The Bardet-Biedl syndrome-related protein CCDC28B modulates mTORC2 function and interacts with SIN1 to control cilia length independently of the mTOR complex.

CCDC28B encodes a coiled coil domain-containing protein involved in ciliogenesis that was originally identified as a second site modifier of the ciliopathy Bardet-Biedl syndrome. We have previously shown that the depletion of CCDC28B leads to shortened cilia; however, the mechanism underlying how this protein controls ciliary length is unknown. Here, we show that CCDC28B interacts with SIN1, a component of the mTOR complex 2 (mTORC2), and that this interaction is important both in the context of mTOR signaling and in a hitherto unknown, mTORC-independent role of SIN1 in cilia biology. We show that CCDC28B is a positive regulator of mTORC2, participating in its assembly/stability and modulating its activity, while not affecting mTORC1 function. Further, we show that Ccdc28b regulates cilia length in vivo, at least in part, through its interaction with Sin1. Importantly, depletion of Rictor, another core component of mTORC2, does not result in shortened cilia. Taken together, our findings implicate CCDC28B in the regulation of mTORC2, and uncover a novel function of SIN1 regulating cilia length that is likely independent of mTOR signaling.

Direct role of Bardet-Biedl syndrome proteins in transcriptional regulation.

Primary cilia are conserved organelles that play crucial roles as mechano- and chemosensors, as well as transducing signaling cascades. Consequently, ciliary dysfunction results in a broad range of phenotypes: the ciliopathies. Bardet-Biedl syndrome (BBS), a model ciliopathy, is caused by mutations in 16 known genes. However, the biochemical functions of the BBS proteins are not fully understood. Here we show that the BBS7 protein (localized in the centrosomes, basal bodies and cilia) probably has a nuclear role by virtue of the presence of a biologically confirmed nuclear export signal. Consistent with this observation, we show that BBS7 interacts physically with the polycomb group (PcG) member RNF2 and regulate its protein levels, probably through a proteasome-mediated mechanism. In addition, our data supports a similar role for other BBS proteins. Importantly, the interaction with this PcG member is biologically relevant because loss of BBS proteins leads to the aberrant expression of endogenous RNF2 targets in vivo, including several genes that are crucial for development and for cellular and tissue homeostasis. Our data indicate a hitherto unappreciated, direct role for the BBS proteins in transcriptional regulation and potentially expand the mechanistic spectrum that underpins the development of ciliary phenotypes in patients.

Functional analyses of variants reveal a significant role for dominant negative and common alleles in oligogenic Bardet-Biedl syndrome.

Technological advances hold the promise of rapidly catalyzing the discovery of pathogenic variants for genetic disease. However, this possibility is tempered by limitations in interpreting the functional consequences of genetic variation at candidate loci. Here, we present a systematic approach, grounded on physiologically relevant assays, to evaluate the mutational content (125 alleles) of the 14 genes associated with Bardet-Biedl syndrome (BBS). A combination of in vivo assays with subsequent in vitro validation suggests that a significant fraction of BBS-associated mutations have a dominant-negative mode of action. Moreover, we find that a subset of common alleles, previously considered to be benign, are, in fact, detrimental to protein function and can interact with strong rare alleles to modulate disease presentation. These data represent a comprehensive evaluation of genetic load in a multilocus disease. Importantly, superimposition of these results to human genetics data suggests a previously underappreciated complexity in disease architecture that might be shared among diverse clinical phenotypes.

Epistasis between RET and BBS mutations modulates enteric innervation and causes syndromic Hirschsprung disease.

Hirschsprung disease (HSCR) is a common, multigenic neurocristopathy characterized by incomplete innervation along a variable length of the gut. The pivotal gene in isolated HSCR cases, either sporadic or familial, is RET. HSCR also presents in various syndromes, including Shah-Waardenburg syndrome (WS), Down (DS), and Bardet-Biedl (BBS). Here, we report 3 families with BBS and HSCR with concomitant mutations in BBS genes and regulatory RET elements, whose functionality is tested in physiologically relevant assays. Our data suggest that BBS mutations can potentiate HSCR predisposing RET alleles, which by themselves are insufficient to cause disease. We also demonstrate that these genes interact genetically in vivo to modulate gut innervation, and that this interaction likely occurs through complementary, yet independent, pathways that converge on the same biological process.

Cystic diseases of the kidney: ciliary dysfunction and cystogenic mechanisms.

Ciliary dysfunction has emerged as a common factor underlying the pathogenesis of both syndromic and isolated kidney cystic disease, an observation that has contributed to the unification of human genetic disorders of the cilium, the ciliopathies. Such grouping is underscored by two major observations: the fact that genes encoding ciliary proteins can contribute causal and modifying mutations across several clinically discrete ciliopathies, and the emerging realization that an understanding of the clinical pathology of one ciliopathy can provide valuable insight into the pathomechanism of renal cyst formation elsewhere in the ciliopathy spectrum. In this review, we discuss and attempt to stratify the different lines of proposed cilia-driven mechanisms for cystogenesis, ranging from mechano- and chemo-sensation, to cell shape and polarization, to the transduction of a variety of signaling cascades. We evaluate both common trends and differences across the models and discuss how each proposed mechanism can contribute to the development of novel therapeutic paradigms.

Frequencies of the four major Amerindian mtDNA haplogroups in the population of Montevideo, Uruguay.

mtDNA Amerindian polymorphisms were studied in 108 inhabitants of Montevideo, Uruguay, using PCR RFLP analysis. Amerindian haplogroups were found in 20.4% of the sample. The frequency of Amerindian polymorphisms in Montevideo differed significantly from that observed in Tacuarembó, a city about 400 km away, indicating the high level of variation within Uruguay. Results for mitochondrial markers indicate that admixture occurred primarily as a result of Amerindian females mating with European males.

Prevalencia del polimorfismo I/D del gen de la enzima convertidora de amgiotensina (ECA) en la población de Montevideo / Prevalence of I/D polymorphism of the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) gene in Montevideo

Las nuevas técnicas de biología molecular aplicadas al diagnóstico genético y el uso de marcadores moleculares posibilitan el estudio de los mecanismos que subyacen en la predisposición individual y familiar a padecer determinadas enfermedades. Para llevar a cabo estos estudios, es necesario en primera instancia establecer cuál es la prevalencia de dichos marcadores en la población general. El estudio se realizó empleando una muestra de 108 individuos seleccionados por muestreo simple del banco de ADN de 500 individuos representativos de nuestra población, que pertenece al Departamento de Citogenética del Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable (IIBCE). Para establecer el genotipo del gen de la enzima convertidora de angiotensina (ECA) en cada una de las muestras, se amplificó un fragmento de ADN perteneciente al intrón 16 de este gen mediante la técnica de reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR). El genotipo predominante en esta población control es el heterocigota I/D (50,9 por ciento), encontrándose el genotipo homocigota para la delección (D/D) (30,6 por ciento) en mayoría con respecto al genotipo homocigota para la inserción (I/I) (18,5 por ciento). Los resultados sugieren que existe, por tanto, un predominio del alelo D con respecto al alelo I en la población montevideana, habiéndose hallado diferencias significativas con respecto a poblaciones de origen asiático y americano, pero no con poblaciones europeas.

Asociación entre hiperhomocisteinemia, cardiopatía isquémica y diabetes tipo 2

La hiperhomocisteinemia es considerada como un factor de riesgo para las enfermedades vasculares en la población general. Sin embargo, su rol en el desarrollo de la cardiopatía isquémica (CI) no ha sido totalmente dilucidado. El objetivo fue determinar, si existe, en primera instancia una asociación entre la cardiopatía isquémica y los niveles elevados de homocisteína en plasma y posteriormente investigar la posible asociación entre la hiperhomocisteinemia y la diabetes mellitus tipo 2. Se analizó la información de 204 pacientes atendidos en consultorios dependientes del CASMU con una edad promedio de 61,2±10,8 años. Se siguieron los criterios de las guías de Task Force y ADA para el diagnóstico de cardiopatía isquémica y diabetes, respectivamente. Se tomaron valores entre 5-15 µmoles/lt de homocisteína plasmática como normales. Los pacientes fueron clasificados en dos grupos: con cardiopatía isquémica (CCI) y sin cardiopatía isquémica (SCI). En las comparaciones realizadas entre los grupos se observaron diferencias significativas en la distribución de los niveles de homocisteína plasmática entre los individuos CCI y SCI (p<0,001). A su vez, se observó una asociación entre los valores de hiperhomocisteinemia y la CI (OR=2,66). Por otra parte, la ausencia de diferencias significativas entre diabéticos y no diabéticos con CI estaría indicando que la diabetes y la hiperhomocisteinemia serían dos características genéticas independientes o -dicho de otra forma- el hecho de ser diabético no altera la asociación entre la hiperhomocisteinemia y la cardiopatía isquémica.

A high plasmatic level of homocysteine is considered as a risk factor to vascular disease in the general population. However, the role of hyperhomocysteinaemia in the ischaemic heart disease development is not totally elucidated. The aim of our study was to determine in fist place, if in our sample there is an association between homocysteine levels and ischaemic heart disease and subsequently to investigate a possible association of hyperhomocysteinaemia to the presence of diabetes mellitus type 2. We analyzed the information of 204 patients attending to private health centers (depending from CASMU). All patients (61,2 ± 10,8 year olds average) were diagnosed as diabetic type 2 and ischaemic heart disease according to the ADA and Task Force guides criteria respectively. We took 5-15 µmol/l homocysteine plasmatic value as normal. The patients were classified in two groups: with (CCI) and without ischaemic heart disease (SCI). We observed statistical significant differences in the distribution of homocysteine plasmatic levels between: CCI and SCI (p<0,001). We also observed an association between hyperhomocysteinaemia and CI (OR=2,66). In the other hand, non-significant statistical differences between diabetic and non diabetics patient with CI would be indicate that that hyperhomocysteinaemia and diabetes are two independent genetics factors; the diabetes condition do not alter the association between hyperhomocisteinaemia and CI.