Diversity of Fusarium Species and Their Mycotoxins in Cereal Crops from the Asian Territory of Russia.

Up-to-date information on the occurrence of Fusarium fungi and their mycotoxins in the grain of wheat, barley and oats grown in the Urals and West Siberia in 2018‒2019 is presented. Mycological analysis of grain revealed at least 16 species of Fusarium fungi. The F. sporotrichioides, F. avenaceum, F. poae, and F. anguioides were predominant, and the proportions of these species among all Fusarium fungi found in the grain were 31, 20, 19, and 13%, respectively. Fusarium graminearum and its mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) are often occurred in grain mycobiota of cereal crops on the territory of both the Urals and West Siberia. New records of fungal species that are rare in the Asian territory of Russia were detected: F. langsethiae and F. sibiricum, which are mainly producers of type A trichothecene mycotoxins, were found in the Kurgan and Kemerovo regions, respectively. In addition, F. globosum that is able to produce fumonisins was detected in Altai Krai and Omsk region. The diversity of Fusarium species was higher in wheat and barley grain samples than in oats. The HPLC-MS/MS method was used to analyse the content of 19 mycotoxins produced by Fusarium fungi. The highest diversity of mycotoxins was found in wheat grain (maximum 12), compared with oats (9) and barley (8). The T-2 and HT-2 toxins, DON, nivalenol, moniliformin (MON) and beauvericin (BEA) occurred more often in the grain samples, compared with other mycotoxins, but their amounts varied significantly, depending on the weather conditions in sampling year and the plant species. The average content of DON (maximum amount was 375 µg/kg) in wheat grain was 5 times higher than its average content in barley grain, and this mycotoxin was not detected in oat grain. The contamination with T-2 and HT-toxins (maximum amounts were 2652 µg/kg and 481 µg/kg, respectively), as well as with BEA (maximum amount was 49 µg/kg) was typical for barley and oat grain samples. The content of MON (maximum amount was 50 µg/kg) in the grain of three different small grain cereals was similar.

[Psychological and mental aspects of increased tooth abrasion]. / Psikhologicheskie i psikhicheskie aspekty povyshennoi stiraemosti zubov.

The analysis of literary and other information sources (in PubMed, Google Scholar, KiberLeninka and eLibrary databases) devoted to the study of dental manifestations of psychological conditions and the analysis of the ability of dentists to identify psychological predictors of increased tooth erasure in adolescents and young people. Disorders such as stress, depression, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, alcohol dependence, eating disorders - may be risk factors for the development of increased tooth abrasion. Comorbid conditions such as bruxism and gastroesophageal reflux are also considered. Due to the high mortality of adolescents due to mental illness, early diagnosis of disorders of psychological and mental health of adolescents is extremely relevant. Attention is focused on the possibility of early diagnosis by dentists of psychological and mental problems by the presence and type of increased erasability of teeth. Effective examination and treatment of such patients requires a holistic, interdisciplinary approach.

CAROTIDSCORE.RU-The first Russian computer program for risk stratification of postoperative complications of carotid endarterectomy.

GOAL: Presentation of the first Russian computer program (www.carotidscore.ru) for risk stratification of postoperative complications of carotid endarterectomy (CEE). MATERIAL AND METHODS: The present study is based on the analysis of a multicenter Russian database that includes 25,812 patients after CEE operated on from 01/01/2010 to 04/01/2022. The following types of CEE were implemented: 6814 classical CEE with plastic reconstruction of the reconstruction zone with a patch; 18,998 eversion CEE. RESULTS: In the hospital postoperative period, 0.18% developed a lethal outcome, 0.14%-myocardial infarction, 0.35%-stroke. The combined endpoint was 0.68%. For each factor present in patients, a predictive coefficient was calculated. The prognostic coefficient was a numerical indicator reflecting the strength of the influence of each factor on the development of postoperative complications. Based on this formula, predictive coefficients were calculated for each factor present in patients in our study. The total contribution of these factors was reflected in "%" and denoted the risk of postoperative complications with a minimum value of 0% and a maximum of 100%. On the basis of the obtained calculations, a computer program CarotidSCORE was created. Its graphical interface is based on the QT framework (https://www.qt.io), which has established itself as one of the best solutions for desktop applications. It is possible not only to calculate the probability of developing a complication, but also to save all data about the patient in JSON format (for the patient's personal card and his anamnesis). The CarotidSCORE program contains 47 patient parameters, including clinical-demographic, anamnestic and angiographic characteristics. It allows you to choose one of the four types of CEE, which will provide an accurate stratification of the risk of complications for each of them in person. CONCLUSION: CarotidSCORE (www.carotidscore.ru) is able to determine the likelihood of postoperative complications in patients undergoing CEE.

Potential of CLSM in studying some modern and fossil palynological objects.

We have tested possibilities and limitations of confocal laser scanning microscopy to study the morphology of pollen and spores and inner structure of sporoderms. As test objects, we used pollen grains of the modern angiosperm Ribes niveum (Grossulariaceae) and Datura metel (Solanaceae), fossil angiosperm pollen grains of Pseudointegricorpus clarireticulatum and Wodehouseia spinata dated to the Late Cretaceous, fossil gymnosperm pollen grains of Cycadopites-type dated to the Middle Jurassic, and fossil megaspores Maexisporites rugulaeferus, M. grosstriletus, and Trileites sp. dated to the Early Triassic. For comparative purpose, we studied the same objects with application of conventional light, scanning electron (to entire pollen grains and spores or to semithin sections of their walls), or transmission electron microscopy. The resolution of confocal microscope is much lower than that of electron microscopes, as are its abilities to reconstruct the surface patterns and inner structure. On the other hand, it can provide information that is unreachable by other microscopical methods. Thus, the structure of endoapertures in angiosperm pollen grains can be directly observed. It is also helpful in studies of asymmetrical pollen and pollen grains bearing various appendages and having complicated exine structure, because rotation of 3-D reconstructions allows one to examine all sides and structures of the pollen grain. The exact location of all visible and concealed structures in the sporoderm can be detected; this information helps to describe the morphology and inner structure of pollen grains and to choose necessary directions of further ultrathin sectioning for a transmission electron microscopical study. In studies of fossil pollen grains that are preserved in clumps and stuck to cuticles, confocal microscope is useful in determining the number of apertures in individual pollen grains. This can be done by means of virtual sections through 3-D reconstructions of pollen grains. Fossil megaspores are too large and too thick-walled objects for a confocal study; however, confocal microscope was able to reveal a degree of compression of fossil megaspores, the presence of a cavity between the outer and inner sporoderm layers, and to get some information about sporoderm inner structure.

[The evaluation of the lipid peroxidation system and antioxidant defense in adolescent boys with exogenously constitutive obesity with using the coefficient of oxidative stress].

Child and adolescent obesity deserves special attention, since, beginning in adolescence, it progresses and leads to the development of complications already in the adult state. One of the leading mechanisms of the pathogenesis of obesity is the activation of oxidative stress reactions, with insufficient activity of antioxidant factors. There is an opinion that integrated indicators are more informative when assessing antioxidant status disorders compared to individual indicators. The state of lipid peroxidation processes was assessed in 42 adolescent boys, comparable in age (13-17 years old), 19 of them were diagnosed with exogenous-constitutional obesity. Spectrophotometric and fluorometric methods were used. In adolescent boys with obesity, there was a decrease in the concentration of primary products of LPO - diene conjugates (1.39 fold, p=0.007), with an increase in the level of secondary ketodienes and conjugated trienes (1.65 fold, p=0.011). In the antioxidant defense system, the differences in this group included reduced levels of α-tocopherol (1.42 fold, p=0.016), retinol (1.51 fold, p=0.003) and superoxide dismutase activity (1.19 fold, p<0.001), in the absence of significant changes in the blood total antioxidant activity and components of glutathione status in adolescent boys with obesity in comparison with control. The use of the total oxidative stress factor in the group of obese patients showed a high intensity of development of oxidative reactions, which confirms the results of the development of antioxidant insufficiency in this group of patients.

[Redox status parameters in adolescent-mongoloids with exogenously constitutional obesity and fatty hepatosis].

It is assumed that in the progression of obesity, complicated by fatty hepatosis in adolescents, a significant role is given to the reactions of oxidative stress with deficiency of antioxidant factors. However, an important factor that remains outside the field of view of researchers is the ethnicity of the patient, which is an important element in the development of a personalized approach in the treatment and prevention of diseases. In connection with this, the purpose of this study was to study the changes in the lipid peroxidation-antioxidant defense processes in adolescent Mongoloids with exogenously constitutional obesity complicated by fatty hepatosis. 18 adolescent boys with fatty hepatosis were examined on the background of exogenous-constitutional obesity of the first degree; 38 adolescent boys with exogenously constitutional obesity without changes in the liver and 37 practically healthy adolescents (control group). All subjects surveyed for ethnicity belonged to the Mongoloids. Spectrophotometric and fluorometric methods were used in the research. The results of the study indicated a high intensity of lipid peroxidation reactions in Mongoloid boys with obesity and fatty hepatosis relative to control values: an increase in blood plasma content of compounds with unsaturated double bonds (p<0.001), diene conjugates (p=0.0012), ketodienes and conjugated trienes (p<0.0001), in the absence of significant differences in the level of TBA-active products. Increased values of total antioxidant activity in blood plasma (p=0.0023) and erythrocyte superoxide dismutase activity (p=0.0072), decreased levels of fat-soluble vitamins in blood plasma [α-tocopherol (p<0.0001) and retinol (p=0.0011)] and oxidized form of glutathione in erythrocytes (p=0.0083) have been found. The pronounced insufficiency of fatsoluble vitamins - α-tocopherol and retinol in patients of the main group was also noted in comparison with patients without morphological changes in the liver. Thus, in teenage Mongoloids with exogenously constitutional obesity and fatty hepatosis, it is possible to recommend antioxidant drugs in addition to basic metabolic therapy.

[Variations of oral fluid microbiota in healthy children and adolescents]. / Varianty mikroflory rotovoi zhidkosti u prakticheski zdorovykh detei i podrostkov.

The aim of the study was to establish the bacterial and viral associations of saliva and the immune resistance in 127 healthy people of different ages. The analysis sorted out three variants of oral fluid microbiota differing by certain combination of indigenous and facultative microflora. It was found that with age there is a significant increase in the number of adolescents with the third variant of the microbiota, characterized by a decrease in the number of indigenous microflora and increase in opportunistic microorganisms and viruses. With an increase in microecological shifts a tendency to decrease the level of lysozyme, an increase in the number of secretory IgA, accompanied by a decrease in antibody was revealed. It has been shown that bacterial and viral component of the microbiota of the oral fluid are in a dynamic relationship with each other, as well as immune resistance and can serve as an indicator of the health level and the selection criteria at the stages of clinical examination of children and adolescents, with the risk of dental disease.

[Clinical rationale for interdisciplinary approach to treatment of dental diseases in children with chronic pathology of upper GI tract].

The article presents clinical rationale for interdisciplinary approach to treatment of dental diseases in children with chronic pathology of upper GI tract based on the morphofunctional changes of oral cavity organs. The dental markers of somatic diseases and unfavorable dynamics of the individual health level in the process of ontogenesis were determined. The results of the study allow considering the oral cavity as a target organ in chronic GI pathology.

[Dental status in children and adolescents diagnosed with obesity].

Dental status was studied in 168 obese teenagers aged from 12 to 17 years. The study revealed high prevalence in this group of teenagers of oral pathology like caries and fluorosis, inflammatory periodontal disease in 75% of children and poor oral hygiene level. One should consider high need for development of treatment-and-prophylactic measures for improvement of dental status in obese teenagers.

[Peculiarities of microbiological composition of oral fluid during various stages of orthodontic treatment in children and adolescents].

The article presents the results of analysis of spectrum, the rate of frequency and the amount of microorganisms in oral liquid before the beginning of orthodontic treatment of dental abnormalities and deformations and in its stages (6 and 12 months later). As the result of the study the appearance of pathologic microorganisms Staphylococcus aureus and a great number of conditionally-pathogenic fungi of Candida family and Porphyromonas spp. were determined. The obtained results show the need of elaboration of standards for the treatment of orthodontic patients.

[THE EFFECT OF DURATION OF ORTHODONTIC TREATMENT ON MICRO-BIOCENOSIS OF BACK OF MUCOUS MEMBRANE OF TONGUE].

The article presents analysis of results of studying spectrum, rate of occurrence and amount of microorganisms on mucous membrane of back of tongue before orthodontic treatment of dentoalveolar anomalies and deformations and on different stages of fixation. It is established that in all patients the dominant microorganisms of analyzed biotope were bacteria of genus of Streptococcus and Peptostreptococcus released in number of 5-6 Ig CFU/cm2. The gender and quantitative characteristics of opportunistic pathogenic microorganisms varied during all year of monitoring. However, their prevalence and number either returned to initial indicators or had no exceeding over allowed values. The results testify necessity of development of standards of follow-up of orthodontic patients over whole period of treatment with purpose of implementation of adjusting measures preventing development of complications.

[Complex dental care in children and adolescents with chronic gastroduodenitis].

The parts of pathogenesis gastrointestinal diseases form relationship with changes in oral cavity. High microbial density bacterial community, consisting of conditionally-pathogenic type and occupying oral mucosa and other parts to oral cavity permits the quick development of the different forms of the pathological processes in oral cavity. The Concept preventive and medical action, conducted in oral cavity of children with chronic gastrodyodenitis, includes: undertaking the diagnostics of the change of microbiocenosis, estimations of the factors of local homeostasis with determination degree of the changes of disbiosis, the individual planning and strictly realization pathogenesis motivated complex action on treatment and preventive maintenance, observation with recommended frequency, including all mentioned elements. One of the significant problems solved by dentist and physician is a shaping among children and teenager with chronic gastritis and gastrodyodenitis, as well as their parents, installation on sound lifestyle. The Advisable frequency observations by dentist this children: in 1 year of the disease: 1 once at 3 months (4 times per annum); in 2 year of the disease: - not less 3 once a year; in 3 and the following years: not less 2 once a year.

[Biofilm formation by antagonistic strains of oral Lactobacillus].

Highantagonistic strains of lactobacillus isolated from the oral cavity of healthy people, genetically identified as L. fermentum 39, L. rhamnosus 50, L. rhamnosus 24, showed high degree of autoaggregation, surface hydrophobicity, coaggregation, adhesion, and the ability to form biofilms. These strains can be used to create new probiotic drugs for the prevention and correction the dysbiosis of the oral cavity.

Partial inactivation of Ankrd26 causes diabetes with enhanced insulin responsiveness of adipose tissue in mice.

AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: ANKRD26 is a newly described gene located at 10p12 in humans, a locus that has been identified with some forms of hereditary obesity. Previous studies have shown that partial inactivation of Ankrd26 in mice causes hyperphagia, obesity and gigantism. Hypothesising that Ankrd26 mutant (MT) mice could develop diabetes, we sought to establish whether the observed phenotype could be (1) solely related to the development of obesity or (2) caused by a direct action of ankyrin repeat domain 26 (ANKRD26) in peripheral tissues. METHODS: To test the hypothesis, we did a full metabolic characterisation of Ankrd26 MT mice that had free access to chow or were placed under two different energy-restricted dietary regimens. RESULTS: Highly obese Ankrd26 MT mice developed an unusual form of diabetes in which white adipose tissue is insulin-sensitive, while other tissues are insulin-resistant. When obese MT mice were placed on a food-restricted diet, their weight and glucose homeostasis returned to normal. In addition, when young MT mice were placed on a pair-feeding diet with normal mice, they maintained normal body weight, but showed better glucose tolerance than normal mice, an increased responsiveness of white adipose tissue to insulin and enhanced phosphorylation of the insulin receptor. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: These findings show that the ANKRD26 protein has at least two functions in mice. One is to control the response of white adipose tissue to insulin; the other is to control appetite, which when Ankrd26 is mutated, leads to hyperphagia and diabetes in an obesity-dependent manner.

Increasing skeletal muscle fatty acid transport protein 1 (FATP1) targets fatty acids to oxidation and does not predispose mice to diet-induced insulin resistance.

AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: We examined in skeletal muscle (1) whether fatty acid transport protein (FATP) 1 channels long-chain fatty acid (LCFA) to specific metabolic fates in rats; and (2) whether FATP1-mediated increases in LCFA uptake exacerbate the development of diet-induced insulin resistance in mice. We also examined whether FATP1 is altered in insulin-resistant obese Zucker rats. METHODS: LCFA uptake, oxidation and triacylglycerol esterification rates were measured in control and Fatp1-transfected soleus muscles to determine FATP1-mediated lipid handling. The effects of FATP1 on insulin sensitivity and triacylglycerol accumulation were determined in high-fat diet-fed wild-type mice and in muscle-specific Fatp1 (also known as Slc27a1) overexpressing transgenic mice driven by the muscle creatine kinase (Mck [also known as Ckm]) promoter. We also examined the relationship between FATP1 and both fatty acid transport and metabolism in insulin-resistant obese Zucker rats. RESULTS: Transient Fatp1 overexpression in soleus muscle increased (p < 0.05) palmitate transport (24%) and oxidation (35%), without altering triacylglycerol esterification or the intrinsic rate of palmitate oxidation in isolated mitochondria. In Mck/Fatp1 animals, Fatp1 mRNA and 15-(p-iodophenyl)-3-R,S-methylpentadecanoic acid uptake in skeletal muscle were upregulated (75%). However, insulin sensitivity and intramuscular triacylglycerol content did not differ between wild-type and Mck/Fatp1 mice following a 16 week high-fat diet. In insulin-resistant obese Zucker rats, LCFA transport and triacylglycerol accumulation were increased (85% and 24%, respectively), but this was not attributable to Fatp1 expression, as neither total cellular nor sarcolemmal FATP1 content were altered. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: Overexpression of Fatp1 in skeletal muscle increased the rate of LCFA transport and channelled these lipids to oxidation, not to intramuscular lipid accumulation. Therefore, skeletal muscle FATP1 overabundance does not predispose animals to diet-induced insulin resistance.

The fat-derived hormone adiponectin reverses insulin resistance associated with both lipoatrophy and obesity.

Adiponectin is an adipocyte-derived hormone. Recent genome-wide scans have mapped a susceptibility locus for type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome to chromosome 3q27, where the gene encoding adiponectin is located. Here we show that decreased expression of adiponectin correlates with insulin resistance in mouse models of altered insulin sensitivity. Adiponectin decreases insulin resistance by decreasing triglyceride content in muscle and liver in obese mice. This effect results from increased expression of molecules involved in both fatty-acid combustion and energy dissipation in muscle. Moreover, insulin resistance in lipoatrophic mice was completely reversed by the combination of physiological doses of adiponectin and leptin, but only partially by either adiponectin or leptin alone. We conclude that decreased adiponectin is implicated in the development of insulin resistance in mouse models of both obesity and lipoatrophy. These data also indicate that the replenishment of adiponectin might provide a novel treatment modality for insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes.

[Prevalence and intensity of dental diseases among foreign students during their study in Russia].

The findings of complex dental study of 235 1-st and 2-nd year foreign students of TSMA were given in the article. High level of prevalence and intensity of dental diseases was found. The obtained results of the study should be used to develop measures for their future treatment and to prevent dental diseases.

[Genetic identification and study of the ability of lactobacilli isolated from the oral cavity of healthy individuals to form biofilms].

The highly antagonistic lactobacillus strains isolated from the oral cavity of human individuals were genetically passported as L. fermentum 39, L. rhamnosus 50, and L. rhamnosus 24, by applying the RAPD-PCR technique with two types of primers (M13, MSP). These lactobacillus strains showed high degrees of autoaggregation, surface hydrophobicity, coaggregation, and adhesion. These characteristics determine the obvious capacity of lactobacilli to form biofilms, which may be used to design new probiotic agents.

Resistance of oat breeding lines to grain contamination with Fusarium langsethiae and T-2/HT-2 toxins.

Fusarium disease of oats reduces yield quality due to decreasing germination that is caused by the contamination of grain with mycotoxins produced by Fusarium fungi. The aim of this study was to characterize the resistance of naked breeding lines of oats to fungal grain infection and to contamination with T-2 and HT-2 toxins. Thirteen naked oat breeding lines and two naked varieties, Nemchinovsky 61 and Vyatskiy, as well as a husked variety Yakov, were grown under natural conditions in the Nemchinovka Federal Research Center in 2019-2020. The contamination of grain with fungi was determined by the mycological method and real-time PCR. The analysis of mycotoxins was carried out by ELISA. In oats, Alternaria (the grain infection was 15-90 %), Cochliobolus (1-33 %), Cladosporium (1-19 %), Epicoccum (0-11 %), and Fusarium (3-17 %) fungi prevailed in the grain mycobiota. The predominant Fusarium species were F. poae (its proportion among Fusarium fungi was 49-68 %) and F. langsethiae (29-28 %). The highest amounts of F. langsethiae DNA ((27.9-71.9) × 10-4 pg/ng) and T-2/HT-2 toxins (790-1230 µg/kg) were found in the grain of husked oat Yakov. Among the analysed naked oat lines, the amount of F. langsethiae DNA varied in the range of (1.2-42.7) × 10-4 pg/ng,and the content of T-2/HT-2 toxins was in the range of 5-229 µg/kg. Two oat breeding lines, 54h2476 and 66h2618, as well as a new variety, Azil (57h2396), can be characterized as highly resistant to infection with Fusarium fungi and contamination with mycotoxins compared to the control variety Vyatskiy.

[Influence of gastroduodenal pathology on incidence of stomatological diseases in children of younger school age].

Results of studying of features of the dentals status at 81 children in the age of 9-10 years, suffering chronic gastroduodenit are submitted. High prevalence and intensity of the basic oral diseases, prevalence decompensation currents caries process, an unsatisfactory and bad level of hygiene of an oral cavity, presence of a dental stone are established. In system of rehabilitation of children, ill chronic gastroduodenit, supervision gastroenterologist and the dentist which should be carried out by way of double difference control is necessary.