Evaluation of an Electronic Consultation Service for COVID-19 Care.

PURPOSE: COVID-19 has increased the need for innovative virtual care solutions. Electronic consultation (eConsult) services allow primary care practitioners to pose clinical questions to specialists using a secure remote application. We examined eConsult cases submitted to a COVID-19 specialist group in order to assess usage patterns, impact on response times and referrals, and the content of clinical questions being asked. METHODS: This was a mixed-methods analysis of eConsult cases submitted between March and September 2020 in Ontario, Canada to 2 services. We performed a descriptive analysis of the average response time and the total time spent by the specialist for eConsults. Primary care practitioners completed a post-eConsult questionnaire that asked about the outcome of the eConsult. We performed an inductive and deductive content analysis of a subset of cases to identify common themes among the clinical questions asked. RESULTS: A total of 208 primary care practitioners submitted 289 eConsult cases. The median specialist response time was 0.6 days (range = 3 minutes to 15 days); the average time spent by specialists per case was 16 minutes (range = 5 to 59 minutes). In 69 cases (24%), the eConsult enabled avoidance of a face-to-face referral. Content analysis of 51 cases identified 5 major themes: precautions for high-risk and special populations, diagnostic clarification and/or need for COVID-19 testing, guidance on self-isolation and return to work, guidance on personal protective equipment, and management of chronic symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates the considerable potential of eConsults during a pandemic as our service was quickly implemented across Ontario and resulted in primary care practitioners' rapid and low-barrier access to specialist input.

Effectiveness of N95 respirators versus surgical masks in protecting health care workers from acute respiratory infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Conflicting recommendations exist related to which facial protection should be used by health care workers to prevent transmission of acute respiratory infections, including pandemic influenza. We performed a systematic review of both clinical and surrogate exposure data comparing N95 respirators and surgical masks for the prevention of transmissible acute respiratory infections. METHODS: We searched various electronic databases and the grey literature for relevant studies published from January 1990 to December 2014. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs), cohort studies and case-control studies that included data on health care workers wearing N95 respirators and surgical masks to prevent acute respiratory infections were included in the meta-analysis. Surrogate exposure studies comparing N95 respirators and surgical masks using manikins or adult volunteers under simulated conditions were summarized separately. Outcomes from clinical studies were laboratory-confirmed respiratory infection, influenza-like illness and workplace absenteeism. Outcomes from surrogate exposure studies were filter penetration, face-seal leakage and total inward leakage. RESULTS: We identified 6 clinical studies (3 RCTs, 1 cohort study and 2 case-control studies) and 23 surrogate exposure studies. In the meta-analysis of the clinical studies, we found no significant difference between N95 respirators and surgical masks in associated risk of (a) laboratory-confirmed respiratory infection (RCTs: odds ratio [OR] 0.89, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.64-1.24; cohort study: OR 0.43, 95% CI 0.03-6.41; case-control studies: OR 0.91, 95% CI 0.25-3.36); (b) influenza-like illness (RCTs: OR 0.51, 95% CI 0.19-1.41); or (c) reported workplace absenteeism (RCT: OR 0.92, 95% CI 0.57-1.50). In the surrogate exposure studies, N95 respirators were associated with less filter penetration, less face-seal leakage and less total inward leakage under laboratory experimental conditions, compared with surgical masks. INTERPRETATION: Although N95 respirators appeared to have a protective advantage over surgical masks in laboratory settings, our meta-analysis showed that there were insufficient data to determine definitively whether N95 respirators are superior to surgical masks in protecting health care workers against transmissible acute respiratory infections in clinical settings.

Trichomonas vaginalis infection induces vaginal CD4+ T-cell infiltration in a mouse model: a vaccine strategy to reduce vaginal infection and HIV transmission.

BACKGROUND: Complications related to the diagnosis and treatment of Trichomonas vaginalis infection, as well as the association between T. vaginalis infection and increased transmission of and susceptibility to human immunodeficiency virus, highlight the need for alternative interventions. We tested a human-safe, aluminum hydroxide-adjuvanted whole-cell T. vaginalis vaccine for efficacy in a BALB/c mouse model of vaginal infection. METHODS: A whole-cell T. vaginalis vaccine was administered subcutaneously to BALB/c mice, using a prime-boost vaccination schedule. CD4(+) T-cell infiltration in the murine vaginal tissue and local and systemic levels of immunoglobulins were measured at time points up to 4 weeks following infection. RESULTS: Vaccination reduced the incidence and increased the clearance of T. vaginalis infection and induced both systemic and local humoral immune responses. CD4(+) T cells were detected in vaginal tissues following intravaginal infection with T. vaginalis but were not seen in uninfected mice. The presence of CD4(+) T cells following T. vaginalis infection can potentially increase susceptibility to and transmission of human immunodeficiency virus. CONCLUSIONS: The vaccine induces local and systemic immune responses and confers significantly greater protection against vaginal infection than seen in unvaccinated mice (P < .005). These data support the potential for a human vaccine against T. vaginalis infection that could also influence the incidence of human immunodeficiency virus infection.

Medico-legal risk of infectious disease physicians in Canada: A retrospective review.

Objective: There is little known about the medico-legal risk for infectious disease specialists in Canada. The objective of this study was to identify the causes of these medico-legal risks with the goal of improving patient safety and outcomes. Methods: A 10-year retrospective analysis of Canadian Medical Protective Association (CMPA) closed medico-legal cases from 2012 to 2021 was performed. Peer expert criticism was used to identify factors that contributed to the medico-legal cases at the provider, team, or system level, and were contrasted with the patient complaint. Results: During the study period there were 571 infectious disease physician members of the CMPA. There were 96 patient medico-legal cases: 45 College complaints, 40 civil legal matters, and 11 hospital complaints. Ten cases were associated with severe patient harm or death. Patients were most likely to complain about perceived deficient assessments (54%), diagnostic errors (53%), inadequate monitoring or follow-up (20%), and unprofessional manner (20%). In contrast, peer experts were most critical of the areas of diagnostic assessment (20%), deficient assessment (10%), failure to perform test/intervention (8%), and failure to refer (6%). Conclusion: While infectious disease physicians tend to have lower medico-legal risks compared to other health care providers, these risks still do exist. This descriptive study provides insights into the types of cases, presenting conditions, and patient allegations associated with their practice.

Objectif: On sait peu de choses sur les risques médico-légaux auxquels sont exposés les spécialistes des maladies infectieuses au Canada. L'objectif de cette étude est de cibler les causes qui sous-tendent ces risques et, ce faisant, d'améliorer la sécurité et l'issue clinique des patients. Méthodes: Une analyse rétrospective sur 10 ans des dossiers médico-légaux conclus par l'Association canadienne de protection médicale (ACPM) entre 2012 et 2021 a été effectuée. Des experts ont été consultés pour cerner les facteurs à l'origine des dossiers médico-légaux en question, que ce soit à l'échelle des prestataires de soins, des équipes ou du système, et ces facteurs ont été mis en parallèle avec les plaintes des patients. Résultats: Au cours de la période de l'étude, 571 médecins membres de l'ACPM étaient spécialisés dans le traitement des maladies infectieuses. Quatre-vingt-seize dossiers médico-légaux portant sur des patients ont été recensés : 45 plaintes auprès d'un Collège, 40 poursuites au civil et 11 plaintes intrahospitalières. Un préjudice grave ou un décès a été constaté dans dix dossiers. Les motifs de plainte les plus répandus chez les patients étaient les évaluations perçues comme déficientes (54 %), les erreurs de diagnostic (53 %), une surveillance ou un suivi inadéquats (20 %) et un comportement non professionnel (20 %). En revanche, les experts consultés se sont surtout montrés critiques à l'égard des évaluations diagnostiques (20 %), des évaluations déficientes (10 %), du manquement à faire un test ou une intervention (8 %) et du manquement à orienter quelqu'un vers une ou un collègue (6 %). Conclusion: Les risques médico-légaux des médecins spécialisés dans le traitement des maladies infectieuses sont généralement moindres que ceux d'autres professionnels de la santé. Néanmoins, ces risques existent. Cette étude descriptive jette un éclairage sur le type de dossiers associés à la pratique de ces médecins, sur les motifs de consultation et sur les allégations formulées par les patients. Summary: Infectious disease (ID) physicians play a vital role in managing a broad spectrum of illnesses, from common infections to complex conditions, through rapid disease detection, effective treatment, preventive measures, and appropriate use of antimicrobial agents. ID doctors generally have a lower risk of complaints and lawsuits compared to other types of doctors. However, these risks do still exist and are important to consider.Our research team conducted a review of medico-legal cases over a 10-year period (2012­2021) involving ID physicians, with the goal of identifying why these problems occurred and how physicians might avoid them in the future. We examined why patients complained, what the types of diseases were, and the extent of patient harm. We also looked at which other types of doctors were most often involved in these cases.Most of the cases were either complaints made to a college (47%) or civil legal cases (42%). The rate of cases remained relatively stable over the study period. Twenty percent of complaints were linked to conditions of the bones, muscles, and connective tissue, such as osteomyelitis and septic arthritis. More than half of the patients who complained specifically mentioned concerns with the physician's assessment or a diagnostic error. In contrast, when expert physicians reviewed these cases, they only identified diagnostic errors in 20% of cases, and deficient assessments in 10% of cases.This research is important for two reasons. First, it may help to create a clearer picture of the current medico-legal landscape within the ID specialty. Second, by identifying areas of potential risk, it can guide the development of strategies to reduce these risks, thereby improving patient safety and trust in health care providers.

Sepsis policy, guidelines and standards in Canada: a jurisdictional scoping review protocol.

INTRODUCTION: To our knowledge, this study is the first to identify and describe current sepsis policies, clinical practice guidelines, and health professional training standards in Canada to inform evidence-based policy recommendations. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: This study will be designed and reported according to the Arksey and O'Malley framework for scoping reviews and the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews. EMBASE, CINAHL, Medline, Turning Research Into Practice and Policy Commons will be searched for policies, clinical practice guidelines and health professional training standards published or updated in 2010 onwards, and related to the identification, management or reporting of sepsis in Canada. Additional sources of evidence will be identified by searching the websites of Canadian organisations responsible for regulating the training of healthcare professionals and reporting health outcomes. All potentially eligible sources of evidence will be reviewed for inclusion, followed by data extraction, independently and in duplicate. The included policies will be collated and summarised to inform future evidence-based sepsis policy recommendations. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: The proposed study does not require ethics approval. The results of the study will be submitted for publication in a peer-reviewed journal and presented at local, national and international forums.

Evaluation of an automated feedback intervention to improve antibiotic prescribing among primary care physicians (OPEN Stewardship): a multinational controlled interrupted time-series study.

Tools to advance antimicrobial stewardship in the primary health care setting, where most antimicrobials are prescribed, are urgently needed. The aim of this study was to evaluate OPEN Stewarship (Online Platform for Expanding aNtibiotic Stewardship), an automated feedback intervention, among a cohort of primary care physicians. We performed a controlled, interrupted time-series study of 32 intervention and 725 control participants, consisting of primary care physicians from Ontario, Canada and Southern Israel, from October 2020 to December 2021. Intervention participants received three personalized feedback reports targeting several aspects of antibiotic prescribing. Study outcomes (overall prescribing rate, prescribing rate for viral respiratory conditions, prescribing rate for acute sinusitis, and mean duration of therapy) were evaluated using multilevel regression models. We observed a decrease in the mean duration of antibiotic therapy (IRR = 0.94; 95% CI: 0.90, 0.99) in intervention participants during the intervention period. We did not observe a significant decline in overall antibiotic prescribing (OR = 1.01; 95% CI: 0.94, 1.07), prescribing for viral respiratory conditions (OR = 0.87; 95% CI: 0.73, 1.03), or prescribing for acute sinusitis (OR = 0.85; 95% CI: 0.67, 1.07). In this antimicrobial stewardship intervention among primary care physicians, we observed shorter durations of therapy per antibiotic prescription during the intervention period. The COVID-19 pandemic may have hampered recruitment; a dramatic reduction in antibiotic prescribing rates in the months before our intervention may have made physicians less amenable to further reductions in prescribing, limiting the generalizability of the estimates obtained.IMPORTANCEAntibiotic overprescribing contributes to antibiotic resistance, a major threat to our ability to treat infections. We developed the OPEN Stewardship (Online Platform for Expanding aNtibiotic Stewardship) platform to provide automated feedback on antibiotic prescribing in primary care, where most antibiotics for human use are prescribed but where the resources to improve antibiotic prescribing are limited. We evaluated the platform among a cohort of primary care physicians from Ontario, Canada and Southern Israel from October 2020 to December 2021. The results showed that physicians who received personalized feedback reports prescribed shorter courses of antibiotics compared to controls, although they did not write fewer antibiotic prescriptions. While the COVID-19 pandemic presented logistical and analytical challenges, our study suggests that our intervention meaningfully improved an important aspect of antibiotic prescribing. The OPEN Stewardship platform stands as an automated, scalable intervention for improving antibiotic prescribing in primary care, where needs are diverse and technical capacity is limited.

Medico-legal issues related to emergency physicians' documentation in Canadian emergency departments.

OBJECTIVES: Physician documentation plays a central role in the delivery of safe patient care. It describes a physician's clinical decision-making and supports essential communication between healthcare providers within the patient's circle of care. Good documentation can potentially also decrease a physician's medico-legal risk. This study provides examples of documentation issues attributed to physicians practicing emergency medicine as identified by peer experts in civil legal actions, regulatory authority complaints (College) and hospital complaints (collectively, medico-legal cases) in Canada. METHODS: We conducted a descriptive study and content analysis of medico-legal cases involving emergency department physicians from a national repository at the Canadian Medical Protective Association. Cases with peer expert criticism of an emergency physician's documentation, which were closed between 2016 and 2020, and occurred in an emergency department were included in our analysis. RESULTS: Of the 1628 cases involving emergency medicine, our inclusion criteria identified that absent or insufficiently detailed documentation was present in 24% of cases (391/1,628). A detailed review of 20% of the cases (79/391), selected randomly, found that documentation issues were most often associated with the assessment and investigation stage of care. This pertained to documenting details of the clinical examination, relevant medical history, diagnosis, and differential diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS: For physicians practicing emergency medicine, criticism of documentation was frequently observed in medico-legal cases. Based on the findings of this study and the expert criticism related to documentation, emergency medicine physicians may consider reflecting upon their documentation of the care provided to determine if their documentation provides a clear and accurate chronicle of the care and the rationale for their clinical decisions.

RéSUMé: OBJECTIFS: La tenue des dossiers joue un rôle crucial dans la prestation de soins sécuritaires. Elle témoigne des décisions cliniques des médecins et favorise une bonne communication entre les membres des différentes professions de la santé faisant partie du cercle de soins. Une bonne tenue des dossiers peut également réduire les risques médico-légaux auxquels les médecins sont exposés. Cette étude présente certains des problèmes relevés par les médecins experts dans la tenue des dossiers de médecins d'urgence. Elle a été réalisée à partir de dossiers d'action civile, de plaintes auprès d'organismes de réglementation de la médecine (Collège) et de plaintes auprès d'hôpitaux (dossiers médico-légaux) au Canada. MéTHODES: Nous avons réalisé une étude descriptive et une analyse du contenu des dossiers médico-légaux ciblant des médecins d'urgence de la base de données nationale de l'Association canadienne de protection médicale. L'analyse incluait les dossiers conclus entre 2016 et 2020 dans lesquels les expertes et experts consultés avaient émis des critiques à l'égard de la tenue des dossiers de médecins d'urgence. RéSULTATS: D'après nos critères d'inclusion, la tenue des dossiers avait été omise ou était insuffisante dans 391 (24%) des 1 628 dossiers ciblant des médecins d'urgence. Une analyse approfondie de 20% des dossiers (79/391), choisis au hasard, a révélé que les problèmes dans la tenue des dossiers étaient le plus souvent associés aux stades d'évaluation et d'investigation des soins. Plus précisément, les renseignements concernant les examens cliniques, les antécédents médicaux, le diagnostic et le diagnostic différentiel n'avaient pas été versés aux dossiers. CONCLUSIONS: Dans les dossiers médico-légaux, les critiques formulées à l'encontre des médecins d'urgence concernaient souvent la tenue des dossiers. À la lumière des résultats de cette étude et des critiques formulées par les médecins experts quant à la tenue des dossiers, les médecins d'urgence devraient porter attention à la consignation des soins qui sont prodigués et se demander si la tenue de leurs dossiers illustre, de façon claire et précise, la chronologie des soins ainsi que les raisons motivant leurs décisions cliniques.

Diagnostic Delays in Sepsis: Lessons Learned From a Retrospective Study of Canadian Medico-Legal Claims.

Although rapid treatment improves outcomes for patients presenting with sepsis, early detection can be difficult, especially in otherwise healthy adults. OBJECTIVES: Using medico-legal data, we aimed to identify areas of focus to assist with early recognition of sepsis. DESIGN SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: Retrospective descriptive design. We analyzed closed medico-legal cases involving physicians from a national database repository at the Canadian Medical Protective Association. The study included cases closed between 2011 and 2020 that had documented peer expert criticism of a diagnostic issue related to sepsis or relevant infections. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: We used univariate statistics to describe patients and physicians and applied published frameworks to classify contributing factors (provider, team, system) and diagnostic pitfalls based on peer expert criticisms. RESULTS: Of 162 involved patients, the median age was 53 years (interquartile range [IQR], 34-66 yr) and mortality was 49%. Of 218 implicated physicians, 169 (78%) were from family medicine, emergency medicine, or surgical specialties. Eighty patients (49%) made multiple visits to outpatient care leading up to sepsis recognition/hospitalization (median = two visits; IQR, 2-4). Almost 40% of patients were admitted to the ICU. Deficient assessments, such as failing to consider sepsis or not reassessing the patient prior to discharge, contributed to the majority of cases (81%). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Sepsis continues to be a challenging diagnosis for clinicians. Multiple visits to outpatient care may be an early warning sign requiring vigilance in the patient assessment.

Virtual learning collaboratives to improve urine culturing and antibiotic prescribing in long-term care: controlled before-and-after study.

BACKGROUND: Urine culturing practices are highly variable in long-term care and contribute to overprescribing of antibiotics for presumed urinary tract infections. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the use of virtual learning collaboratives to support long-term care homes in implementing a quality improvement programme focused on reducing unnecessary urine culturing and antibiotic overprescribing. METHODS: Over a 4-month period (May 2018-August 2018), 45 long-term care homes were self-selected from five regions to participate in virtual learning collaborative sessions, which provided an orientation to a quality improvement programme and guidance for implementation. A process evaluation complemented the use of a controlled before-and-after study with a propensity score matched control group (n=127) and a difference-in-difference analysis. Primary outcomes included rates of urine cultures performed and urinary antibiotic prescriptions. Secondary outcomes included rates of emergency department visits, hospital admission and mortality. An 18-month baseline period was compared with a 16-month postimplementation period with the use of administrative data sources. RESULTS: Rates of urine culturing and urinary antibiotic prescriptions per 1000 resident days decreased significantly more among long-term care homes that participated in learning collaboratives compared with matched controls (differential reductions of 19% and 13%, respectively, p<0.0001). There was no statistically significant changes to rates of emergency department visits, hospital admissions or mortality. These outcomes were observed with moderate adherence to the programme model. CONCLUSIONS: Rates of urine culturing and urinary antibiotic prescriptions declined among long-term care homes that participated in a virtual learning collaborative to support implementation of a quality improvement programme. The results of this study have refined a model to scale this programme in long-term care.

Antibiotic susceptibility of urine culture specimens in Ontario: a population-based cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Surveillance of antimicrobial resistance is essential to mitigate its impact on population health and inform local empiric treatment practices. Our aims were to evaluate urine culture specimen susceptibility from a range of diverse settings and describe antibiotic susceptibility across all organisms and compare susceptibilities to that of Escherichia coli alone. METHODS: In this descriptive cohort study, we measured the prevalence of organisms in urine culture specimens using linked province-wide administrative databases. Using positive urine cultures collected in Ontario between Jan. 1, 2016, and Dec. 31, 2017, we measured susceptibility to 6 classes of antibiotics using a weighted antibiogram for all organisms compared with E. coli alone. RESULTS: We included 689 497 cultures derived from 569 399 patients and 879 778 test orders for specimens. For all organisms, the rates of susceptibility in the outpatient, inpatient and long-term care settings were 49.3%, 42.8% and 39.2%, respectively, for ampicillin; 83.1%, 72.7% and 69.7%, respectively, for nitrofurantoin; 80.3%, 64.8% and 73.1%, respectively, for trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole; 87.2%, 74.1% and 66.2%, respectively, for ciprofloxacin; 90.6%, 73.6% and 85.1%, respectively, for aminoglycosides; and 82.6%, 57.5% and 73.5%, respectively, for cefazolin. We found resistance to 3 or more antibiotic classes in 20.6% of episodes for all organisms compared with 14.0% for E. coli alone. The average absolute difference in antibiotic susceptibility between all organisms and E. coli across all drugs was lowest in the outpatient setting (6.2%) and highest in the inpatient setting (14.6%). INTERPRETATION: In this study, urinary organism prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility varied across health care settings and patient populations, with implications for both antimicrobial resistance surveillance and clinical decision-making. Weighted antibiograms may be most useful for guiding empiric treatment of urinary infections in inpatient settings where the diversity of infectious organisms is higher than in the community.

Association Between Nursing Home Crowding and COVID-19 Infection and Mortality in Ontario, Canada.

Importance: Nursing home residents have been disproportionately affected by coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Prevention recommendations emphasize frequent testing of health care personnel and residents, but additional strategies are needed. Objective: To develop a reproducible index of nursing home crowding and determine whether crowding was associated with COVID-19 cases and mortality in the first months of the COVID-19 epidemic. Design, Setting, and Participants: This population-based retrospective cohort study included more than 78 000 residents across more than 600 nursing homes in Ontario, Canada, and was conducted from March 29 to May 20, 2020. Exposures: The nursing home crowding index equaled the mean number of residents per bedroom and bathroom. Main Outcomes and Measures: The cumulative incidence of COVID-19 cases confirmed by a validated nucleic acid amplification assay and mortality per 100 residents; the introduction of COVID-19 into a home (≥1 resident case) was a negative tracer. Results: Of 623 homes in Ontario, we obtained complete information on 618 homes (99%) housing 78 607 residents (women, 54 160 [68.9%]; age ≥85 years, 42 919 [54.6%]). A total of 5218 residents (6.6%) developed COVID-19 infection, and 1452 (1.8%) died of COVID-19 infection as of May 20, 2020. COVID-19 infection was distributed unevenly across nursing homes; 4496 infections (86%) occurred in 63 homes (10%). The crowding index ranged across homes from 1.3 (mainly single-occupancy rooms) to 4.0 (exclusively quadruple occupancy rooms); 308 homes (50%) had a high crowding index (≥2). Incidence in high crowding index homes was 9.7% vs 4.5% in low crowding index homes (P < .001), while COVID-19 mortality was 2.7% vs 1.3%, respectively (P < .001). The likelihood of COVID-19 introduction did not differ (high = 31.3% vs low = 30.2%; P = .79). After adjustment for regional, nursing home, and resident covariates, the crowding index remained associated with an increased incidence of infection (relative risk [RR] = 1.73, 95% CI, 1.10-2.72) and mortality (RR, 1.69; 95% CI, 0.99-2.87). A propensity score analysis yielded similar conclusions for infection (RR, 2.09; 95% CI, 1.30-3.38) and mortality (RR, 1.83; 95% CI, 1.09-3.08). Simulations suggested that converting all 4-bed rooms to 2-bed rooms would have averted 998 COVID-19 cases (19.1%) and 263 deaths (18.1%). Conclusions and Relevance: In this cohort of Canadian nursing homes, crowding was common and crowded homes were more likely to experience larger and deadlier COVID-19 outbreaks.

Evaluation of an automated feedback intervention to improve antimicrobial prescribing among primary care physicians (OPEN Stewardship): protocol for an interrupted time-series and usability analysis in Ontario, Canada and Southern Israel.

INTRODUCTION: Antimicrobial resistance undermines our ability to treat bacterial infections, leading to longer hospital stays, increased morbidity and mortality, and a mounting burden to the healthcare system. Antimicrobial stewardship is increasingly important to safeguard the efficacy of existing drugs, as few new drugs are in the developmental pipeline. While significant progress has been made with respect to stewardship in hospitals, relatively little progress has been made in the primary care setting, where the majority of antimicrobials are prescribed. OPEN Stewardship is an international collaboration to develop an automated feedback platform to improve responsible antimicrobial prescribing among primary care physicians and capable of being deployed across heterogeneous healthcare settings. We describe the protocol for an evaluation of this automated feedback intervention with two main objectives: assessing changes in antimicrobial prescribing among participating physicians and determining the usability and usefulness of the reports. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: A non-randomised evaluation of the automated feedback intervention (OPEN Stewardship) will be conducted among approximately 150 primary care physicians recruited from Ontario, Canada and Southern Israel, based on a series of targeted stewardship messages sent using the platform. Using a controlled interrupted time-series analysis and multilevel negative binomial modelling, we will compare the antimicrobial prescribing rates of participants before and after the intervention, and also to the prescribing rates of non-participants (from the same healthcare network) during the same period. We will examine outcomes targeted by the stewardship messages, including prescribing for antimicrobials with duration longer than 7 days and prescribing for indications where antimicrobials are typically unnecessary. Participants will also complete a series of surveys to determine the usability and usefulness of the stewardship reports. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: All sites have obtained ethics committee approval to recruit providers and access anonymised prescribing data. Dissemination will occur through open-access publication, stakeholder networks and national/international meetings.

Effects of medical and non-medical cannabis use in older adults: protocol for a scoping review.

INTRODUCTION: With its legalisation and regulation in Canada in 2018, the proportion of Canadians reporting cannabis use in 2019 increased substantially over the previous year, with half of new users being aged 45+ years. While use in older adults has been low historically, as those born in the 1950s and 1960s continue to age, this demographic will progressively have more liberal attitudes, prior cannabis exposure and higher use rates. However, older adults experience slower metabolism, increased likelihood of polypharmacy, cognitive decline and chronic physical/mental health problems. There is a need to enhance knowledge of the effects of cannabis use in older adults. The following question will be addressed using a scoping review approach: what evidence exists regarding beneficial and harmful effects of medical and non-medical cannabis use in adults >50 years of age? Given that beneficial and harmful effects of cannabis may be mediated by patient-level (eg, age, sex and race) and cannabis-related factors (eg, natural vs synthetic, consumption method), subgroup effects related to these and additional factors will be explored. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: Methods for scoping reviews outlined by Arksey & O'Malley and the Joanna Briggs Institute will be used. A librarian designed a systematic search of the literature from database inception to June 2019. Using the OVID platform, Ovid MEDLINE will be searched, including Epub Ahead of Print and In-Process and Other Non-Indexed Citations, Embase Classic+Embase, and PsycINFO for reviews, randomised trials, non-randomised trials and observational studies of cannabis use. The Cochrane Library on Wiley will also be searched. Eligibility criteria will be older adult participants, currently using cannabis (medical or non-medical), with studies required to report a cannabis-related health outcome to be eligible. Two reviewers will screen citations and full texts, with support from artificial intelligence. Two reviewers will chart data. Tables/graphics will be used to map evidence and identify evidence gaps. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: This research will enhance awareness of existing evidence addressing the health effects of medical and non-medical cannabis use in older adults. Findings will be disseminated through a peer-reviewed publication, conference presentations and a stakeholder meeting. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: DOI 10.17605/OSF.IO/5JTAQ.

Trichomonas vaginalis: the adhesins AP51 and AP65 bind heme and hemoglobin.

Trichomonas vaginalis is the cause of human trichomoniasis, the most common non-viral sexually transmitted disease worldwide. Although acquisition of iron by binding to host hemoglobin through distinct receptor(s) has been described, no specific heme- or hemoglobin-binding site has been reported in this parasite. To determine the presence of hemoglobin-binding protein(s), membrane proteins were subjected to hemoglobin-affinity chromatography. Eluted proteins were analysed by SDS-PAGE. Two protein bands of 48 and 63 kDa were detected. Competition assay with an excess amount of hemoglobin or hemin in hemoglobin-affinity chromatography could block the 63- and 48-kDa bands, respectively. Further analysis by mass spectrometry indicated that the 48- and 63-kDa proteins had identity with two T. vaginalis adhesins: AP51 and AP65, respectively. This study confirms the existence of multifunctional proteins in T. vaginalis, and suggested that AP51 and AP65, besides serving as adhesion molecules, could also act as heme- and hemoglobin-binding proteins.

Influencing duration of antibiotic therapy: A behavior change analysis in long-term care.

BACKGROUND: Prolonged antibiotic duration of therapy is common in long-term care (LTC) settings and associated with increased risk of harm for residents. To identify potential antibiotic stewardship opportunities aimed at prolonged duration of therapy, this study examined barriers and enablers to using shorter courses of antibiotic therapy in the LTC setting. METHODS: Semistructured interviews were conducted with prescribers in LTC home settings, and a total of 8 LTC clinicians participated in the study. Questions and clinical scenarios explored the factors influencing the decisions of prescribers about duration of therapy. Using the Theoretical Domains Framework, interview data were analyzed deductively. RESULTS: The themes identified that influence duration of antibiotic therapy in LTC were environmental context and resources, knowledge, beliefs about consequences, social influences, and behavioral regulation. Specific concerns described by participants included the perceived lack of evidence to support shorter courses in LTC residents, the misconception that shorter courses could lead to greater rates of resistance, and the strong role of habit and prior experience in selecting antibiotic duration. DISCUSSION: There are several factors affecting antimicrobial duration prescribing behavior aside from the clinical scenario itself. Tackling misconceptions and providing educational support may be helpful approaches. CONCLUSIONS: These findings provide theory-informed evidence to support the development of antimicrobial stewardship interventions aimed at improving duration of antibiotic therapy.

Using behavior change frameworks to improve healthcare worker influenza vaccination rates: A systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Influenza vaccination of healthcare workers (HCW) is important for protecting staff and patients, yet vaccine coverage among HCW remains below recommended targets. Psychological theories of behavior change may help guide interventions to improve vaccine uptake. Our objectives were to: (1) review the effectiveness of interventions based on psychological theories of behavior change to improve HCW influenza vaccination rates, and (2) determine which psychological theories have been used to predict HCW influenza vaccination uptake. METHODS: MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, PsycINFO, The Joanna Briggs Institute, SocINDEX, and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews were searched for studies that applied psychological theories of behavior change to improve and/or predict influenza vaccination uptake among HCW. RESULTS: The literature search yielded a total of 1810 publications; 10 articles met eligibility criteria. All studies used behavior change theories to predict HCW vaccination behavior; none evaluated interventions based on these theories. The Health Belief Model was the most frequently employed theory to predict influenza vaccination uptake among HCW. The remaining predictive studies employed the Theory of Planned Behavior, the Risk Perception Attitude, and the Triandis Model of Interpersonal Behavior. The behavior change framework constructs were successful in differentiating between vaccinated and non-vaccinated HCW. Key constructs identified included: attitudes regarding the efficacy and safety of influenza vaccination, perceptions of risk and benefit to self and others, self-efficacy, cues to action, and social-professional norms. The behavior change frameworks, along with sociodemographic variables, successfully predicted 85-95% of HCW influenza vaccination uptake. CONCLUSION: Vaccination is a complex behavior. Our results suggest that psychological theories of behavior change are promising tools to increase HCW influenza vaccination uptake. Future studies are needed to develop and evaluate novel interventions based on behavior change theories, which may help achieve recommended HCW vaccination targets.

Successful discontinuation of therapy for disseminated Mycobacterium avium complex infection after effective antiretroviral therapy.

BACKGROUND: Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) is associated with improvement or resolution of several HIV-associated opportunistic infections. Although prophylaxis against disseminated Mycobacterium avium complex infection may be successfully discontinued after a favorable response to HAART, the 1999 guidelines from the U.S. Public Health Service/Infectious Diseases Society of America recommend continuing therapy for disseminated M. avium complex infection, regardless of the response to HAART. OBJECTIVE: To examine the outcome among patients with disseminated M. avium complex infection whose antimycobacterial therapy was discontinued after a favorable response to HAART. DESIGN: Retrospective chart review between May 2000 and May 2001. SETTING: 13 Canadian HIV clinics. PATIENTS: 52 HIV-infected adults (43 men; mean age, 37.3 years) in whom successful antimycobacterial therapy for disseminated M. avium complex infection was discontinued after a favorable virologic response to HAART. MEASUREMENTS: Survival, survival free of disseminated M. avium complex infection, and CD4(+) cell count responses. RESULTS: At the time of diagnosis of disseminated M. avium complex infection, the median CD4(+) cell count was 0.016 x 10(9) cells/L, and the median plasma HIV RNA level was 90 000 copies/mL (plasma HIV RNA levels were available for only 21 patients). The patients received a median of 32 months of antimycobacterial therapy that included ethambutol plus either clarithromycin or azithromycin. When antimycobacterial therapy was discontinued, the median CD4(+) cell count was 0.23 x 10(9) cells/L and the median plasma HIV RNA level was less than 50 copies/mL. A median of 20 months after discontinuation of antimycobacterial therapy, only 1 patient had developed recurrent M. avium complex disease (37 months after stopping antimycobacterial therapy). This patient had stopped HAART 2 months earlier because of uncontrolled HIV viremia. Twenty months after stopping antimycobacterial therapy, the other 51 patients had a median CD4(+) cell count of 0.288 x 10(9) cells/L; 34 (67%) had undetectable plasma HIV RNA levels, and 8 (15%) had plasma HIV RNA levels of 50 to 1000 copies/mL. CONCLUSIONS: Discontinuation of successful disseminated M. avium complex therapy after a successful response to HAART is safe and reduces patients' pill burdens, potential drug adverse effects, drug interactions, and costs of therapy.

The laboratory diagnosis of Trichomonas vaginalis.

Trichomonas vaginalis, a parasitic protozoa that causes the sexually transmitted infection trichomoniasis, is the sexually transmitted infection with the largest annual incidence, exceeding 170 million cases per year. The disease can be difficult to diagnose due to its heterogeneous presentation and problems with diagnostic testing. All diagnostic tests are fraught with imperfections, but the old, reliable wet mount examination (in trained hands), and the newer InPouch method may be advantageous due to simplicity in technology and cost. The present article reviews the pros and cons of culture, antibody and nucleic acid-based technologies that may point to future diagnostic advances.

Systemic host responses in severe sepsis analyzed by causative microorganism and treatment effects of drotrecogin alfa (activated).

Clinical trials with novel therapeutic agents for severe sepsis have suggested that patients might respond differently depending on causative microorganism. Data from a large, placebo-controlled trial of recombinant human drotrecogin alfa (activated) (DrotAA) were analyzed by type of causative microorganism for treatment-associated differences in mortality, coagulopathy, and inflammatory response. Compared with placebo, mortality rates associated with DrotAA were consistently reduced for each microorganism group (gram-positive bacteria, gram-negative bacteria, mixed bacteria, fungi, other, and unknown microbial etiology), with a stratified relative risk (RR) of 0.80 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.69-0.94). The greatest reduction in the mortality rate was for Streptococcus pneumoniae infection (RR, 0.56; 95% CI, 0.35-0.88). Levels of coagulation and inflammation biomarkers varied with different pathogens at study entry. Results demonstrate that DrotAA, administered as an adjunct to standard anti-infective therapy, can improve the rate of survival for patients who develop severe sepsis regardless of causative microorganism.