co-expression of epithelial marker and a mesenchymal marker, confirming the induction of EMT mechanism after severe SARS-CoV2 infection. By airway in vitro models, cultivating A549 or 16HBE at air-liquid interface, adding alveolar macrophages (AM), neutrophils and SARS-CoV2, we demonstrated that to trigger a complete EMT expression pattern are necessary the induction of NETosis by SARS-CoV2 and the secretion of AM factors (TGF-ß, IL8 and IL1ß). All our results highlight the possible mechanism that can induce lung fibrosis after SARS-CoV2 infection.
Assuntos
COVID-19/fisiopatologia , Transição Epitelial-Mesenquimal , Armadilhas Extracelulares/metabolismo , Neutrófilos/metabolismo , Adulto , Biópsia , Líquido da Lavagem Broncoalveolar/citologia , COVID-19/complicações , COVID-19/imunologia , Linhagem Celular , Células Epiteliais/patologia , Humanos , Pulmão/patologia , Fibrose Pulmonar/etiologia , Fibrose Pulmonar/metabolismoRESUMO
The development and persistence of SARS-CoV-2-specific immune response in immunocompetent (IC) and immunocompromised patients is crucial for long-term protection. Immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection was analysed in 57 IC and 15 solid organ transplanted (TX) patients. Antibody responses were determined by ELISA and neutralization assay. T-cell response was determined by stimulation with peptide pools of the Spike, Envelope, Membrane, and Nucleocapsid proteins with a 20-h Activation Induced Marker (AIM) and 7-day lymphoproliferative assays. Antibody response was detected at similar levels in IC and TX patients. Anti-Spike IgG, IgA and neutralizing antibodies persisted for at least one year, while anti-Nucleocapsid IgG declined earlier. Patients with pneumonia developed higher antibody levels than patients with mild symptoms. Similarly, both rapid and proliferative T-cell responses were detected within the first two months after infection at comparable levels in IC and TX patients, and were higher in patients with pneumonia. T-cell response persisted for at least one year in both IC and TX patients. Spike, Membrane, and Nucleocapsid proteins elicited the major CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses, whereas the T-cell response to Envelope protein was negligible. After SARS-CoV-2 infection, antibody and T-cell responses develop rapidly and persist over time in both immunocompetent and transplanted patients.
Assuntos
Anticorpos Antivirais/sangue , COVID-19/imunologia , Hospedeiro Imunocomprometido , Transplante de Órgãos , SARS-CoV-2/imunologia , Linfócitos T/imunologia , Transplantados , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Anticorpos Neutralizantes/sangue , Linfócitos B/imunologia , Proliferação de Células , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Células T de Memória/imunologia , Pessoa de Meia-IdadeRESUMO
The COVID-19 outbreak driven by SARS-CoV-2 has caused more than 2.5 million deaths globally, with the most severe cases characterized by over-exuberant production of immune-mediators, the nature of which is not fully understood. Interferons of the type I (IFN-I) or type III (IFN-III) families are potent antivirals, but their role in COVID-19 remains debated. Our analysis of gene and protein expression along the respiratory tract shows that IFNs, especially IFN-III, are over-represented in the lower airways of patients with severe COVID-19, while high levels of IFN-III, and to a lesser extent IFN-I, characterize the upper airways of patients with high viral burden but reduced disease risk or severity; also, IFN expression varies with abundance of the cell types that produce them. Our data point to a dynamic process of inter- and intra-family production of IFNs in COVID-19, and suggest that IFNs play opposing roles at distinct anatomical sites.
RESUMO
Bronchiolitis Obliterans Syndrome seriously reduces long-term survival of lung transplanted patients. Up to now there is no effective therapy once BOS is established. Nanomedicine introduces the possibility to administer drugs locally into lungs increasing drug accumulation in alveola reducing side effects. Imatinib was loaded in gold nanoparticles (GNP) functionalized with antibody against CD44 (GNP-HCIm). Lung fibroblasts (LFs) were derived from bronchoalveolar lavage of BOS patients. GNP-HCIm cytotoxicity was evaluated by MTT assay, apoptosis/necrosis and phosphorylated-cAbl (cAbl-p). Heterotopic tracheal transplantation (HTT) mouse model was used to evaluate the effect of local GNP-HCIm administration by Alzet pump. GNP-HCIm decreased LFs viability compared to Imatinib (44.4 ± 1.8% vs. 91.8 ± 3.2%, p < 0.001), inducing higher apoptosis (22.68 ± 4.3% vs. 6.43 ± 0.29; p < 0.001) and necrosis (18.65 ± 5.19%; p < 0.01). GNP-HCIm reduced cAbl-p (0.41 GNP-HCIm, 0.24 Imatinib vs. to control; p < 0.001). GNP-HCIm in HTT mouse model by Alzet pump significantly reduced tracheal lumen obliteration (p < 0.05), decreasing apoptosis (p < 0.05) and TGF-ß-positive signal (p < 0.05) in surrounding tissue. GNP-HCIm treatment significantly reduced lymphocytic and neutrophil infiltration and mast cells degranulation (p < 0.05). Encapsulation of Imatinib into targeted nanoparticles could be considered a new option to inhibit the onset of allograft rejection acting on BOS specific features.
Assuntos
Bronquíolos/efeitos dos fármacos , Bronquiolite Obliterante/prevenção & controle , Ouro/administração & dosagem , Mesilato de Imatinib/farmacologia , Pulmão/efeitos dos fármacos , Nanopartículas Metálicas/administração & dosagem , Animais , Apoptose/efeitos dos fármacos , Bronquíolos/metabolismo , Bronquiolite Obliterante/metabolismo , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Fibroblastos/efeitos dos fármacos , Fibroblastos/metabolismo , Humanos , Receptores de Hialuronatos/metabolismo , Pulmão/metabolismo , Transplante de Pulmão/efeitos adversos , Linfócitos/efeitos dos fármacos , Linfócitos/metabolismo , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Traqueia/efeitos dos fármacos , Traqueia/metabolismo , Fator de Crescimento Transformador beta/metabolismoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The role of CD19+CD24highCD38high B-regulatory cells in solid-organ Transplant (Tx) in acceptance are still scarce. In previous studies on kidney transplant recipients may suggest a protective role of this cell subtype in graft tolerance and the existence of a cross talk between B-and T-regulatory clones. In lung transplantation, the role of B-regulatory cells has never been investigated. In a murine tracheal transplantation model, this subset seems able to prevent tracheal obliteration when in combination with rapamycin. Aim of this study is to analyze peripheral CD19+CD24highCD38high B-reg cells counts in a cohort of lung recipients, their association with several clinical and pharmacological variables and their possible association with T regulatory cell. METHODS: From Jan 2009 to Dec 2014, 117 lung Tx recipients were submitted to an immunological follow up I-FU(median: 108.7â¯months (6.7-310.5)). Immunological follow up consisted of a complete blood peripheral immuno-phenotype, inclusive of CD19+CD24highCD38high B-cells (globally 1106 determinations). We tested the association between B-reg and relevant variables by linear or regression models for repeated measures, adjusting for time from Tx. RESULTS: Among all variables analyzed at multivariate analysis: chronic rejection (ORâ¯-â¯0.19, pâ¯=â¯.039), use of Mycophenolate (ORâ¯-â¯0.38, pâ¯<â¯.001) and the presence of a concomitant pulmonary infection of S. aureus (OR 0.66, pâ¯=â¯.002) and A. fumigatus (OR 0.50, pâ¯=â¯.009) were significantly associated to B-reg cell. No significant correlation between CD19+CD24highCD38high B-reg cells and T-reg cells counts was found in our cohort. CONCLUSIONS: Our present data highlight, for the first time, that this cell subset might participate in long-term lung graft acceptance mechanisms.
Assuntos
Aspergillus fumigatus/fisiologia , Linfócitos B Reguladores/imunologia , Rejeição de Enxerto/imunologia , Transplante de Pulmão , Aspergilose Pulmonar/epidemiologia , Infecções Respiratórias/epidemiologia , Infecções Estafilocócicas/epidemiologia , Staphylococcus aureus/fisiologia , Linfócitos T Reguladores/imunologia , ADP-Ribosil Ciclase 1/metabolismo , Adulto , Circulação Sanguínea , Antígeno CD24/metabolismo , Doença Crônica , Estudos de Coortes , Feminino , Rejeição de Enxerto/epidemiologia , Humanos , Imunofenotipagem , Interleucina-10/metabolismo , Itália/epidemiologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Ácido Micofenólico/uso terapêutico , Neprilisina/metabolismoRESUMO
PURPOSE: Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is an aggressive tumor characterized by poor prognosis. Its incidence is steadily increasing due to widespread asbestos exposure. There is still no effective therapy for MPM. Pemetrexed (Pe) is one of the few chemotherapeutic agents approved for advanced-stage disease, although the objective response to the drug is limited. The use of gold nanoparticles (GNPs) as a drug delivery system promises several advantages, including specific targeting of malignant cells, with increased intracellular drug accumulation and reduced systemic toxicity, and, in the case of MPM, direct treatment administration into the pleural space. This study aims at exploring CD146 as a potential MPM cell-specific target for engineered Pe-loaded GNPs and to assess their effectiveness in inhibiting MPM cell line growth. METHODS: MPM cell lines and primary cultures obtained by pleural effusions from MPM patients were assayed for CD146 expression by flow cytometry. Internalization by MPM cell lines of fluorescent dye-marked GNPs decorated with a monoclonal anti CD146 coated GNPs (GNP-HC) was proven by confocal microscopy. The effects of anti CD146 coated GNPs loaded with Pe (GNP-HCPe) on MPM cell lines were evaluated by cell cycle (flow cytometry), viability (MTT test), clonogenic capacity (soft agar assay), ROS production (electric paramagnetic resonance), motility (wound healing assay), and apoptosis (flow cytometry). RESULTS: GNP-HC were selectively uptaken by MPM cells within 1 hour. MPM cell lines were blocked in the S cell cycle phase in the presence of GNP-HCPe. Both cell viability and motility were significantly affected by nanoparticle treatment compared to Pe. Apoptotic rate and ROS production were significantly higher in the presence of nanoparticles. Clonogenic capacity was completely inhibited following nanoparticle internalization. CONCLUSION: GNP-HCPe treatment displays in vitro antineoplastic action and is more effective than Pe alone in inhibiting MPM cell line malignant phenotype. The innovative use of specifically targeted GNPs opens the perspective of local intrapleural administration to avoid normal cell toxicity and enhance chemotherapy efficacy.
Assuntos
Neoplasias Pulmonares/tratamento farmacológico , Mesotelioma/tratamento farmacológico , Nanopartículas Metálicas/química , Pemetrexede/uso terapêutico , Neoplasias Pleurais/tratamento farmacológico , Apoptose/efeitos dos fármacos , Biópsia , Antígeno CD146/metabolismo , Ciclo Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Movimento Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Endocitose/efeitos dos fármacos , Ouro/química , Humanos , Neoplasias Pulmonares/patologia , Mesotelioma/patologia , Mesotelioma Maligno , Pemetrexede/farmacologia , Neoplasias Pleurais/patologia , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio/metabolismoRESUMO
Interstitial lung involvement in Systemic Sclerosis (SSc-ILD) is a complication with high morbidity and mortality. Specifically, engineered gold nanoparticles (GNPs) are proposed as targeted delivery system increasing efficacy of drugs with antifibrotic effect, such as tyrosine kinases. We aimed to test in vitro and in vivo the activity of targeted Imatinib (Im)-loaded GNP on SSc-ILD patients derived cells and in experimental model of lung fibrosis. GNPs functionalized with anti-CD44 and loaded with Im (GNP-HCIm) were synthesized. Lung fibroblasts (LFs) and alveolar macrophages from bronchoalveolar lavage fluids of SSc-ILD patients were cultured in presence of nanoparticles. GNP-HCIm significantly inhibited proliferation and viability inducing apoptosis of LFs and effectively reduced IL-8 release, viability and M2 polarization in alveolar macrophages. Anti-fibrotic effect of tracheal instilled GNP-HCIm was evaluated on bleomycin lung fibrosis mouse model comparing effect with common route of Im administration. GNP-HCIm were able to reduce significantly lung fibrotic changes and collagen deposition. Finally, electron microscopy revealed the presence of GNPs inside alveolar macrophages. These data support the use of GNPs locally administered in the development of new therapeutic approaches to SSc-ILD.
Assuntos
Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Ouro/química , Mesilato de Imatinib/uso terapêutico , Pulmão/efeitos dos fármacos , Nanopartículas Metálicas/química , Fibrose Pulmonar/tratamento farmacológico , Escleroderma Sistêmico/tratamento farmacológico , Animais , Bleomicina/farmacologia , Líquido da Lavagem Broncoalveolar/citologia , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Liberação Controlada de Fármacos , Fibroblastos/efeitos dos fármacos , Fibroblastos/patologia , Humanos , Mesilato de Imatinib/administração & dosagem , Pulmão/patologia , Macrófagos Alveolares/efeitos dos fármacos , Macrófagos Alveolares/patologia , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Fibrose Pulmonar/patologia , Escleroderma Sistêmico/patologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Neurotensin receptors are overexpressed in several cancer types including pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Three NTR subtypes have been cloned: NTR-1, NTR-2 and NTR-3. The most expressed NTR-1 is not present in normal pancreatic tissue and has a low expression in chronic pancreatitis. OBJECTIVE: Objective of this study was to test in vitro affinity of the new 68Ga labelled neurotensin analogue DOTA-NT-20.3 (fragment 6-13, Ac-Lys(DOTA)-Pro-Arg(N-CH3)-Arg-Pro-Tyr-Tle-Leu) on the human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cell line AsPC-1. METHOD: For the preparation of 68Ga-DOTA-NT-20.3, 68GaCl3 solution (eluted from 68Ge/68Ga generator) and 50 µg of precursor (Iason, Graz, Austria) water dissolved were used in an automatic synthesis module. The labeled compound was added to cell culture flask and incubated at 37°C. At various time points after tracer addition up to 80min, cells were recovered, rinsed and counted for radioactivity. Results were expressed as percent binding normalized to 200000 cells and affinity parameters were calculated. RESULTS: Labeling yield was ≥98 %. The molar ratio between labelled and total peptide was about 1/400. AsPC-1 cell line showed rapid uptake of the tracer including surface and internalized binding, tending to a plateau phase 80 min after tracer addition (11%/200.000 cells). The Kd (7.335 pmol) and Bmax (90.52 kBq) value indicated high tracer affinity for AsPC-1cell line especially if compared with the literature data regarding other malignancies (e.g. colonic cancer cell line). Binding sites were 1.09x106 sites per cell. CONCLUSION: New tracer 68Ga-DOTA-NT-20.3 can be a suitable candidate for the clinical use in patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.