Role of pyroglutamic acid in cumulus cells of women with polycystic ovary syndrome.

PURPOSE: Polycystic ovary syndrome is a complex heterogeneous endocrine disorder associated with established metabolic abnormalities and is a common cause of infertility in females. Glutathione metabolism in the cumulus cells (CCs) of women with PCOS may be correlated to the quality of oocytes for infertility treatment; therefore, we used a metabolomics approach to examine changes in CCs from women with PCOS and oocyte quality. METHODS: Among 135 women undergoing fertility treatment in the present study, there were 43 women with PCOS and 92 without. CCs were collected from the two groups and levels of pyroglutamic acid were measured using LC-MS/MS followed by qPCR and Western blot analysis to examine genes and proteins involved in pyroglutamic acid metabolism related to glutathione synthesis. RESULTS: Women with PCOS showed increased levels of L-pyroglutamic acid, L-glutamate, and L-phenylalanine and decreased levels of Cys-Gly and N-acetyl-L-methionine. Gene expression of OPLAH, involved in pyroglutamic synthesis, was significantly increased in women with PCOS compared with those without. Gene expression of GSS was significantly decreased in women with PCOS and synthesis of glutathione synthetase protein was decreased. Expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2, involved in resistance to oxidative stress, was significantly increased in women with PCOS. CONCLUSIONS: CCs of women with PCOS showed high concentrations of pyroglutamic acid and reduced glutathione synthesis, which causes oxidative stress in CCs, suggesting that decreased glutathione synthesis due to high levels of pyroglutamic acid in CCs may be related to the quality of oocytes in women with PCOS.

Dysregulated sphingolipid metabolism and autophagy in granulosa cells of women with endometriosis.

We evaluated metabolic profiles between cumulus cells (CCs) and mural granulosa cells (MGCs) derived from women with endometriosis to identify their correlations with oocyte quality. CCs and MGCs were collected from women with and without endometriosis undergoing in vitro fertilization/intracytoplasmic sperm injection treatment. The metabolomics of CCs and MGCs were measured by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) followed by a quantitative polymerase chain reaction to further confirm the genes involved in the metabolic results. LC-MS/MS analysis revealed differences in 24 metabolites of CCs and 71 metabolites of MGCs between groups. Among them, five metabolites were upregulated and 19 metabolites were downregulated in CCs with endometriosis, whereas three metabolites were upregulated and 68 metabolites were downregulated in MGCs with endometriosis. Metabolites related to sphingolipid metabolism, which included palmitic acid (PA) and docosahexaenoic acid, increased significantly only in CCs with endometriosis, whereas sphingosine and PA were significantly downregulated in MGCs with endometriosis compared with CCs and MGCs without endometriosis. Gene expression involved in ceramide synthesis (CERS1, SPTL1, and SMPD1) and autophagy (BECN1, LAMP, and PC3) were significantly higher in CCs with endometriosis according to FASN, BECN1, and LAMP protein expressions. However, gene expression involved in ceramide synthesis (SPHK1, ASAH1, and SGPP1) and autophagy (BECN1, LAMP, and PC3) were significantly lower in MGCs with endometriosis, whereas CERS1 and UGCG expression increased. There are differences in sphingolipid metabolites in CCs and MGCs with endometriosis compared with women without endometriosis. These differences seem to be involved in the regulation of autophagic cell death in preovulatory follicles.

The Differential Metabolomes in Cumulus and Mural Granulosa Cells from Human Preovulatory Follicles.

This study evaluated the differences in metabolites between cumulus cells (CCs) and mural granulosa cells (MGCs) from human preovulatory follicles to understand the mechanism of oocyte maturation involving CCs and MGCs. CCs and MGCs were collected from women who were undergoing in vitro fertilization (IVF)/intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) treatment. The differences in morphology were determined by immunofluorescence. The metabolomics of CCs and MGCs was measured by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) followed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and western blot analysis to further confirm the genes and proteins involved in oocyte maturation. CCs and MGCs were cultured for 48 h in vitro, and the medium was collected for detection of hormone levels. There were minor morphological differences between CCs and MGCs. LC-MS/MS analysis showed that there were differences in 101 metabolites between CCs and MGCs: 7 metabolites were upregulated in CCs, and 94 metabolites were upregulated in MGCs. The metabolites related to cholesterol transport and estradiol production were enriched in CCs, while metabolites related to antiapoptosis were enriched in MGCs. The expression of genes and proteins involved in cholesterol transport (ABCA1, LDLR, and SCARB1) and estradiol production (SULT2B1 and CYP19A1) was significantly higher in CCs, and the expression of genes and proteins involved in antiapoptosis (CRLS1, LPCAT3, and PLA2G4A) was significantly higher in MGCs. The level of estrogen in CCs was significantly higher than that in MGCs, while the progesterone level showed no significant differences. There are differences between the metabolomes of CCs and MGCs. These differences may be involved in the regulation of oocyte maturation.

The Function of Cumulus Cells in Oocyte Growth and Maturation and in Subsequent Ovulation and Fertilization.

Cumulus cells (CCs) originating from undifferentiated granulosa cells (GCs) differentiate in mural granulosa cells (MGCs) and CCs during antrum formation in the follicle by the distribution of location. CCs are supporting cells of the oocyte that protect the oocyte from the microenvironment, which helps oocyte growth and maturation in the follicles. Bi-directional communications between an oocyte and CCs are necessary for the oocyte for the acquisition of maturation and early embryonic developmental competence following fertilization. Follicle-stimulation hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) surges lead to the synthesis of an extracellular matrix in CCs, and CCs undergo expansion to assist meiotic resumption of the oocyte. The function of CCs is involved in the completion of oocyte meiotic maturation and ovulation, fertilization, and subsequent early embryo development. Therefore, understanding the function of CCs during follicular development may be helpful for predicting oocyte quality and subsequent embryonic development competence, as well as pregnancy outcomes in the field of reproductive medicine and assisted reproductive technology (ART) for infertility treatment.