Validation of Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System Version 2 for the Detection of Prostate Cancer.

PURPOSE: The second version of the PI-RADS™ (Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System) was introduced in 2015 to standardize the interpretation and reporting of prostate multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging. Recently low cancer detection rates were reported for PI-RADS version 2 category 4 lesions. Therefore the aim of the study was to evaluate the cancer detection rate of PI-RADS version 2 in a large prospective cohort. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study included 704 consecutive men with primary or prior negative biopsies who underwent magnetic resonance imaging/ultrasound fusion guided targeted biopsy and 10-core systematic prostate biopsy between September 2015 and May 2017. All lesions were rated according to PI-RADS version 2 and lesions with PI-RADS version 2 category 3 or greater were biopsied. An ISUP (International Society of Urological Pathology) score of 2 or greater (ie Gleason 3 + 4 or greater) was defined as clinically significant prostate cancer. RESULTS: The overall cancer detection rate of PI-RADS version 2 categories 3, 4 and 5 was 39%, 72% and 91% for all prostate cancer, and 23%, 49% and 77% for all clinically significant prostate cancer, respectively. If only targeted biopsy had been performed, 59 clinically significant tumors (16%) would have been missed. The PI-RADS version 2 score was significantly associated with the presence of prostate cancer (p <0.001), the presence of clinically significant prostate cancer (p <0.001) and the ISUP grade (p <0.001). CONCLUSIONS: PI-RADS version 2 is significantly associated with the presence of clinically significant prostate cancer. The cancer detection rate of PI-RADS version 2 category 4 lesions was considerably higher than previously reported. When performing targeted biopsy, the combination with systematic biopsy still provides the highest detection of clinically significant prostate cancer.

Intermittent vs continuous docetaxel therapy in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer - a phase III study (PRINCE).

OBJECTIVE: To investigate non-inferiority of intermittent docetaxel compared to continuous docetaxel in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). PATIENT AND METHODS: The investigator initiated randomised phase III study included 187 chemotherapy-naïve patients with mCRPC who were allocated to two treatment arms: intermittent docetaxel and continuous docetaxel. Docetaxel was applied in both arms as weekly (35 mg/m2 ) or 3-weekly (75 mg/m2 ). The primary endpoint was 1-year survival, which was tested for non-inferiority (margin δ = 0.125). The secondary endpoints were: overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), median time to treatment failure (TTF), and toxicity. RESULTS: Of 156 eligible patients, 78 were allocated to each arm. The intermittent treatment met the non-inferiority criteria for 1-year survival (two-sided 95% confidence interval, -0.12, 18, P = 0.022), but not for OS, according to the result of a post hoc analysis. The differences between the study arms in PFS and TTF were not significant. The median (range) treatment holiday in the intermittent arm was 110 (13-486) days, or 38% of the overall treatment duration. Safety profiles of both study arms were comparable. The main limitation of this study was that the planned number of patients could not be recruited. CONCLUSION: Intermittent docetaxel chemotherapy was non-inferior to continuous therapy for 1-year survival; non-inferiority in regard to OS was not reached.

Primary magnetic resonance imaging/ultrasonography fusion-guided biopsy of the prostate.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the performance of a primary magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)/ultrasonography (US) fusion-guided targeted biopsy (TB), and in combination with an added systematic biopsy (SB). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Analysis of 318 consecutive biopsy-naïve men with suspicious multiparametric MRI (mpMRI; Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System [PI-RADS] score ≥3) undergoing transrectal TB and 10-core SB between January 2012 and December 2016. The indication for performing mpMRI was based on clinical parameters and decided by the treating urologist before admission. TB was performed with a sensor-based MRI/US fusion-guided platform. Clinically significant prostate cancer was defined as Gleason score ≥4 + 3 = 7 (International Society of Urological Pathology Grade [ISUP] grade 3) or maximum cancer core length of ≥6 mm. RESULTS: A median (interquartile range) of 14 (13-14) biopsies per case were taken. The overall cancer detection rate (CDR) was 77% (245/318). The TB alone detected 67% of prostate cancers and the SB alone detected 70%. The PI-RADS dependent CDR for the combination of TB/SB were 38% (21/55), 78% (120/154) and 95% (104/109) for PI-RADS scores of 3/4/5, respectively. Clinically significant prostate cancer was diagnosed by the combination of TB and SB in 195 men (61%) and by TB alone in 163 cases (51%). The number of missed or underestimated prostate cancers with a Gleason score ≥8 for TB alone was 31 (10%, P < 0.001) and 21 (7%, P < 0.001) for SB alone in comparison with the results of the combination of TB and SB. The rate of insignificant prostate cancer was comparable for the combination of TB and SB and TB alone (50/318, 16% vs 50/318, 16%). CONCLUSIONS: Pre-biopsy mpMRI is of incremental value in increasing the detection of clinically significant prostate cancer in biopsy-naïve patients with suspicion of prostate cancer. Combining TB with SB further improved the diagnostic accuracy without increasing the rate of insignificant prostate cancer.

Perioperative and oncologic outcome in patients treated for renal cell carcinoma with an extended inferior vena cava tumour thrombus level II-IV.

PURPOSE: Surgical treatment of patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and an extended tumour thrombus (TT) in the inferior vena cava (IVC) is challenging and often requires a multidisciplinary approach. The aim of this study was to analyse results in the real-world management of RCC patients with an extended IVC TT (level II-IV according to the Mayo classification of macroscopic venous invasion in RCC) in terms of pre-, peri- and postoperative outcome, complications and oncologic outcome. METHODS: We investigated 61 patients with evidence of RCC and an extended TT in the IVC undergoing radical nephrectomy and tumour thrombectomy at our tertiary referral centre. Patients and operative characteristics were recorded and complications were analysed using the Clavien-Dindo classification. Follow-up data were retrieved by contacting the treating outpatient urologists, general practitioners and patients. RESULTS: The TT level was II in 36, III in 8 and IV in 17 patients. Complications grade IIIb and higher according to the Clavien-Dindo classification occurred in n = 3 (8.4 %), n = 2 (25.0 %) and n = 5 (29.5 %) patients with level II, III and IV TT, respectively. The overall survival of patients with TT level II, III and IV at 24 months (60 months) was 66.9 % (41.6 %), 83.3 % (83.3 %) and 64.1 % (51.3 %). Presence of primary metastatic disease was the only significant independent predictor for OS.  CONCLUSIONS: Radical nephrectomy with tumour thrombectomy appears to be a feasible and effective treatment option in the management of patients with RCC and an extended IVC TT.

Attitude to nephrolithiasis in the potential living kidney donor: a survey of the German kidney transplant centers and review of the literature.

Living donor kidney transplantation (LD-KTX) is increasing worldwide. With the prevalence of urolithiasis ranging between 4% and 15%, the number of donors with current nephrolithiasis or a history of the disease will increase as well. A questionnaire was sent to all German centers with LD-KTX programs (urologists and general surgeons). Answers were compared for differences between urological and surgical kidney transplant centers. Response rate was 74%. Nephrolithiasis at the time of KTX is an exclusion criterion at 36% of the German centers (58% urological/19% surgical, chi(2) = 4.65, p = 0.03, Fishers exact p = 0.05), 96% of the centers accept kidney donors with a history of nephrolithiasis. The length of the stone-free episode is regarded as relevant by 42% of all centers (58% urological vs. 32% surgical centers, p = ns). Stone composition is a criterion for 54% of centers (66% vs. 44%, p = ns). More than half of the centers accept a history of cystine stones, almost all centers of struvite and urate stones. Donors with current nephrolithiasis were less commonly accepted by urologists than by general surgeons. For almost all centers history of nephrolithiasis does not preclude living kidney donation. Stone composition proved to be of little relevance for decision making.

Renal cell carcinoma with venous extension: prediction of inferior vena cava wall invasion by MRI.

BACKGROUND: Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) are accompanied by inferior vena cava (IVC) thrombus in up to 10% of the cases, with surgical resection remaining the only curative option. In case of IVC wall invasion, the operative procedure is more challenging and may even require IVC resection. This study aims to determine the diagnostic performance of contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for the assessment of wall invasion by IVC thrombus in patients with RCC, validated with intraoperative findings. METHODS: Data were collected on 81 patients with RCC and IVC thrombus, who received a radical nephrectomy and vena cava thrombectomy between February 2008 and November 2017. Forty eight patients met the inclusion criteria. Sensitivity and specificity as well as the positive and negative predictive values were calculated for preoperative MRI, based on the assessments of the two readers for visual wall invasion. Furthermore, a logistic regression model was used to determine if there was an association between intraoperative wall adherence and IVC diameter. RESULTS: Complete occlusion of the IVC lumen or vessel breach could reliably assess IVC wall invasion with a sensitivity of 92.3% (95%-CI: 0.75-0.99) and a specificity of 86.4% (95%-CI: 0.65-0.97) (Fisher-test: p-value< 0.001). The positive predictive value (PPV) was 88.9% (95%-CI: 0.71-0.98) and the negative predictive value reached 90.5% (95%-CI: 0.70-0.99). There was an excellent interobserver agreement for determining IVC wall invasion with a kappa coefficient of 0.90 (95%CI: 0.79-1.00). CONCLUSIONS: The present study indicates that standard preoperative MR imaging can be used to reliably assess IVC wall invasion, evaluating morphologic features such as the complete occlusion of the IVC lumen or vessel breach. Increases in IVC diameter are associated with a higher probability of IVC wall invasion.

The conserved Cys76 plays a crucial role for the conformation of reduced glutathione peroxidase-type tryparedoxin peroxidase.

The crystal structure of reduced tryparedoxin peroxidase shows Cys47 close to Gln82 and Trp137 and helix formation of residues 87 to 97 whereas the NMR structure of the reduced C76S mutant adopts a different conformation similar to the oxidized protein. Circular dichroism (CD), fluorescence and NMR spectroscopy reveal that the fully active C76S mutant differs from the wildtype (WT) enzyme mainly in its reduced form both in secondary structure content and Trp137 environment. This implies that Cys76 plays a critical role for the reduced enzyme assuming different conformational states and that the catalytic triad may only be necessary as short-lived intermediate during catalysis.

Cross-over kidney transplantation with simultaneous laparoscopic living donor nephrectomy: initial experience.

With cross-over living donor kidney transplantation, immunologic incompatibilities within the original donor/recipient pair can be overcome. As minimal invasive techniques for organ recovery are increasingly applied, this should also be performed in a cross-over kidney transplantation. We present the first report of a successful simultaneous laparoscopic kidney recovery for cross-over kidney transplantation as well as a review of the international practice of cross-over kidney transplantation in the context of national laws. Cross-over kidney transplantation should be encouraged. A databank on pairs willing to participate in organ exchange programs should be created.