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The COVID-19 health crisis has put to the test Latin America's already precarious social protection systems. This paper comparatively examines what type of social protection has been provided, by whom, and to what extent migrant and refugee populations have been included in these programmes in seven countries of the region during the COVID-19 pandemic, between March and December 2020. We develop a typology of models of social protection highlighting the assemblages of actors, different modes of protection and the emerging migrants' subjectification in Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Mexico, Peru, and Uruguay in relation to Non-Contributory Social Transfer (NCST) programmes and other actions undertaken by state and non-state actors. The analysis is based on 85 semi-structured interviews with representatives of national and local governments, International Organisations, Civil Society Organisations, and migrant-led organisations across 16 cities, and a systematic review of regulatory frameworks in the country-case studies. The proposed typology shows broad heterogeneity and complexity regarding different degrees of inclusion of migrant and refugee populations, particularly in pre-existing and new NCST programmes. These actions are furthering notions of migrant protection that are contingent and crisis-driven, imposing temporal limitations that often selectively exclude migrants based on legal status. It also brings to the fore the path-dependent nature of policies and practices of exclusion/inclusion in the region, which impact on migrants' effective access to social and economic rights, while shaping the broader dynamics of migration governance in the region.
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ABSTRACT Background: RET proto-oncogene mutations are responsible for familial thyroid medullary carcinoma and multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) type 2A and 2B. These syndromes develop specific biomarkers and, in the case of MEN2B, clinically observable stigmas. However, the diagnosis of patients with MEN2B is usually delayed. Because of the close genotype-phenotype correlation, molecular testing is the final approach for the diagnosis to establish preventive care and therapeutic behaviors. Discussion: pM918T is classified as ''highest risk'' for medullary carcinoma with a 50% of lifetime risk for developing pheochromocytoma. Most cases of MEN2B are due to a de novo mutation. Even with the increased risk of developing pheochromocytoma, our 24-year-old patient does not yet present one. Other factors may be involved in the modulation of the phenotype in different populations. Case report: We present the case of a woman diagnosed with a thyroid nodule at the age of nine. She underwent a total thyroidectomy plus radical cervical lymph node dissection, with a diagnosis and initial management of papillary thyroid carcinoma. During the evolution of the disease, she developed pulmonary metastases. At the age of 24, after her first endocrinological evaluation, typical physical manifestations of MEN2B were observed. A re-evaluation of the original thyroidectomy revealed a medullary carcinoma, with positive manifestation CEA and calcitonin. The analysis of RET proto-oncogene identified a de novo mutation in exon 16 (pM918T). Conclusion: The timely diagnosis of MEN2B offers opportunities to make appropriate preventive and therapeutic decisions that may change the natural evolution of the disease and its complications.