Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy increase the incidence of febrile seizures in offspring.

BACKGROUND: Intrauterine exposure to hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) may increase the risk of neuropsychiatric disorders. This investigation examined for associations between maternal HDP and febrile seizures (FS) in offspring by the age of three years. METHODS: The present cohort study analyzed data from the Japan Environment and Children's Study, a large national birth cohort. We included mother-child pairs recruited between January 2011 and March 2014. Information regarding maternal HDP, the presence of FS in offspring up to 3 years of age, and potential confounding factors were assessed using written questionnaires administered to mothers. RESULTS: A total of 77,699 mother-child dyads were analyzed. The prevalence of FS was 8.4% in children without HDP exposure, 10.6% in those exposed to mild HDP, and 10.4% in those with severe HDP exposure. Among children with full-term birth, logistic regression analysis indicated that exposure to mild or severe HDP was significantly associated with a higher incidence of FS (adjusted odds ratio [95% confidence interval]: 1.27 [1.05-1.53] and 1.27 [0.90-1.78], respectively, P for trend = 0.008), compared with children without HDP exposure. CONCLUSION: In children with full-term birth, intrauterine exposure to HDP was significantly associated with FS by the age of three years. IMPACT: This study revealed a significant association between intrauterine exposure to hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) and the subsequent development of febrile seizures (FS) in offspring by three years. This increased incidence of FS by HDP was independent of preterm birth status. This is the first large nationwide birth cohort study showing the impact of intrauterine exposure to HDP on FS in early childhood.

RNA-seq analysis, targeted long-read sequencing and in silico prediction to unravel pathogenic intronic events and complicated splicing abnormalities in dystrophinopathy.

Dystrophinopathy is caused by alterations in DMD. Approximately 1% of patients remain genetically undiagnosed, because intronic variations are not detected by standard methods. Here, we combined laboratory and in silico analyses to identify disease-causing genomic variants in genetically undiagnosed patients and determine the regulatory mechanisms underlying abnormal DMD transcript generation. DMD transcripts from 20 genetically undiagnosed dystrophinopathy patients in whom no exon variants were identified, despite dystrophin deficiency on muscle biopsy, were analyzed by transcriptome sequencing. Genome sequencing captured intronic variants and their effects were interpreted using in silico tools. Targeted long-read sequencing was applied in cases with suspected structural genomic abnormalities. Abnormal DMD transcripts were detected in 19 of 20 cases; Exonization of intronic sequences in 15 cases, exon skipping in one case, aberrantly spliced and polyadenylated transcripts in two cases and transcription termination in one case. Intronic single nucleotide variants, chromosomal rearrangements and nucleotide repeat expansion were identified in DMD gene as pathogenic causes of transcript alteration. Our combined analysis approach successfully identified pathogenic events. Detection of diseasing-causing mechanisms in DMD transcripts could inform the therapeutic options for patients with dystrophinopathy.

Complete sequencing of expanded SAMD12 repeats by long-read sequencing and Cas9-mediated enrichment.

A pentanucleotide TTTCA repeat insertion into a polymorphic TTTTA repeat element in SAMD12 causes benign adult familial myoclonic epilepsy. Although the precise determination of the entire SAMD12 repeat sequence is important for molecular diagnosis and research, obtaining this sequence remains challenging when using conventional genomic/genetic methods, and even short-read and long-read next-generation sequencing technologies have been insufficient. Incomplete information regarding expanded repeat sequences may hamper our understanding of the pathogenic roles played by varying numbers of repeat units, genotype-phenotype correlations, and mutational mechanisms. Here, we report a new approach for the precise determination of the entire expanded repeat sequence and present a workflow designed to improve the diagnostic rates in various repeat expansion diseases. We examined 34 clinically diagnosed benign adult familial myoclonic epilepsy patients, from 29 families using repeat-primed PCR, Southern blot, and long-read sequencing with Cas9-mediated enrichment. Two cases with questionable results from repeat-primed PCR and/or Southern blot were confirmed as pathogenic using long-read sequencing with Cas9-mediated enrichment, resulting in the identification of pathogenic SAMD12 repeat expansions in 76% of examined families (22/29). Importantly, long-read sequencing with Cas9-mediated enrichment was able to provide detailed information regarding the sizes, configurations, and compositions of the expanded repeats. The inserted TTTCA repeat size and the proportion of TTTCA sequences among the overall repeat sequences were highly variable, and a novel repeat configuration was identified. A genotype-phenotype correlation study suggested that the insertion of even short (TTTCA)14 repeats contributed to the development of benign adult familial myoclonic epilepsy. However, the sizes of the overall TTTTA and TTTCA repeat units are also likely to be involved in the pathology of benign adult familial myoclonic epilepsy. Seven unsolved SAMD12-negative cases were investigated using whole-genome long-read sequencing, and infrequent, disease-associated, repeat expansions were identified in two cases. The strategic workflow resolved two questionable SAMD12-positive cases and two previously SAMD12-negative cases, increasing the diagnostic yield from 69% (20/29 families) to 83% (24/29 families). This study indicates the significant utility of long-read sequencing technologies to explore the pathogenic contributions made by various repeat units in complex repeat expansions and to improve the overall diagnostic rate.

High Incidence of Hippocampal Abnormalities in Pediatric Patients with Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection.

BACKGROUND: Congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection exhibits polymicrogyria, intracranial calcification, white matter lesions, and several types of intracranial lesions on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), in addition to various developmental disorders and epilepsies. However, little is known on the presence of hippocampal abnormality in this affliction. The aim of this study is to clarify the incidence of hippocampal abnormality in congenital CMV infection. METHODS: Seventeen children diagnosed as having congenital CMV infection along with 17 age-matched pediatric controls were retrospectively evaluated by brain MRI and clinical review. The measurement data were obtained from conventional coronal sections in this retrospective study. Hippocampal malrotation (HIMAL) was defined as a hippocampal diameter ratio (i.e., the ratio of the height and width of the hippocampus) of >0.92. RESULTS: Hippocampal diameter ratios were significantly higher in the congenital CMV infection group (0.99 [range: 0.70-1.58] on the right side and 0.85 [range: 0.66-1.39] on the left side) than in controls (0.71 [range: 0.58-0.91] and 0.70 [range: 0.50-1.00], respectively). HIMAL was present in 17 of 34 hippocampi (50%) in the congenital CMV infection group and 1 of 34 hippocampi (2.9%) in controls. No correlations were detected between HIMAL and intelligence quotient/developmental quotient or the occurrences of autism spectrum disorder or epilepsy. CONCLUSION: This study is the first to demonstrate the incidence of hippocampal abnormality to be significantly higher in congenital CMV infection patients than in age-matched controls. Further study is necessary to clarify the associations of HIMAL with other clinical and developmental features.

Prenatal clinical manifestations in individuals with COL4A1/2 variants.

BACKGROUND: Variants in the type IV collagen gene (COL4A1/2) cause early-onset cerebrovascular diseases. Most individuals are diagnosed postnatally, and the prenatal features of individuals with COL4A1/2 variants remain unclear. METHODS: We examined COL4A1/2 in 218 individuals with suspected COL4A1/2-related brain defects. Among those arising from COL4A1/2 variants, we focused on individuals showing prenatal abnormal ultrasound findings and validated their prenatal and postnatal clinical features in detail. RESULTS: Pathogenic COL4A1/2 variants were detected in 56 individuals (n=56/218, 25.7%) showing porencephaly (n=29), schizencephaly (n=12) and others (n=15). Thirty-four variants occurred de novo (n=34/56, 60.7%). Foetal information was available in 47 of 56 individuals, 32 of whom (n=32/47, 68.1%) had one or more foetal abnormalities. The median gestational age at the detection of initial prenatal abnormal features was 31 weeks of gestation. Only 14 individuals had specific prenatal findings that were strongly suggestive of features associated with COL4A1/2 variants. Foetal ventriculomegaly was the most common initial feature (n=20/32, 62.5%). Posterior fossa abnormalities, including Dandy-Walker malformation, were observed prenatally in four individuals. Regarding extrabrain features, foetal growth restriction was present in 16 individuals, including eight individuals with comorbid ventriculomegaly. CONCLUSIONS: Prenatal observation of ventriculomegaly with comorbid foetal growth restriction should prompt a thorough ultrasound examination and COL4A1/2 gene testing should be considered when pathogenic variants are strongly suspected.

Parechovirus-A3 encephalitis presenting with focal seizure mimicking herpes simplex virus infection.

BACKGROUND: Febrile neonates and young infants presenting with seizure require immediate evaluation and treatment. Herein we experienced two young infants with parechovirus-A3 (PeV-A3) encephalitis, initially presented with focal seizure suspecting herpes simplex virus (HSV) encephalitis. CASES: We have experienced 2 infantile cases, initially presented with focal seizure. At presentation, HSV encephalitis was strongly suspected and empiric acyclovir therapy was started; however, serum and/or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) PCR for HSV were negative. Instead, serum and/or CSF PCR for parechovirus-A was positive. PeV-A3 infection was confirmed by genetic sequence analyses. Both cases required multiple anticonvulsant therapy and intensive care for intractable seizure. Diffusion-weighted imaging of brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed distinct findings; high-intensity lesions in the gray matter of parietal and occipital lobes in Case 1, and bilateral decreased diffusion of the deep white matter and corpus callosum in Case 2. We have followed two cases more than four years; Case 1 developed epilepsy, has been on an anticonvulsant to control her seizure. Case 2 has significant neurodevelopmental delay, unable to stand or communicate with language. CONCLUSIONS: PeV-A3 encephalitis needs to be in differential diagnosis when neonates and young infants present with focal seizure, mimicking HSV encephalitis. Special attention may be necessary in patients with PeV-A3 encephalitis given it could present with intractable seizure with high morbidity in a long-term.

Successful treatment of arrhythmia-induced cardiomyopathy in an infant with tuberous sclerosis complex.

BACKGROUND: Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is an autosomal-dominant tumor suppressor gene syndrome that is characterized by the development of distinctive benign tumors and malformations in multiple organ systems (N Eng J Med 355:1345-1356, 2006). Cardiac rhabdomyomas are intracavitary or intramural tumors observed in 50-70 % of infants with TSC but only cause serious clinical problems in a very small fraction of these patients (N Eng J Med 355:1345-1356, 2006; Pediatrics 118:1146-1151, 2006; Eur J Pediatr 153:155-7, 1994); most individuals have no clinical symptoms and their tumors spontaneously regress. However, despite being clinically silent, these lesions can provoke arrhythmias and heart failure (Pediatrics 118:1146-1151, 2006; Eur J Pediatr 153:155-7, 1994). CASE PRESENTATION: We here report the clinical findings of an infant suffering from TSC complicated with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) after the regression of cardiac rhabdomyomas. Although his tumors improved spontaneously, tachycardia and irregular heart rate due to frequent premature ventricular and supraventricular contractions persisted from the newborn period and were refractory to several medications. His cardiomyopathy was suspected to have been induced by the tachycardia or arrhythmia. We found carvedilol therapy to be safe and highly effective in treating the cardiomyopathy. To our knowledge, this is the first case report of TSC with DCM after regression of cardiac tumors and its successful treatment. CONCLUSION: The patient's clinical course suggests that careful life-long disease management is important, even in TSC patients without apparent symptoms.

Successful treatment of fulminant Wilson's disease without liver transplantation.

Fulminant Wilson's disease (WD) is life-threatening. The revised WD prognostic index (RWPI) has been used to predict the severity of the disease, with a score ≥11 indicating fatal outcome without liver transplantation (LTx). We here report the case of a 10-year-old female patient with fulminant WD (RWPI, 16) who recovered fully after plasma exchange and continuous hemodiafiltration, followed by treatment with copper chelate agents. To the best of our knowledge, there have been five fulminant WD patients with RWPI ≥ 11 including the present patient, in whom LTx was not done. Based on the therapeutic modalities in these five cases, non-surgical treatment (blood purification and copper chelate agents) may be able to avoid LTx in fulminant WD even with very high RWPI, although preparation for LTx is necessary.

Risk factors for post-encephalopathic epilepsy in patients with acute encephalopathy with biphasic seizures and late reduced diffusion.

BACKGROUND: Post-encephalopathic epilepsy (PEE) is a serious complication of acute encephalopathy syndromes, and is more frequent in patients with acute encephalopathy with biphasic seizures and late reduced diffusion (AESD) than in children with acute encephalopathy. However, a risk factor analysis using laboratory findings in the acute phase of AESD has not yet been performed. Therefore, the present study examined risk factors of AESD-related PEE using laboratory parameters in the acute phase of AESD. METHODS: We retrospectively screened 27 pediatric patients with AESD for inclusion, and enrolled 20 ("the PEE group", n = 6; "the non-PEE group", n = 14) according to inclusion criteria. RESULTS: The incidence of AESD-related PEE was 30 %, and the median duration from the onset of AESD to the development of PEE was 2.5 months (range, 1-32). The most common types of seizures were focal seizures, epileptic spasms, and startle seizures: 4 out of 6 patients (66.7 %) had intractable epilepsy. The median values of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in the 1st and 2nd seizure phases of AESD and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) in the 2nd seizure phase were significantly higher in the PEE group than in the non-PEE group (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: This is the first study to report higher serum levels of ALT and AST at the onset of AESD as risk factors for AESD-related PEE. We also provided a detailed description on the clinical characteristics on AESD-related PEE, which are consistent with previous findings.

Exacerbation of restless legs syndrome following amygdalohippocampectomy: A case report.

Background: Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is a neurological sensorimotor disorder characterized by an uncontrollable urge to move the legs. In the perioperative period, patients with RLS may experience an acute exacerbation of symptoms. Although studies on the exacerbation of RLS after brain surgery are limited, we present a case wherein symptoms worsened following left amygdalohippocampectomy. Case Presentation: A 58-year-old woman diagnosed with mesiotemporal lobe epilepsy accompanied by left hippocampal sclerosis underwent a left amygdalohippocampectomy. The patient reported uncomfortable sensations in the lower limbs preoperatively. However, the urge to move her legs was manageable and not distinctly diagnosed with RLS. The symptoms began to deteriorate on the fifth postoperative day primarily affecting the legs and back, with a notable emphasis on the right side. Pramipexole treatment effectively ameliorated these symptoms. Conclusion: No reports are available highlighting the exacerbation of RLS after amygdalohippocampectomy. Perioperative factors, such as anesthesia and iron deficiency due to hemorrhage, have been proposed as aggravating factors for RLS; however, the asymmetry of RLS, particularly the atypical right-sided exacerbation in this case, makes it unlikely that this was the primary cause. A negative correlation between opioid receptor availability in the amygdala and RLS severity has been reported, suggesting that amygdalohippocampectomy contributes to the exacerbation of RLS symptoms. This case provides valuable insights into the possible involvement of the amygdala in the pathophysiology of RLS and practical considerations for the clinical management of the condition.

[Efficacy of visual cognitive function tests in health examinations of five-year-old children].

OBJECTIVE: Health examination programs for five-year-old children are aimed at effectively detecting developmental disorders, such as attention deficit/hyperactivity disorders (AD/HD), learning disorders (LD), higher functioning autistic spectrum disorders (HFASD), and other abnormalities. Tests usually include a questionnaire and observation of group playing, verbal communication, and soft neurological signs; however, it is often difficult to detect children who have LD with visual cognitive dysfunctions through such conventional examination techniques. Here, we analyzed the efficacy of using a battery of visual cognitive function tests to identify such cases. METHODS: We employed four simple tests to evaluate visual cognitive function in addition to a standard health examination for five-year-old between April 2008 and March 2010. To analyze visual cognitive function tests, the results were scored and the applicability of these tests was verified by comparisons with established tests. RESULTS: A total of 653 five-year-old children underwent health examinations, and 48 children were referred to the hospital for further examinations. As a result, 34 children were newly diagnosed with developmental disorders, including HFASD, AD/HD, LD, and mild intellectual disturbances. Strong correlations were seen between the scores of these four examinations and those of other established tests, such as the performance intelligence score, the perceptual organization index of WISC-III, and the Frostig visual development test score. An additional benefit of our method was that parents could easily recognize developmental disorders in their children through direct observation of these examinations. CONCLUSIONS: We concluded that the battery of visual cognitive function tests was simple and useful for detecting developmental disorders in the health examinations of five-year-old children.

A serial analysis of serum aspartate aminotransferase levels in patients with acute encephalopathy with biphasic seizures and late reduced diffusion and prolonged febrile seizure.

BACKGROUND: There are no established biomarkers for diagnosing acute encephalopathy with biphasic seizures and late reduced diffusion (AESD) in the early acute phase, called "the 1st seizure phase". Based on our clinical experience, we hypothesized that serial examinations of blood levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) in children with febrile convulsive status epilepticus (FCSE) revealed higher levels in patients with AESD in the 1st seizure phase than in those with prolonged febrile seizures (PFs). METHODS: To test our presented hypothesis, we retrospectively investigated changes in serum AST in patients with FCSE due to AESD (n = 11) or PFs (n = 27) who were serially examined within 48 h of the onset of convulsions. RESULTS: The rate of increase in AST was significantly higher in patients with AESD than in those with PFs. The rate of increase in AST correlated with previously reported scoring systems, i.e., Yokochi and Tottori scores, for the prediction of AESD. A positive correlation between the rate of increase in AST and creatinine levels in the first examination were observed; however, creatinine levels did not significantly differ between the AESD and PFs groups in the first or second examination. Blood levels of pH, ammonia, and sugar in the first examination and C-reactive protein in the second examination were significantly higher in the AESD group than in the PFs group. CONCLUSIONS: The present study revealed that the rate of increase in AST was significantly higher in patients with AESD than in those with PFs. A novel predictive scoring system needs to be established in combination with the rate of increase in AST and reported clinical parameters, which will improve the prognosis of patients with FCSE.

Characteristics of an advanced epilepsy treatment gap in a region in Japan.

To investigate the quality of epilepsy care in a region in Japan that lacked specialised care, we retrospectively evaluated patients who visited our newly established epilepsy division between April 2018 and March 2021, and had been treated with anti-seizure medications (ASMs) for at least 1 year prior. Of the 231 patients included, 169 had ongoing seizure episodes at first visit (seizure-persist group) and 62 had no seizure episodes for more than a year (seizure-free group). Eighty-three patients in the seizure-persist group had not received specialised epilepsy care, 15 had been treated with unnecessary medications, and seven had experienced side effects from ASMs. Twelve patients in the seizure-free group had been treated with unnecessary ASMs, 10 had been treated with ASMs with teratogenic potential and four had experienced ASM side effects. These patients could be classified as having an advanced epilepsy treatment gap (ETG) because they had not previously received necessary specialised care. The progressive decline in the number of patients with advanced ETG suggests that our new epilepsy division has addressed this issue. This study highlights that a significant number of patients with advanced ETGs exist in Japan and that proper countermeasures are required to address this gap.

Frontal Encephalocele Plus Epilepsy: A Case Report and Review of the Literature.

An encephalocele is a pathological brain herniation caused by osseous dural defects. Encephaloceles are known to be regions of epileptogenic foci. We describe the case of a 44-year-old woman with refractory epilepsy associated with a frontal skull base encephalocele. Epilepsy surgery for encephalocele resection was performed; however, the epilepsy was refractory. A second epilepsy surgery for frontal lobectomy using intraoperative electroencephalography was required to achieve adequate seizure control. Previous reports have shown that only encephalocele resection can result in good seizure control, and refractory epilepsy due to frontal lobe encephalocele has rarely been reported. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of frontal encephalocele plus epilepsy in which good seizure control using only encephalocele resection was difficult to achieve. Herein, we describe the possible mechanisms of encephalocele plus epilepsy and the surgical strategy for refractory epilepsy with encephalocele, including a literature review.

Critical illness polyneuropathy and myopathy caused by Bacillus cereus sepsis in acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

We report a pediatric case of critical illness polyneuropathy and myopathy caused by Bacillus cereus sepsis during acute lymphoblastic leukemia therapy. A 15-year-old boy developed B. cereus sepsis and multiple organ failure on the 19th day after initiation of chemotherapy, and multidisciplinary treatment was started. Treatment was effective and septic shock with multiple organ failure remitted. He was weaned from a respirator on day 23 after the onset of sepsis, but complete flaccid paralysis of the 4 extremities occurred. His compound muscle action potential and F-wave occurrence were reduced on a nerve conduction test. The number of motor units was markedly decreased, and the amplitude and duration of individual motor units were low and short, respectively, on electromyography. Cerebrospinal fluid was normal. On the basis of these findings, he was diagnosed with critical illness polyneuropathy/myopathy. He underwent intensive rehabilitation and recovered the ability to walk 3 months after onset. He was discharged 1 year after the initiation of chemotherapy, and remission has been maintained without inconvenience to daily living activities for 3 years since disease onset.

[A 6-year-old girl who exhibited residual reading disorder during the course of acute encephalopathy].

We assessed a 6-year-old girl who developed status epilepticus and exhibited transient aphasia during the course of acute encephalopathy with late reduced diffusion, and who had a residual reading disorder in the recovery period. The aphasia appeared to be fluent aphasia and anomia, suggesting that the reading disorder during the recovery process was due to impairment of the phonological process. There were no biphasic seizures during the course of the patient's illness, but this case was acute encephalopathy with febrile convulsive status epilepticus (AEFCSE) from the standpoint of the characteristic imaging findings. Lesions in the left parietal and temporal lobes were detected on MRI diffusion-weighted images and by SPECT and MRS, and they appeared to be the lesions responsible for the aphasia and residual reading disorder. This case appears to be important from the standpoint of assessing the pathophysiology and the treatment of coexisting illness observed in acute encephalopathy.

Reversible Leukoencephalopathy in a Man with Childhood-onset Hyperornithinemia-Hyperammonemia-Homocitrullinuria Syndrome.

A 49-year-old Japanese man had shown developmental delay, learning difficulties, epilepsy, and slowly progressive gait disturbance in elementary school. At 46 years old, he experienced repeated drowsiness with or without generalized convulsions, and hyperammonemia was detected. Brain magnetic resonance imaging detected multiple cerebral white matter lesions. An electroencephalogram showed diffuse slow basic activities with 2- to 3-Hz δ waves. Genetic tests confirmed a diagnosis of hyperornithinemia-hyperammonemia-homocitrullinuria (HHH) syndrome. Leukoencephalopathy was resolved following the administration of L-arginine and lactulose with a decrease in plasma ammonia levels and glutamine-glutamate peak on magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Leukoencephalopathy in HHH syndrome may be reversible with the resolution of hyperammonemia-induced glutamine toxicity.