Antioxidative, Anti-Inflammatory, Anti-Obesogenic, and Antidiabetic Properties of Tea Polyphenols-The Positive Impact of Regular Tea Consumption as an Element of Prophylaxis and Pharmacotherapy Support in Endometrial Cancer.

Endometrial cancer (EC) is second only to cervical carcinoma among the most commonly diagnosed malignant tumours of the female reproductive system. The available literature provides evidence for the involvement of 32 genes in the hereditary incidence of EC. The physiological markers of EC and coexisting diet-dependent maladies include antioxidative system disorders but also progressing inflammation; hence, the main forms of prophylaxis and pharmacotherapy ought to include a diet rich in substances aiding the organism's response to this type of disorder, with a particular focus on ones suitable for lifelong consumption. Tea polyphenols satisfy those requirements due to their proven antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, anti-obesogenic, and antidiabetic properties. Practitioners ought to consider promoting tea consumption among individuals genetically predisposed for EC, particularly given its low cost, accessibility, confirmed health benefits, and above all, suitability for long-term consumption regardless of the patient's age. The aim of this paper is to analyse the potential usability of tea as an element of prophylaxis and pharmacotherapy support in EC patients. The analysis is based on information available from worldwide literature published in the last 15 years.

Surgical Technique for Endometrioma in 10 Steps.

OBJECTIVE: Laparoscopic cystectomy for endometrioma has the advantages of a minimally invasive approach. The standardization and description of the technique are the main objectives of this video. We described the surgery in 10 steps, which could help to make this procedure easier and safer. DESIGN: Step-by-step video demonstration of the technique. SETTING: A French university tertiary care hospital. INTERVENTION: Two standardized laparoscopic cystectomy were recorded to realize the video. The local institutional review board ruled that approval was not required because the video describes a technique and does not report a clinical case. This video presents a systematic approach to cystectomy for endometrioma clearly divided into 10 steps: (1) preoperative evaluation [1]; (2) diagnosis and exploration [2]; (3) adhesiolysis, mobilization of the ovary; (4) cyst rupture, exposition of the entry site; (5) identification of the cleavage plan; (6) endometrioma easy dissection; (7) endometrioma difficult dissection; (8) hemostasis, reconstruction of the ovary [3]; (9) exploration of the ovarian fossa; and (10) washing, extraction of the cyst [3,4]. CONCLUSION: Standardization of laparoscopic cystectomy for endometrioma could make this procedure easier and safer to perform. The 10 steps presented help to perform each part of the surgery in a logical sequence, making the procedure easier to realize. Moreover, the standardization of the surgical techniques may reduce the learning curve.

Laparoscopic Ovarian Dermoid Cystectomy in 10 Steps.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: Laparoscopic cystectomy for ovarian teratomas has the advantages of a minimally invasive approach [1]. The standardization and description of the technique are the main objectives of this video (Video 1). We described the surgery in 10 steps [2], which could help make this procedure easier and safer. DESIGN: A step-by-step video demonstration of the technique. SETTING: A French university tertiary care hospital. PATIENTS: Patients with ovarian teratomas with indication for laparoscopic cystectomy [3]. The local institutional review board ruled that approval was not required for this video article because the video describes a technique and does not report a clinical case. INTERVENTIONS: Standardized laparoscopic cystectomies were recorded to realize the video. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: This video presents a systematic approach to cystectomy for teratoma clearly divided into 10 steps: (1) planning of the surgery, (2) ergonomy and materials, (3) exploration and cytology, (4) prevention of peritoneal spillage [4], (5) mobilization of the ovary, (6) incision of the ovary, (7) dissection, (8) hemostasis, (9) exteriorization of the cyst, and (10) washing and exploration. CONCLUSION: Standardization of laparoscopic cystectomy for ovarian teratoma could make this procedure easier and safer to perform. The 10 steps presented help to perform each part of the surgery in a logical sequence, making the procedure ergonomic and easier to adopt and learn. Moreover, the standardization of the surgical techniques could reduce the learning curve.

Laparoscopic Myomectomy in 10 Steps.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: Laparoscopic myomectomy has the advantages of a minimally invasive approach for the surgical treatment of myomas. The standardization and description of the technique are the main objectives of this video. We described laparoscopic myomectomy in 10 steps, which could help make this procedure easier and safer [1]. SETTING: A French university tertiary care hospital. PATIENTS: Patients with indication for laparoscopic myomectomy. The local institutional review board ruled that approval was not required for this video article because the video describes a technique and does not report a clinical case. INTERVENTION: Standardized laparoscopic myomectomies were recorded to realize the video. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: This video presents a systematic approach to myomectomy clearly divided into 10 steps: (1) prepare your surgery, make selection and prehabilitation of patient [2], provide a good cartography of the myoma(s), and plan the surgery [3,4]; (2) ergonomy and material; (3) preventive hemostasis: triple occlusion; (4) hysterotomy; (5) enucleation by fast dissection and traction; (6) bipolar hemostasis; (7) check for missing myomas; (8) suture; (9) extraction/morcellation; and (10) prevent adhesions [5]. CONCLUSION: Standardization of laparoscopic myomectomy could make this procedure easier and safer to perform. The 10 steps presented help to perform each part of surgery in logical sequence making the procedure ergonomic and easier to adopt and learn. Standardization of laparoscopic techniques could help to reduce the learning curve.

Serum paraoxonase 1 activity and protein N-homocysteinylation in primary human endometrial cancer.

Paraoxonase 1 plays an important role in protection from oxidative stress and also decomposes homocysteine thiolactone, the toxic metabolite of homocysteine. A limited number of reports evaluated the role of paraoxonase 1 in women affected by female genital tract neoplasms, including endometrial cancer. This study aimed to analyze the paraoxonase activity in the group of endometrial cancer patients (n = 48) who underwent primary surgery and to compare the data available with a well-matched control group (n = 30). Due to the role of paraoxonase 1 in the metabolism of homocysteine (Hcy) thiolactone, the amount of Hcy-thiolactone as well as total serum Hcy concentrations was also measured. Serum paraoxonase 1 activity toward synthetic substrates, paraoxon and phenyl acetate, in the study group was significantly lower compared to the control one. The mean paraoxonase 1 activity toward homocysteine thiolactone tended to be lower in the endometrial cancer group but this difference was not significant. There was no relationship between endometrial cancer and Q192R polymorphism of PON1 assessed by the dual substrate method. No differences in paraoxonase 1 activity between endometrial cancer subgroups according to clinico-pathological features were detected. Total serum homocysteine and protein-bound homocysteine thiolactone did not differ between control and cancer groups. In conclusion, reduced paraoxonase 1 activity suggests diminished important antioxidant mechanisms during the development of primary endometrial cancers in humans. PON1 Q192R polymorphism is not associated with the risk of endometrial cancer. Despite lower paraoxonase 1 activity, homocysteine concentration, and protein N-homocysteinylation in endometrial cancers do not differ from matched controls.

Laparoscopic extraperitoneal lumboaortic lymphadenectomy in 10 steps - Let's make it easier!

OBJECTIVE: Laparoscopic extraperitoneal lymphadenectomy has both advantages of minimally invasive approach and retroperitoneal access. Although procedure is described for more than two decades there is a lack of diffusion of the technique. Standardization and simple description of the technique is main objective of this video. We described this procedure in 10 logical steps which could help to understand and perform this procedure. METHODS: This video presents systematic approach to extraperitoneal lumboaortic lymphadenectomy which was clearly divided in ten steps ordered in a counter-clockwise direction. RESULTS: CONCLUSIONS: Laparoscopic extraperitoneal access to lumboaortic lymph nodes is an effective method of lymphadenectomy which may bring benefits to a patient and physician. Presented ten steps help to perform each part of surgery in logical sequence making procedure ergonomic, easier to adopt and learn. Prior development of operative area in the extraperitoneal space followed by identification of anatomical landmarks is an important step which should precede lymph node dissection. Standardization of laparoscopic techniques could help to reduce learning curve.

When and how should we treat cesarean scar defect - isthmocoele?

The reported number of cesarean sections in Poland is approximately 30% and is associated with increasing number of early and late complications. The myometrial discontinuity at the site of previous cesarean section is known in the literature as "isthmocoele", "niche", "pouch" or cesarean scar defect. In most cases presence of isthmocoele has no clinical significance, but in some patients it may cause abnormal uterine bleeding, dysmenorrhea, dyspareunia, pelvic pain or be associated with secondary infertility. This defect may be treated by laparoscopy, hysteroscopy or vaginal surgery.

Hysterectomy trends for benign indications over a 15-year period in an academic teaching center in Poland: a retrospective cohort study.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to evaluate changes in the operative trends for various types of hysterectomy due to benign indications, between 2001 and 2015, at the 2nd Department of Gynecology, Medical University of Lublin, as compared to the National Health Service (NHS) registry in Poland. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective cohort study was conducted. Data from the Internal Hospital Discharge Registry and Pathological Results Registry have been compared to the NHS database, which has been available nationwide since 2009. RESULTS: The study group included 5629 women who underwent hysterectomy due to benign indications. During the study period, the following number of procedures were performed: total abdominal hysterectomy - 344 (6.11%), total abdominal hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy - 1760 (31.27%), total vaginal hysterectomy - 563 (10.00%), subtotal abdominal hysterectomy - 2536 (45.05%), and laparoscopically-assisted subtotal hysterectomy (LASH) - 426 (7.57%). The abdominal route, with the preference for subtotal abdominal hysterectomy, was the main approach to hysterectomy. Symptomatic fibroids were the most common indication for the procedure. Comparison of data collected over the last five years revealed a significant difference in the approach to hysterectomy in favor of subtotal abdominal hysterectomy (SAH) and LASH. CONCLUSIONS: Less invasive techniques of hysterectomy (LASH, SAH), which are the preferred choice at the 2nd Department of Gynecology (Lublin), are safe and effective options of treating benign conditions. We are of the opinion that these ap-proaches should be offered to patients instead of more radical techniques. Proper training of physicians may influence the decision-making process in favor of minimally invasive techniques.

Should we be more aware of endometrial cancer in adolescents?

Although endometrial cancer is generally diagnosed in women after menopause, it may incidentally develop in young women or even in adolescents. Diagnostic tools should be applied in young teenage girls complaining of abnormal genital bleeding, particularly those with hereditary cancer syndromes (such as Cowden or Lynch syndromes). Adolescents affected by polycystic ovary syndrome and obesity may also be at increased risk for the development of atypical endometrial hyperplasia and endometrial cancer, and should be carefully managed when the distressing symptoms occur. In the present article, we briefly summarize the principal clinical correlates associated with endometrial cancer in adolescents.

[Concentration of selected angiogenic factors in serum and peritoneal fluid of women with endometriosis]. / Stezenie wybranych czynników angiogennych w plynie otrzewnowym i surowicy krwi pacjentek z endomnetrioza.

INTRODUCTION: Endometriosis is a sex hormone-dependent and successively progressing gynecological disease, characterized by the presence of endometrial tissue outside the uterus. The etiology of endometriosis is known to be multifactorial, and its growth depends on immunological, hormonal, genetic and environmental factors. Angiogenesis plays a key role in implantation and growth of endometriotic lesions, as well as in adhesion formation. Physiologically angiogenesis is responsible for neoangiogenesis and recruitment of new capillaries from the already existing capillaries. It is well-documented that altered angiogenesis provokes improper follicular maturation, infertility recurrent miscarriages, ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome, and carcinogenesis. Factors stimulating angionesis include angiogenin, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and fibroblast growth factor (FGF). OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to analyze angiogenic factor concentration (angiogenin, VEGF, FGF) in blood serum and peritoneal fluid in patients with diagnosed endometriosis and idiopathic infertility. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 39 patients were recruited for the study including 19 patients (study group) diagnosed with endometriosis during the laparoscopic procedure and 20 patients (control group) with idiopathic infertility and no morphologic changes within the pelvis revealed during the laparoscopic procedure. All patients underwent laparoscopy during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle. Vein blood sample was obtained before the procedure and during laparoscopy the entire peritoneal fluid was aspirated for further measurement of VEGF, FGF and angiogenin concentrations. RESULTS: Angiogenin concentration in peritoneal fluid was statistically higher in patient with idiopathic infertility in comparison to endometriosis (p<0.05). Higher angiogenin concentration was detected also in blood serum of patients with idiopathic infertility as compared to patients with endometriosis, but no statistical significance was found. VEGF and FGF concentration in blood serum and peritoneal fluid was similar in both groups (p>0.05). There were no significant differences between serum and peritoneal fluid in case of VEGF FGF and angiogenin in any of the groups. CONCLUSIONS: Angiogenic factors concentration (VEGF FGF agiogenin) in the peritoneal fluid and blood serum during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle is not a diagnostic criterion for endometriosis.

Both the middle and distal sections of the urethra may be regarded as optimal targets for 'outside-in' transobturator tape placement.

PURPOSE: To investigate whether the position of the tape under the urethra may influence 'outside-in' transobturator sling (TOT) outcome. METHODS: The study comprised 141 women who underwent TOT for clinically and urodynamically proved stress urinary incontinence. The postoperative ultrasound examination with an endovaginal biplane probe was performed before discharging the patients from hospital. The measurements obtained described the position of the tape relative to the urethra and pubic symphysis, as well as anatomical relationships in the anterior compartment. RESULTS: Ninety-six (68.1 %) patients were cured, 27 (19.1 %) significantly improved, and in 18 cases (12.7 %), the surgery failed. The tape position under the midurethra (40-70th percentile of the urethral length) or distal urethra (>70th percentile) coincided with better results (cure rate 67.1 and 82.4 %, respectively) than the location in the proximity of the bladder neck (<40th percentile) (21.4 % cured, p = 0.0015 and p < 0.001, respectively). However, the risk of failure was the lowest when the tape was located under the distal urethra. Other ultrasonographic findings were not related to treatment results. CONCLUSIONS: The highest failure rate for 'outside-in' TOT is associated with the location of the tape under the proximal third of the urethra. Both the middle and distal sections of the urethra may be regarded as targets for transobturator tape placement.

Laparoscopic mesh procedures for the treatment of pelvic lorgan prolapse--review of the literature.

OBJECTIVES: The main aim of the article was to describe laparoscopic mesh procedures for the treatment of pelvic organ prolapse, as well as evaluate their role, outcomes and limitations. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In February 2014, online search of English-language literature in PubMed was performed. This paper presents the analysis of reports published over the last decade that included at least 50 patients with a minimum of 12 months of follow-up. RESULTS: Numerous laparoscopic techniques to restore proper anatomy in patients with pelvic organ prolapse have been described. Laparoscopy provides a number of important advantages, including enhanced visualization of the pelvic anatomy reduction of adhesion formation, lower morbidity and blood loss, decreased postoperative pain, smaller incision and quicker recovery Nonetheless, this access is technically more difficult than an open or vaginal surgery due to two-dimensional vision and decreased degrees of freedom. It requires high level of laparoscopic suturing skills and longer operative time, especially at the beginning of the learning curve. CONCLUSIONS: Laparoscopic sacrocolpopexy hysteropexy and lateral suspension are interesting and effective options for the treatment of pelvic organ prolapse, providing a number of important advantages characteristic for endoscopic techniques.

A classification of complications in urogynecology.

The frequency of female pelvic floor reconstruction surgery with synthetic materials has been systematically rising for the last 30 years. Nowadays, they are widely used in urogynecology with a high cure rate, and a statistically significant better outcome compared to classical vaginal repair procedures. This type of operation progressed in some areas from an indication for recurrent prolapse to that of using them in primary procedures. Nevertheless, implantation of synthetic material is associated with the occurrence of specific complications and side-effects. The number and type of complications varies, depending on the study, reaching as much as 10% in some centers. The International Continence Society (ICS) and International Urogynecological Association (IUGA) have introduced an interesting tool for the evaluation of complications related directly to the insertion of prostheses and grafts in the female pelvic floor. The purpose of this classification is to describe possible complications with numbers and letters which together form a code containing comprehensive information about the complication. This article presents the clinical and practical aspects of this classification and first comments about its usability. The presented classification may serve as a tool for the development of national and international registries of urogynecological procedures that would be a great source of information on the number and type of operations performed, their effectiveness and potential complications.

Polyphenols Influence the Development of Endometrial Cancer by Modulating the Gut Microbiota.

Dysbiosis of the microbiota in the gastrointestinal tract can induce the development of gynaecological tumours, particularly in postmenopausal women, by causing DNA damage and alterations in metabolite metabolism. Dysbiosis also complicates cancer treatment by influencing the body's immune response and disrupting the sensitivity to chemotherapy drugs. Therefore, it is crucial to maintain homeostasis in the gut microbiota through the effective use of food components that affect its structure. Recent studies have shown that polyphenols, which are likely to be the most important secondary metabolites produced by plants, exhibit prebiotic properties. They affect the structure of the gut microbiota and the synthesis of metabolites. In this review, we summarise the current state of knowledge, focusing on the impact of polyphenols on the development of gynaecological tumours, particularly endometrial cancer, and emphasising that polyphenol consumption leads to beneficial modifications in the structure of the gut microbiota.

[Electrical cardioversion in the treatment of cardiac arrhythmias during pregnancy--case report and review of literature]. / Kardiowersja elektryczna w leczeniu zaburzen rytmu serca podczas ciazy--opis przypadku i przeglad literatury.

The incidence of cardiac arrhythmias is estimated et 1.2 per 1000 pregnancies, usually in the third trimester and 50% of them are asymptomatic. They may appear for the first time in pregnancy or have a recurring character An important risk factor related to their appearance is the presence of structural heart disease, which complicates < 1% of pregnancies. Generally the symptoms are mild and the treatment is not necessary but in some cases pharmacotherapy is necessary Pharmacotherapy must be a compromise between the potentially adverse effects of drugs on the fetus and the beneficial effects on the cardiovascular system of the mother. Due to the development of cardiac surgery many women with heart defects reach reproductive age and become pregnant. Therefore this problem will be faced more and more often in clinical practice. In addition to pharmacological methods some cardiac arrhythmias may require urgent, life-saving procedures. External electrical cardioversion is associated with the application of certain amount of energy via two electrodes placed on the thorax. It is used to treat hemodynamically unstable supraventricular tachycardias, including atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter Also in hemodynamically stable patients in whom drug therapy was ineffective elective electrical cardioversion can be use to convert cardiac arrhythmia to sinus rhythm. We present a case of a 33 years old patient with congenital heart disease surgically corrected in childhood who had first incident of atrial flutter in pregnancy. Arrhytmia occured in 26th week of gestation. The patient was hemodynamically stable and did not approve electrical cardioversion as a method of treatment therefore pharmacotherapy was started. Heart rate was controled with metoprolol and digoxin, warfarin was used to anticoagulation. Calcium and potassium were also given. Described therapy did not convert atrial flutter to sinus rhythm therefore in 33rd week of gestation after patient's approval electrical cardioversion was performed. Before cardioversion transesophageal echocardiogram was made to exclude the presence of thrombus inside atria. Energy of 50J was applied and sinus rhythm was restored. Cardiotocography during and after cardioversion did not show any significant fetal heart rate changes. Further pregnancy and puerperium were uneventful. Case report and review of the literature about cardiac arrhytmias and methods of its treatment especially in pregnant women. Analysis of medical documentation of the patient treated in the Department of Cardiology as well as in the Department of Obstetrics and Perinatology Medical University of Lublin. Review of abstracts and papers in the Medline database about heart arrhytmias occuring during pregnancy methods of their treatment, with special refference to electrical cardioversion. Pregnancy is a condition which predisposes to cardiac arrhytmias. It is associated with changes in cardiovascular system of pregnant women that appear physiologically They can be effectively treated with low risk for mother and fetus. Electrical cardioversion is an effective and safe method of therapy of supraventricular arrhytmias also during pregnancy The adaptation of the maternal hemostasis in pregnancy predisposes women to an increased risk of thromboembolism therefore anticoagulant therapy is essential to minimize the risk of embolic episodes and stroke during elective cardioversion. Pregnant women with structural or functional heart diseases should be under supervision of multidiscyplinary team of specialists (obstetricians, cardiologists, neonatologists, pediatricians).

Effects of topical dehydroepiandrosterone therapy in women after pelvic organ prolapse surgery.

OBJECTIVE: Pelvic organ prolapse (POP) occurs predominantly in postmenopausal women. Restoration of the proper estrogenization of vaginal mucosa is important in preoperative and postoperative treatment, increasing the effectiveness of this approach. The objective of this study was the development of intravaginal vaginal suppositories containing DHEA and comparison of the clinical effects of vaginal topical therapy with DHEA, estradiol, or antibiotic after POP surgery. METHOD: Nine types of vaginal suppositories containing 6.5 mg DHEA in different bases were prepared to find optimal formulation for the vaginal conditions. Ninety women referred for POP surgery were randomly assigned to one of three groups receiving topical treatment in the postoperative period (estradiol, DHEA, or antibiotic). On admission to hospital and during follow-up vaginal pH, vaginal maturation index and vaginal symptoms were assessed. RESULTS: Vaginal suppositories with the base made from polyethylene glycol 1,000 without surfactants characterized the highest percentage of the released DHEA. In women treated with topical estradiol or DHEA a significant decrease in the number of parabasal cells, increase in superficial and intermediate cells in the vaginal smears, decrease in vaginal pH, and reduction of vaginal symptoms were observed. CONCLUSIONS: The use of topical therapy with DHEA or the use of topical therapy with estradiol in the postoperative period were both shown to improve maturation index, vaginal pH, and vaginal symptoms. The benefits of topical therapy with DHEA after pelvic organ prolapse repair brings similar results as estradiol, without potential systemic exposure to increased concentrations of sex steroids above levels observed in postmenopausal women.