Moderate oxidation of hypertriglyceridemic low-density lipoprotein causes apolipoprotein B epitope change and enhances its uptake by macrophages.

We prepared monoclonal antibody (MabB4) that selectively binds to acetylated low-density lipoprotein (LDL). Native hypertriglyceridemic LDL (HT-LDL) obtained from IIb and native normotriglyceridemic LDL (NT-LDL) from type IIa scarcely bound with MabB4. When these LDL were oxidized moderately by incubation with copper ions, the binding of MabB4 to HT-LDL was enhanced compared to that of NT-LDL, although the contents of the hydroperoxide they produced were the same. The incorporation of moderately oxidized HT-LDL into macrophages was enhanced compared to that of NT-LDL, and the rate of incorporation parallel the binding of LDL for MabB4. These results suggested that moderate oxidation of HT-LDL expressed some apolipoprotein B epitope on the surface of acetylated LDL to a much greater degree than NT-LDL, and that this expressed epitope might work as a ligand of moderately oxidized HT-LDL for the recognition by macrophages.

Effects of substitutions of glycine and asparagine for serine132 on activity and binding of human lipoprotein lipase to very low density lipoproteins.

For studying the role of Ser132 in the putative catalytic site of human lipoprotein lipase (LPL), mutant LPL cDNAs expressing LPLs with amino acid substitutions of Gly or Asn for Ser132 were obtained by site-directed mutagenesis, and were expressed in COS-1 cells. Considerable amounts of LPL enzyme protein mass were detected in the culture medium of COS-1 cells transfected with wild-type LPL, LPL-Gly132, or LPL-Asn132. LPL-Gly132 hydrolyzed Triton X-100-triolein and tributyrin as effectively as wild-type LPL, whereas LPL-Asn132 showed no activity. LPL-Asn132 bound to very low density lipoproteins as effectively as wild-type LPL.

Functional and morphological effects of tumour necrosis factor alpha in an interleukin 6-producing pulmonary large cell carcinoma with sarcomatoid features.

We established a clonal cell line, HAT.MC8, derived from a human pulmonary large cell carcinoma with sarcomatoid features. This cell line was successfully maintained in a protein-free medium and exhibited sarcomatoid fibroblastic features in vitro. The cells constitutively produced a large amount of interleukin 6 (IL-6) in vitro. Tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) not only stimulated HAT.MC8 cells to produce IL-6, but also induced a morphological change from sarcomatoid fibroblastic to epithelial features. Although this change was related to actin and zonula adherens, there was no evidence that E-cadherin participated in the change. Interleukin 1 beta (IL-1 beta) had a stimulatory effect on IL-6 production by HAT.MC8 cells, but no influence on the morphology of the cells.

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for serum pseudocholinesterase.

We developed a reliable enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using purified pseudocholinesterase (ChE) as a standard and its monoclonal antibody. The precision, reproducibility, and sensitivity of this assay were quite satisfactory. Serum ChE concentration in 506 normal individuals ranging from 20 to 60 years of age was 3.78 +/- 0.32 mg/l (mean +/- 1 S.D.), though age- and sex-related differences were present. Measurements of ChE concentration and ChE enzymatic activity by two different assay kits in 63 serum samples taken in the Clinical Laboratory of the Jichi Medical School correlated closely. Quantitative determination of serum ChE concentration can be clinically useful: it is much easier and requires far less restricting conditions than does determination of ChE enzymatic activity. Also, it can be performed quite easily under far less demanding conditions. Further, the method is easy to standardize, and this standardization may be applied when the assay is used to evaluate ChE enzymatic activity.

Lipoprotein lipase mass and activity in severe hypertriglyceridemia.

To clarify the role of defective lipoprotein lipase (LPL) in hypertriglyceridemia, the LPL masses and LPL activities in post-heparin plasma (PHP) were studied in severe hypertriglyceridemias. The developed sandwich enzyme immunoassay for the LPL was sensitive from 0.5 to 20 ng/ml of LPL in human PHP. The plasma LPL mass increased by heparin injection (30 USP units/kg) and was found to positively correlate with LPL activity. The mean LPL activity from PHP of normal controls was 2,960 +/- 1,057 nmol/ml/h. The mean LPL masses from human pre- and 15-min post-heparin plasma from normal subjects were 25 +/- 5 ng/ml and 224 +/- 60 ng/ml, respectively. Thus the specific activity of LPL from PHP of normal controls was calculated to be 13.3 mumol FFA released/h/microgram LPL. Among hypertriglyceridemic patients with over 1,000 mg/dl of serum triglyceride, the incidence of patients with LPL masses less than -2 standard deviations (S.D.) of those of average normal control subjects was found to be 27%. Seventy percent of patients showed specific activities within + 2 S.D. of those of average control LPL, and 30% showed significantly low specific activities less than -2 S.D. despite the fact that LPL masses were not less than -2 S.D. of the average normal controls. These results suggest that the evaluation of LPL masses in PHP would be useful for finding functionally defective LPL in patients with hypertriglyceridemia, and that up to 30% severe hypertriglyceridemias may have functionally defective LPL.

Pre-heparin plasma lipoprotein lipase mass: correlation with intra-abdominal visceral fat accumulation.

OBJECTIVE: To determine how lipoprotein lipase mass in the pre-heparin plasma is affected by body fat distribution, which is known to be closely related to lipid disorder, either directly or through insulin resistance. SUBJECTS: A total of 57 subjects consisting of 50 hyperlipidemic and 7 normolipidemic subjects (age 54 +/- IIy; 31 men, 26 women; body mass index 24+/- 2.5 kg/m2; serum total cholesterol 6.4+/-1.5 mmol/l; triglycerides, 2.4 +/- 1.7 mmol/l; HDL-cholesterol 1.3 +/- 0.5 mmol/l) were enrolled. MEASUREMENTS: We investigated the correlation between pre-heparin plasma LPL mass and intra-abdominal visceral fat area (or subcutaneous fat area) evaluated by computed tomography, and serum lipids and lipoproteins. RESULTS: Pre-heparin plasma LPL mass correlated inversely against intra-abdominal visceral fat area (r = - 0.51, p < 0.0001) and body mass index (r = - 0.46, p = 0.0003), but did not show any significant correlation with subcutaneous fat area. Pre-heparin plasma LPL mass had a positive correlation with serum high density lipoprotein cholesterol (r = 0.45, p = 0.0004) and a negative correlation against serum triglycerides (r = - 0.48, p = 0.0002). CONCLUSIONS: Pre-heparin plasma LPL mass is closely associated with intra-abdominal fat distribution, and the measurement of its value gives useful information concerning metabolic disorder.

A new sandwich enzyme immunoassay for measurement of plasma pre-beta1-HDL levels.

Pre-beta1-HDL, a putative discoid-shaped high density lipoprotein (HDL) of approximately 67-kDa mass that migrates with pre-beta mobility in agarose gel electrophoresis, contains apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I), phospholipids, and unesterified cholesterol. It participates in the retrieval of cholesterol from peripheral tissues. In this study we established a new sandwich enzyme immunoassay (EIA) for measuring plasma pre-beta1-HDL using mouse anti-human pre-beta1-HDL monoclonal antibody (MAb 55201) and goat anti-human apoA-I polyclonal antibody. MAb 55201 reacted with apoA-I in lipoprotein [A-I] with molecular mass less than 67 kDa, and with pre-beta1-HDL separated by nondenaturing two-dimensional electrophoresis, whereas it did not react with apoA-I in alpha-HDL. Pre-beta1-HDL levels measured by this method declined when incubated at 37 degrees C for 2 h, whereas this decrease was not observed in the presence of 2 mM lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase inhibitor 5,5'-dithiobis (2-nitrobenzoic acid). To clarify the clinical significance of measuring pre-beta1-HDL by this method, 47 hyperlipidemic subjects [male/female 22/25; age 55 +/- 14 years; body mass index 25 +/- 4.5 kg/m(2); total cholesterol (TC) 245 +/- 64 mg/dl; triglyceride (TG) 232 +/- 280 mg/dl; HDL cholesterol (HDL-C) 51 +/- 23 mg/dl] and 25 volunteers (male/female 15/10; age 36 +/- 9.3 years; body mass index 23 +/- 3.5 kg/m(2); TC 183 +/- 28 mg/dl; TG 80 +/- 34 mg/dl; HDL-C 62 +/- 15 mg/dl) were involved. Plasma pre-beta1-HDL levels were significantly higher in hyperlipidemic subjects than in volunteers (39.3 +/- 10.1 vs. 22.5 +/- 7.5 mg/ml, P < 0.001) whereas plasma apoA-I levels did not differ (144.2 +/- 28.4 vs. 145.3 +/- 16.3 mg/dl). These results indicate that this sandwich EIA method specifically recognizes apoA-I associated with pre-beta1-HDL.

Detection of the cholestatic factor in the liver tissue of patients with acute intrahepatic cholestasis.

A novel lymphokine, which we have designated as cholestatic factor (CF), was produced from peripheral blood lymphocytes of patients with drug-induced allergic intrahepatic cholestasis by stimulation with a causative drug in the presence of the liver soluble fraction containing liver-specific lipoprotein (LSP). Marked reductions in bile flow and bile acid excretion were induced in rats by injecting CF through a mesenteric vein. In order to confirm the presence of CF in the liver tissue of patients, we attempted to detect this lymphokine by using the enzyme-labelled antibody method. As a result, CF was found in the liver tissue of eleven out of thirty-eight patients with acute intrahepatic cholestasis including one with hepatitis A type, one with hepatitis B type, two with hepatitis non-A non-B type, five with drug-induced allergic hepatitis, one with alcoholic hepatitis and one with lupoid hepatitis. In contrast, CF was undetectable in the liver tissue of patients without intrahepatic cholestasis. These results may additionally support our assumption that CF plays an important role in the induction of intrahepatic cholestasis in various liver diseases.

Effects of treatment with bezafibrate on lipoprotein lipase activity and mass in patients with hypertriglyceridemia.

The activity and mass of lipoprotein lipase (LPL) in postheparin plasma (PHP) from patients with hypertriglyceridemia coupled with hypertension, impaired glucose tolerance, hyperinsulinemia were investigated in order to clarify the cause of hypertriglyceridemia and the effects of bezafibrate (CAS 41859-67-0), a novel lipid lowering agent. Eight weeks of treatment with bezafibrate (200 mg/d) lowered plasma total cholesterol and triglyceride by 7 and 39%, respectively, and increased plasma high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol by 23% in the patients (n = 15). The LPL activity and mass of PHP in the patients were found to be lower than in the normal controls. The LPL activity and mass of PHP in the patients before treatment with bezafibrate (n = 15) were 2.05 +/- 1.06 mumol/ml/h and 147 +/- 45 ng/ml, respectively, whereas after treatment with 200 mg/d of bezafibrate for 8 weeks, these values were 3.62 +/- 1.30 mumol/ml/h (p < 0.01) and 226 +/- 57 ng/ml (p < 0.05), respectively. The increases of LPL mass were positively correlated with the decrease of triglyceride levels during the same period. These results suggest that the expression of LPL enzyme protein is impaired in patients with hypertriglyceridemia coupled with hypertension, impaired glucose tolerance and hyperinsulinemia, and the impaired expression of LPL recovers during treatment with bezafibrate, resulting in improvement of hypertriglyceridemia.

A heterozygous mutation (the codon for Ser447----a stop codon) in lipoprotein lipase contributes to a defect in lipid interface recognition in a case with type I hyperlipidemia.

Previously, we reported a case with type I hyperlipidemia due to a lipid interface recognition deficiency in lipoprotein lipase (LPL) (1). The LPL from postheparin plasma of this patient did not hydrolyze TritonX-100-triolein or very low density lipoprotein-triolein but did hydrolyze tributyrin and LysoPC-triolein substrates. Sequence analysis of the probands DNA revealed a heterozygous nucleotide change: a C----G transversion at position of 1595, resulting in changing the codon for Ser447 to a stop codon. Expression studies of this mutant LPLcDNA in Cos-1 cells produced and secreted considerable amounts of LPL mass in the culture media. The mutated LPL hydrolyzed much less TritonX-100-triolein than wild type LPL, whereas hydrolysis of tributyrin and LysoPC--triolein was the same with both the mutant and wild type LPL. These results suggest that this mutation might be responsible for the property of the LPL with a defect in lipid interface recognition in the type I patient we reported.