RESUMO
BACKGROUND: The effect of water status and crop level on the volatile composition of Tempranillo wine was investigated over two growing seasons (2010-2011) in Extremadura (Spain). Three water status treatments (T0, Rainfed control; T1, Early regulated deficit irrigation; T2, Late regulated deficit irrigation) were combined with two crop levels treatments (TH, cluster thinning; C, control). RESULTS: Crop level treatment had a higher effect on individual volatiles analyzed in Tempranillo wine than water status. The combinations of water status and crop level treatments showed effects on all families of compounds with the exception of acetates and volatile fatty acids. Alcohols, C6 compounds and phenol volatiles produced the highest concentrations at the lower level of available water and when cluster thinning was applied (T0-TH). However, ethyl ester and lactones showed higher concentrations in regulated deficit irrigation (T1 and T2) and when cluster thinning was not applied. CONCLUSION: The combined effect of rainfed and cluster-thinning treatments (T0-TH) increased the majority of individual aromatic compounds quantified in Tempranillo wines and also showed the highest total odor activity value. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
Assuntos
Irrigação Agrícola/métodos , Produção Agrícola/métodos , Frutas/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Vitis/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Vinho/análise , Odorantes , Espanha , Vitis/química , Compostos Orgânicos Voláteis/análiseRESUMO
Defoliation is a cultural practice with demonstrated benefits in grape and wine quality. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of early leaf removal applied in warm climatic conditions on volatile composition of Tempranillo wines. During three consecutive vintages (2009-2011) wine volatile compounds (alcohols, C6-compounds, ethyl esters, acetates, volatile acids, lactones and carbonyl compounds) from defoliated and non-defoliated vines were identified and quantified by GC-MS. Early leaf removal induced the increase of the concentration of all families of volatile compound quantified with exception of lactones. Significant increase was observed for 23 out 34 volatile compounds analyzed. The vintage effect also was shown, where the highest effect of defoliation was exhibited in 2009 vintage. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed a good separation of defoliation, non-defoliation and vintage according to wine volatile composition. The analysis of odour activity value (OAV) exhibited an increase of fruity and floral odour on Tempranillo wines when early defoliation was applied.
Assuntos
Agricultura , Clima , Frutas/metabolismo , Folhas de Planta , Vitis/metabolismo , Compostos Orgânicos Voláteis/metabolismo , Vinho/análise , Cromatografia Gasosa-Espectrometria de Massas , Temperatura Alta , Humanos , Odorantes/análise , Análise de Componente Principal , Especificidade da Espécie , Vitis/classificaçãoRESUMO
Elongation factor eIF5A is required for the translation of consecutive prolines, and was shown in yeast to translate polyproline-containing Bni1, an actin-nucleating formin required for polarized growth during mating. Here we show that Drosophila eIF5A can functionally replace yeast eIF5A and is required for actin-rich cable assembly during embryonic dorsal closure (DC). Furthermore, Diaphanous, the formin involved in actin dynamics during DC, is regulated by and mediates eIF5A effects. Finally, eIF5A controls cell migration and regulates Diaphanous levels also in mammalian cells. Our results uncover an evolutionary conserved role of eIF5A regulating cytoskeleton-dependent processes through translation of formins in eukaryotes.
Assuntos
Evolução Biológica , Proteínas dos Microfilamentos/metabolismo , Fatores de Iniciação de Peptídeos/metabolismo , Proteínas de Ligação a RNA/metabolismo , Actinas/metabolismo , Animais , Movimento Celular/genética , Drosophila/genética , Drosophila/metabolismo , Imunofluorescência , Regulação da Expressão Gênica no Desenvolvimento , Camundongos , Mutação , Fatores de Iniciação de Peptídeos/química , Fatores de Iniciação de Peptídeos/genética , Biossíntese de Proteínas , Domínios e Motivos de Interação entre Proteínas , Proteínas de Ligação a RNA/química , Proteínas de Ligação a RNA/genética , Fator de Iniciação de Tradução Eucariótico 5ARESUMO
Red grapes contain elevated amounts of antioxidant compounds (polyphenols) that may potentially prevent cell aging, cardiovascular disease and oxidation-related disorders. Since functional drinks are presently one of the most dynamic sectors of the market, the present work was aimed at evaluating the possible antioxidant effect of an experimental grape juice in terms of urinary 6-sulfatoxymelatonin (aMT6-s) and total antioxidant capacity in young (20 ± 10 yr-old), middle-aged (45 ± 10 yr-old) and elderly (75 ± 10 yr-old) individuals. Grapes (Vitis vinifera cv. Tempranillo) were de-stemmed, racked and pressed. The juice was subsequently stabilized by high hydrostatic pressure (HHP). Participants consumed 200 mL of grape juice twice a day (as the lunch and dinner desserts) for 5 days. First-void morning urines were collected before treatment (basal values), the day immediately after the last ingestion of juice (assay), and one day afterwards (post-assay). aMT6-s and total antioxidant capacity were quantified using commercial ELISA and colorimetric assay kits, respectively. The intake of grape juice cv. Tempranillo induced a significant increase of urinary aMT6-s and total antioxidant capacity in the three groups of age analyzed as compared to their corresponding basal and post-assay values. These functional/nutraceutical properties may be of interest for a prospective commercialization of the grape juice. The novel technology used for juice stabilization may be suitable for introducing into the market a product with high sensory and nutritional quality, as it has been shown in this study.