Notch3 Deficiency Attenuates Pulmonary Fibrosis and Impedes Lung-Function Decline.

Fibroblast activation includes differentiation to myofibroblasts and is a key feature of organ fibrosis. The Notch pathway has been involved in myofibroblast differentiation in several tissues, including the lung. Here, we identify a subset of collagen-expressing cells in the lung that exhibit Notch3 activity at homeostasis. After injury, this activation increases, being found in αSMA-expressing myofibroblasts in the mouse and human fibrotic lung. Although previous studies suggest a contribution of Notch3 in stromal activation, in vivo evidence of the role of Notch3 in lung fibrosis remains unknown. In this study, we examine the effects of Notch3 deletion in pulmonary fibrosis and demonstrate that Notch3-deficient lungs are protected from lung injury with significantly reduced collagen deposition after bleomycin administration. The induction of profibrotic genes is reduced in bleomycin-treated Notch3-knockout lungs that consistently present fewer αSMA-positive myofibroblasts. As a result, the volume of healthy lung tissue is higher and lung function is improved in the absence of Notch3. Using in vitro cultures of lung primary fibroblasts, we confirmed that Notch3 participates in their survival and differentiation. Thus, Notch3 deficiency mitigates the development of lung fibrosis because of its role in mediating fibroblast activation. Our findings reveal a previously unidentified mechanism underlying lung fibrogenesis and provide a potential novel therapeutic approach to target pulmonary fibrosis.

Single-Cell RNA Sequencing Analysis Reveals a Crucial Role for CTHRC1 (Collagen Triple Helix Repeat Containing 1) Cardiac Fibroblasts After Myocardial Infarction.

BACKGROUND: Cardiac fibroblasts (CFs) have a central role in the ventricular remodeling process associated with different types of fibrosis. Recent studies have shown that fibroblasts do not respond homogeneously to heart injury. Because of the limited set of bona fide fibroblast markers, a proper characterization of fibroblast population heterogeneity in response to cardiac damage is lacking. The purpose of this study was to define CF heterogeneity during ventricular remodeling and the underlying mechanisms that regulate CF function. METHODS: Collagen1α1-GFP (green fluorescent protein)-positive CFs were characterized after myocardial infarction (MI) by single-cell and bulk RNA sequencing, assay for transposase-accessible chromatin sequencing, and functional assays. Swine and patient samples were studied using bulk RNA sequencing. RESULTS: We identified and characterized a unique CF subpopulation that emerges after MI in mice. These activated fibroblasts exhibit a clear profibrotic signature, express high levels of Cthrc1 (collagen triple helix repeat containing 1), and localize into the scar. Noncanonical transforming growth factor-ß signaling and different transcription factors including SOX9 are important regulators mediating their response to cardiac injury. Absence of CTHRC1 results in pronounced lethality attributable to ventricular rupture. A population of CFs with a similar transcriptome was identified in a swine model of MI and in heart tissue from patients with MI and dilated cardiomyopathy. CONCLUSIONS: We report CF heterogeneity and their dynamics during the course of MI and redefine the CFs that respond to cardiac injury and participate in myocardial remodeling. Our study identifies CTHRC1 as a novel regulator of the healing scar process and a target for future translational studies.

Single-cell transcriptional profile of CD34+ hematopoietic progenitor cells from del(5q) myelodysplastic syndromes and impact of lenalidomide.

While myelodysplastic syndromes with del(5q) (del(5q) MDS) comprises a well-defined hematological subgroup, the molecular basis underlying its origin remains unknown. Using single cell RNA-seq (scRNA-seq) on CD34+ progenitors from del(5q) MDS patients, we have identified cells harboring the deletion, characterizing the transcriptional impact of this genetic insult on disease pathogenesis and treatment response. Interestingly, both del(5q) and non-del(5q) cells present similar transcriptional lesions, indicating that all cells, and not only those harboring the deletion, may contribute to aberrant hematopoietic differentiation. However, gene regulatory network (GRN) analyses reveal a group of regulons showing aberrant activity that could trigger altered hematopoiesis exclusively in del(5q) cells, pointing to a more prominent role of these cells in disease phenotype. In del(5q) MDS patients achieving hematological response upon lenalidomide treatment, the drug reverts several transcriptional alterations in both del(5q) and non-del(5q) cells, but other lesions remain, which may be responsible for potential future relapses. Moreover, lack of hematological response is associated with the inability of lenalidomide to reverse transcriptional alterations. Collectively, this study reveals transcriptional alterations that could contribute to the pathogenesis and treatment response of del(5q) MDS.

Cardiac Progenitor Cell Exosomal miR-935 Protects against Oxidative Stress.

Oxidative stress-induced myocardial apoptosis and necrosis are critically involved in ischemic infarction, and several sources of extracellular vesicles appear to be enriched in therapeutic activities. The central objective was to identify and validate the differential exosome miRNA repertoire in human cardiac progenitor cells (CPC). CPC exosomes were first analyzed by LC-MS/MS and compared by RNAseq with exomes of human mesenchymal stromal cells and human fibroblasts to define their differential exosome miRNA repertoire (exo-miRSEL). Proteomics demonstrated a highly significant representation of cardiovascular development functions and angiogenesis in CPC exosomes, and RNAseq analysis yielded about 350 different miRNAs; among the exo-miRSEL population, miR-935 was confirmed as the miRNA most significantly up-regulated; interestingly, miR-935 was also found to be preferentially expressed in mouse primary cardiac Bmi1+high CPC, a population highly enriched in progenitors. Furthermore, it was found that transfection of an miR-935 antagomiR combined with oxidative stress treatment provoked a significant increment both in apoptotic and necrotic populations, whereas transfection of a miR-935 mimic did not modify the response. Conclusion. miR-935 is a highly differentially expressed miRNA in exo-miRSEL, and its expression reduction promotes oxidative stress-associated apoptosis. MiR-935, together with other exosomal miRNA members, could counteract oxidative stress-related apoptosis, at least in CPC surroundings.

The transcription factor DDIT3 is a potential driver of dyserythropoiesis in myelodysplastic syndromes.

Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) malignancies characterized by ineffective hematopoiesis, with increased incidence in older individuals. Here we analyze the transcriptome of human HSCs purified from young and older healthy adults, as well as MDS patients, identifying transcriptional alterations following different patterns of expression. While aging-associated lesions seem to predispose HSCs to myeloid transformation, disease-specific alterations may trigger MDS development. Among MDS-specific lesions, we detect the upregulation of the transcription factor DNA Damage Inducible Transcript 3 (DDIT3). Overexpression of DDIT3 in human healthy HSCs induces an MDS-like transcriptional state, and dyserythropoiesis, an effect associated with a failure in the activation of transcriptional programs required for normal erythroid differentiation. Moreover, DDIT3 knockdown in CD34+ cells from MDS patients with anemia is able to restore erythropoiesis. These results identify DDIT3 as a driver of dyserythropoiesis, and a potential therapeutic target to restore the inefficient erythroid differentiation characterizing MDS patients.

Effect of heart ischemia and administration route on biodistribution and transduction efficiency of AAV9 vectors.

Adeno-associated viruses (AAV) have become one of the most promising tools for gene transfer in clinics. Among all the serotypes, AAV9 has been described as the most efficient for cardiac transduction. In order to achieve optimal therapeutic delivery in heart disease, we have explored AAV9 transduction efficiency in an infarcted heart using different routes of administration and promoters, including a cardiac-specific one. AAV9 vectors carrying luciferase or green fluorescence protein under the control of the ubiquitous elongation-factor-1-alpha or the cardiac-specific troponin-T (TnT) promoters were administered by intramyocardial or intravenous injection, either in healthy or myocardial-infarcted mice. The transduction efficacy and specificity, the time-course expression, and the safety of each vector were tested. High transgene expression levels were found in the heart, but not in the liver, of mice receiving AAV-TnT, which was significantly higher after intramyocardial injection regardless of ischemia-induction. On the contrary, high hepatic transgene expression levels were detected with the elongation-factor-1-alpha-promoter, independently of the administration route and heart damage. Moreover, tissue-specific green fluorescence protein expression was found in cardiomyocytes with the TnT vector, whereas minimal cardiac expression was detected with the ubiquitous one. Interestingly, we found that myocardial infarction greatly increased the transcriptional activity of AAV genomes. Our findings show that the use of cardiac promoters allows for specific and stable cardiac gene expression, which is optimal and robust when intramyocardially injected. Furthermore, our data indicate that the pathological status of the tissue can alter the transcriptional activity of AAV genomes, an aspect that should be carefully evaluated for clinical applications.