Society of Radiologists in Ultrasound Consensus on Routine Pelvic US for Endometriosis.

Endometriosis is a prevalent and potentially debilitating condition that mostly affects individuals of reproductive age, and often has a substantial diagnostic delay. US is usually the first-line imaging modality used when patients report chronic pelvic pain or have issues of infertility, both common symptoms of endometriosis. Other than the visualization of an endometrioma, sonologists frequently do not appreciate endometriosis on routine transvaginal US images. Given a substantial body of literature describing techniques to depict endometriosis at US, the Society of Radiologists in Ultrasound convened a multidisciplinary panel of experts to make recommendations aimed at improving the screening process for endometriosis. The panel was composed of experts in the imaging and management of endometriosis, including radiologists, sonographers, gynecologists, reproductive endocrinologists, and minimally invasive gynecologic surgeons. A comprehensive literature review combined with a modified Delphi technique achieved a consensus. This statement defines the targeted screening population, describes techniques for augmenting pelvic US, establishes direct and indirect observations for endometriosis at US, creates an observational grading and reporting system, and makes recommendations for additional imaging and patient management. The panel recommends transvaginal US of the posterior compartment, observation of the relative positioning of the uterus and ovaries, and the uterine sliding sign maneuver to improve the detection of endometriosis. These additional techniques can be performed in 5 minutes or less and could ultimately decrease the delay of an endometriosis diagnosis in at-risk patients.

Radiology State-of-the-art Review: Endometriosis Imaging Interpretation and Reporting.

Endometriosis is a common condition impacting approximately 190 million individuals and up to 50% of women with infertility globally. The disease is characterized by endometrial-like tissue located outside of the uterine corpus, which causes cyclical hemorrhage, inflammation, and fibrosis. Based on clinical suspicion or findings at routine transvaginal pelvic US or other prior imaging, dedicated imaging for endometriosis may be warranted with MRI or advanced transvaginal US. Deep endometriosis (DE) in the pelvis includes evaluation for stromal and fibrotic components and architectural distortion resulting from fibrosis and tethering. It is a disease requiring a compartment-based, pattern-recognition approach. MRI has the benefit of global assessment of the pelvis and is effective in assessing for features of malignancy and for evaluating extrapelvic locations. Transvaginal US has the advantage of dynamic maneuvers to assess for adhesions and may achieve higher spatial resolution for assessing the depth of bowel wall invasion. T1-weighted MRI evaluation increases the specificity of diagnosis by identifying hemorrhagic components, but the presence of T1 signal hyperintensity is not essential for diagnosing DE. Endometriosis is a disease with a broad spectrum; understanding the mild through advanced manifestations, including malignancy evaluation, is within the scope and breadth of radiologists' interpretation.

Imaging of Antepartum and Postpartum Hemorrhage.

Severe obstetric hemorrhage is a leading cause of maternal mortality and morbidity worldwide. Major hemorrhage in the antepartum period presents potential risks for both the mother and the fetus. Similarly, postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) accounts for up to a quarter of maternal deaths worldwide. Potential causes of severe antepartum hemorrhage that radiologists should be familiar with include placental abruption, placenta previa, placenta accreta spectrum disorders, and vasa previa. Common causes of PPH that the authors discuss include uterine atony, puerperal genital hematomas, uterine rupture and dehiscence, retained products of conception, and vascular anomalies. Bleeding complications unique to or most frequently encountered after cesarean delivery are also enumerated, including entities such as bladder flap hematomas, rectus sheath and subfascial hemorrhage, and infectious complications of endometritis and uterine dehiscence. ©RSNA, 2024 Test Your Knowledge questions for this article are available in the supplemental material. See the invited commentary by Javitt and Madrazo in this issue.

Lung Hypoplasia in Fetuses with Skeletal Dysplasia Determined by Fetal Lung Weight: Which Ultrasound Measurement/Ratio Has the Highest Detection Rate.

INTRODUCTION: To determine lung hypoplasia in cases with fetal skeletal dysplasia based on the total lung weight at autopsy as the most accountable surrogate marker for pulmonary hypoplasia. METHODS: This retrospective cohort study included all pregnancies with antenatal diagnosis of skeletal dysplasia (2012-2018). We included only cases in which information on fetal biometry was available within 2 weeks before delivery and had autopsy and skeletal X-rays + molecular analysis using extracted fetal DNA. We compared the predictive accuracy of fetal sonographic body-proportional ratios (BPRs) including: (1) thoracic circumference-to-abdominal circumference ratio, (2) the femur length-to-abdominal circumference (FL/AC) ratio, (3) head circumference-to-abdominal circumference ratio, and (4) foot length-to-femur length ratio. Lung hypoplasia was defined as total lung weight below -2 SD from the expected mean for gestational age. RESULTS: Fifty three pregnancies with antenatal diagnosis of skeletal dysplasia underwent autopsy included. Lung hypoplasia was determined in 34 (64.1%). Median of gestational age at last sonographic assessment was 21.3 (19.9-24.9) weeks. FL/AC ratio demonstrated the highest area under the curve of 0.817 (95% CI: 0.685-0.949; p < 0.0001). FL/AC ≤0.1550 demonstrated the highest detection rate of 88.2% along with the highest negative predictive value of 75%. CONCLUSION: Using a novel, more practical approach to predict lung hypoplasia in skeletal dysplasia, fetal sonographic BPRs and, specifically, FL/AC ratio demonstrate a high detection rate of lung hypoplasia.

Increasing Diversity in Canadian Radiology: From the Hiring Process to Needed Active Retention Efforts.

The Canadian Association of Radiologists supports equity, diversity, and inclusion (EDI) in employment. It is imperative that institutions implement recruitment and retention practices to ensure a diverse workforce. This requires considerable attention to each step in the process, including the job posting, candidate search, hiring committee composition, interviews, hiring decision, and retention and promotion. Job postings must be widely distributed and visible to underrepresented groups. The candidate search should be completed by a diverse committee with expertise in EDI. All committee members must complete EDI and anti-bias training and conduct a broad search that ensures underrepresented groups are encouraged to apply. Interviews must be offered to all candidates. The hiring decision must avoid the use of subjective criteria. Recruitment of members of underrepresented groups ensures a diverse workforce, and organizations should commit resources to the retention and promotion of these members. Mentorship programs must be implemented and incentives provided to faculty members to serve as mentors. Transparent guidelines for promotion made universally available on department or institution websites. Recruiting a diverse workforce in Medical Imaging will only be achieved if EDI are central to the organization's goals and strategic plan. All organizational policies, practices, and procedures must be reviewed with an intersectional lens to identify potential gaps, areas for improvement, and areas of strength in the recruitment and retention of members of underrepresented groups.

O-RADS US v2022: An Update from the American College of Radiology's Ovarian-Adnexal Reporting and Data System US Committee.

First published in 2019, the Ovarian-Adnexal Reporting and Data System (O-RADS) US provides a standardized lexicon for ovarian and adnexal lesions, enables stratification of these lesions with use of a numeric score based on morphologic features to indicate the risk of malignancy, and offers management guidance. This risk stratification system has subsequently been validated in retrospective studies and has yielded good interreader concordance, even with users of different levels of expertise. As use of the system increased, it was recognized that an update was needed to address certain clinical challenges, clarify recommendations, and incorporate emerging data from validation studies. Additional morphologic features that favor benignity, such as the bilocular feature for cysts without solid components and shadowing for solid lesions with smooth contours, were added to O-RADS US for optimal risk-appropriate scoring. As O-RADS US 4 has been shown to be an appropriate cutoff for malignancy, it is now recommended that lower-risk O-RADS US 3 lesions be followed with US if not excised. For solid lesions and cystic lesions with solid components, further characterization with MRI is now emphasized as a supplemental evaluation method, as MRI may provide higher specificity. This statement summarizes the updates to the governing concepts, lexicon terminology and assessment categories, and management recommendations found in the 2022 version of O-RADS US.

Recommendations for Improvement of Equity, Diversity, and Inclusion in the CaRMs Selection Process.

Equity, diversity and inclusion (EDI) in the medical field is crucial for meeting the healthcare needs of a progressively diverse society. A diverse physician workforce enables culturally sensitive care, promotes health equity, and enhances the comprehension of the various needs and viewpoints of patients, ultimately resulting in more effective treatments and improved patient outcomes. However, despite the recognized benefits of diversity in the medical field, certain specialties, such as Radiology, have struggled to achieve adequate equity, diversity and inclusion, which results in a discrepancy in the demographics of Canadian radiologists and the patients we serve. In this review, we propose strategies from a committee within the Canadian Association of Radiologists (CAR) EDI working group to improve EDI in the CaRMS selection process. By adopting these strategies, residency programs can foster a more diverse and inclusive environment that is better positioned to address the health needs of a progressively diverse patient population, leading to improved patient outcomes, greater patient satisfaction, and advancements in medical innovation.

Promoting Equity, Diversity, and Inclusion in Medicine: A Comprehensive Toolkit for Change in Radiology.

This toolkit presents a comprehensive framework for a toolkit intended to increase equity, diversity, and inclusion (EDI) within the medical field and recommendations. We advocate for clear, comprehensive definitions and interpretations of fundamental EDI terms, laying the groundwork necessary for initiating and maintaining EDI initiatives. Furthermore, we offer a systematic approach to establishing EDI committees within medical departments, accentuating the pivotal role these committees play as they drive and steer EDI strategies. This toolkit also explores strategies tailored for the recruitment of a diverse workforce. This includes integral aspects such as developing inclusive job advertisements, implementing balanced search methods for candidates, conducting unbiased appraisals of applications, and structuring diverse hiring committees. The emphasis on these strategies not only augments the diversity within medical institutions but also sets the stage for a more holistic approach to healthcare delivery. Therefore, by adopting the recommended strategies and guidelines outlined in this framework, medical institutions and specifically radiology departments can foster an environment that embodies inclusivity and equity, thereby enhancing the quality of patient care and overall health outcomes.

External Validation of O-RADS US Risk Stratification and Management System.

Background The Ovarian-Adnexal Reporting and Data System (O-RADS) US risk stratification and management system (O-RADS US) was designed to improve risk assessment and management of ovarian and adnexal lesions. Validation studies including both surgical and nonsurgical treatment as the reference standard remain lacking. Purpose To externally validate O-RADS US in women who underwent either surgical or nonsurgical treatment and to determine if incorporating acoustic shadowing as a benign finding improves diagnostic performance. Materials and Methods This retrospective study included consecutive women who underwent pelvic US between August 2015 and April 2017 at a tertiary referral oncology center. Two independent readers blinded to clinical and histologic outcome assigned an O-RADS risk category and an International Ovarian Tumor Analysis (IOTA) Assessment of Different NEoplasias in the adneXa (ADNEX) model risk of malignancy score to assessable lesions. Reference standards were surgical histopathology or 2-year imaging follow-up. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to evaluate performance of the O-RADS US, ADNEX, and modified O-RADS models incorporating acoustic shadowing. Results In total, 227 women (mean age, 52 years ± 16 [SD]) with 262 ovarian or adnexal lesions were evaluated. Of these lesions, 187 (71%) were benign and 75 (29%) were malignant. The proportion of malignancy was 0% (0 of 100) for O-RADS 2, 3% (one of 32) for O-RADS 3, 35% (22 of 63) for O-RADS 4, and 78% (52 of 67) for O-RADS 5. The area under the ROC curve (AUC) for O-RADS and ADNEX was 0.91 (95% CI: 0.88, 0.94) and 0.95 (95% CI: 0.92, 0.97; P = .01), respectively. The addition of acoustic shadowing as a benign finding improved O-RADS AUC to 0.94 (95% CI: 0.91, 0.96; P = .01). Use of O-RADS 4 as a threshold yielded a sensitivity of 99% (74 of 75; 95% CI: 96, 100) and a specificity of 70% (131 of 187; 95% CI: 64, 77). Conclusion In a tertiary referral oncology center, the Ovarian-Adnexal Reporting and Data System US risk stratification and management system enabled accurate distinction of benign from malignant ovarian and adnexal lesions. Adding acoustic shadowing as a benign finding improved its diagnostic performance. © RSNA, 2022 See also the editorial by Levine in this issue.

Imaging Cancer in Pregnancy.

Pregnancy-associated cancer (PAC) is defined as cancer that is detected during pregnancy and up to 1 year postpartum. Although rare (~1:1000 pregnancies), PAC is increasing owing to postponed childbearing and advanced maternal age at conception. Cancer-related symptoms masked by physiologic gestational changes may delay diagnosis. Imaging, clinical management, and treatment require a carefully choreographed multidisciplinary team approach. The risk-benefit of every imaging modality, the strategies to balance the safety of mother and fetus, and the support of the patient and family at every step are crucial. US and MRI are preferred imaging modalities that lack ionizing radiation. Radiation dose concerns should be addressed, noting that most imaging examinations (including mammography, radiography, CT, and technetium 99m-labeled sulfur colloid sentinel lymph node staging) are performed at radiation levels below thresholds at which deterministic side effects are seen. Dose estimates should be provided after each examination. The use of iodinated intravenous contrast material is safe during pregnancy, but gadolinium-based contrast material should be avoided. Accurate diagnosis and staging combined with gestational age affect decisions about surgery and chemotherapy. Whole-body MRI with diffusion-weighted sequences is ideal to screen for primary and metastatic sites, determine disease stage, identify biopsy targets, and guide further cancer site-specific imaging. The authors provide an update of the imaging triage, safety considerations, cancer-specific imaging, and treatment options for cancer in pregnancy. An invited commentary by Silverstein and Van Loon is available online. Online supplemental material is available for this article. ©RSNA, 2022.

O-RADS for Ultrasound: A User's Guide, From the AJR Special Series on Radiology Reporting and Data Systems.

The Ovarian-Adnexal Reporting and Data System (O-RADS) is a lexicon and risk stratification tool designed for the accurate characterization of adnexal lesions and is essential for optimal patient management. O-RADS is a recent addition to the American College of Radiology (ACR) reporting and data systems and consists of ultrasound (US) and MRI arms. Since most ovarian or adnexal lesions are first detected with US, O-RADS US is considered the primary assessment tool. Application of O-RADS US is recommended whenever a nonphysiologic lesion is encountered. Lesion characterization may be streamlined by use of an algorithmic approach focused on relevant features and an abbreviated version of the lexicon. Resources to expedite O-RADS US categorization and determination of a management recommendation include easy online access to the ACR color-coded risk stratification scorecards and an O-RADS US calculator that is available as a smartphone app. Reporting should be concise and include relevant features for risk stratification that adhere to lexicon terminology. Technical considerations include optimization of gray-scale and color Doppler technique and performance of problem-solving maneuvers to help avoid common pitfalls. This review provides a user-friendly summary of O-RADS US with practical tips for everyday clinical use.

Predictive Value of Single or Combined Ultrasound Signs in the Diagnosis of Ovarian Torsion.

OBJECTIVES: To determine predictive values of isolated and combined ultrasound signs in the diagnosis of adnexal torsion. METHODS: This work was a retrospective study of 129 adult female patients who underwent an ultrasound examination followed by a definitive surgical procedure within a 24-hour period to determine whether adnexal torsion was present. RESULTS: The positive predictive value (PPV) of the ultrasound diagnosis of adnexal torsion was 82.2%. The statistically significant ultrasound signs in multivariate logistic regression with single-predictor analyses were relative enlargement of the ovary, an abnormal adnexal position, a twisted vascular pedicle, and the follicular edema "ring sign." Possible combinations of these ultrasound criteria showed high specificities (74%-100%), high PPVs (93%-100%), and lower sensitivities (29%-71%) and negative predictive values (24%-35%). Any combination that included a twisted vascular pedicle or the follicular ring sign as one of the signs had high odds ratios and positive likelihood ratios. CONCLUSIONS: Ultrasound has a high PPV as a first-choice imaging modality in the diagnosis of adnexal torsion. The combinations of the following 4 statistically significant ultrasound signs, consisting of an abnormal position, relative enlargement of the index ovary, a twisted vascular pedicle, and the follicular edema ring sign, substantially narrow the imaging differential diagnosis in such cases. The presence of vascular pedicle twisting and the follicular ring sign was highly associated with a positive ovarian torsion diagnosis, with 100% specificity.

O-RADS US Risk Stratification and Management System: A Consensus Guideline from the ACR Ovarian-Adnexal Reporting and Data System Committee.

The Ovarian-Adnexal Reporting and Data System (O-RADS) US risk stratification and management system is designed to provide consistent interpretations, to decrease or eliminate ambiguity in US reports resulting in a higher probability of accuracy in assigning risk of malignancy to ovarian and other adnexal masses, and to provide a management recommendation for each risk category. It was developed by an international multidisciplinary committee sponsored by the American College of Radiology and applies the standardized reporting tool for US based on the 2018 published lexicon of the O-RADS US working group. For risk stratification, the O-RADS US system recommends six categories (O-RADS 0-5), incorporating the range of normal to high risk of malignancy. This unique system represents a collaboration between the pattern-based approach commonly used in North America and the widely used, European-based, algorithmic-style International Ovarian Tumor Analysis (IOTA) Assessment of Different Neoplasias in the Adnexa model system, a risk prediction model that has undergone successful prospective and external validation. The pattern approach relies on a subgroup of the most predictive descriptors in the lexicon based on a retrospective review of evidence prospectively obtained in the IOTA phase 1-3 prospective studies and other supporting studies that assist in differentiating management schemes in a variety of almost certainly benign lesions. With O-RADS US working group consensus, guidelines for management in the different risk categories are proposed. Both systems have been stratified to reach the same risk categories and management strategies regardless of which is initially used. At this time, O-RADS US is the only lexicon and classification system that encompasses all risk categories with their associated management schemes.

Guideline No. 404: Initial Investigation and Management of Benign Ovarian Masses.

OBJECTIVE: To provide recommendations for a systematic approach to the initial investigation and management of a benign ovarian mass and facilitate patient referral to a gynaecologic oncologist for management. INTENDED USERS: Obstetricians, gynaecologists, family physicians, internists, nurse practitioners, radiologists, general surgeons, medical students, medical residents, fellows, and other health care providers. TARGET POPULATION: Women ≥18 years of age presenting for evaluation of an ovarian mass (including simple and unilocular cystic masses, endometriomas, dermoids, fibromas, and hemorrhagic cysts) who are not acutely symptomatic and without known genetic predisposition to ovarian cancer. OUTCOMES: This guideline aims to encourage conservative management and help reduce unnecessary surgery and long-term health complications, maintain fertility, and decrease operative costs and improve overall patient care and outcomes by providing criteria for referral of patients with ultrasound imaging findings suggestive of a malignant mass to a gynaecologic oncologist. EVIDENCE: Databases searched: Medline, Cochrane, and PubMed. Medical terms used: benign asymptomatic and symptomatic ovarian cysts, adnexal masses, oophorectomy, ultrasound diagnosis of cysts, simple ultrasound rules, surgical and medical therapies for cysts, screening for ovarian cancer, ovarian torsion, and menopause. Initial search was completed by 2017 and updated in 2018. Exclusion criteria were malignant ovarian cystic masses, endometriosis therapies, and other adnexal pathologies unrelated to the ovary. VALIDATION METHODS: The content and recommendations were drafted and agreed upon by the authors. The Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada's Board of Directors approved the final draft for publication. The quality of evidence was rated using the criteria described in the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation methodology framework. BENEFITS, HARMS, COSTS: Implementation of the recommendations could reduce costs due to unnecessary surgeries and hospitalizations and reduce lost work days and the risk of loss of fertility, early menopause, and surgical complications. SUMMARY STATEMENTS (GRADE RATINGS IN PARENTHESES): RECOMMENDATIONS (GRADE RATINGS IN PARENTHESES).

Guideline No. 403: Initial Investigation and Management of Adnexal Masses.

OBJECTIVES: To aid primary care physicians, emergency medicine physicians, and gynaecologists in the initial investigation of adnexal masses, defined as lumps that appear near the uterus or in or around ovaries, fallopian tubes, or surrounding connective tissue, and to outline recommendations for identifying women who would benefit from a referral to a gynaecologic oncologist for further management. INTENDED USERS: Gynaecologists, obstetricians, family physicians, general surgeons, emergency medicine specialists, radiologists, sonographers, nurses, medical learners, residents, and fellows. TARGET POPULATION: Adult women 18 years of age and older presenting for the evaluation of an adnexal mass. OPTIONS: Women with adnexal masses should be assessed for personal risk factors, history, and physical findings. Initial evaluation should also include imaging and laboratory testing to triage women for management of their care either by a gynaecologic oncologist or as per SOGC guideline no. 404 on the initial investigation and management of benign ovarian masses. EVIDENCE: A search of PubMed, Cochrane Wiley, and the Cochrane systematic reviews was conducted in January 2018 for English-language materials involving human subjects published since 2000 using three sets of terms: (i) ovarian cancer, ovarian carcinoma, adnexal disease, ovarian neoplasm, adnexal mass, fallopian tube disease, fallopian tube neoplasm, ovarian cyst, and ovarian tumour; (ii) the above terms in combination with predict neoplasm staging, follow-up, and staging; and (iii) the above two sets of terms in combination with ultrasound, tumour marker, CA 125, CEA, CA19-9, HE4, multivariable-index-assay, risk-of-ovarian-malignancy-algorithm, risk-of-malignancy-index, diagnostic imaging, CT, MRI, and PET. Relevant evidence was selected for inclusion in descending order of quality of evidence as follows: meta-analyses, systematic reviews, guidelines, randomized controlled trials, prospective cohort studies, observational studies, non-systematic reviews, case series, and reports. Additional articles were identified through cross-referencing the identified reviews. The total number of studies identified was 2350, with 59 being included in this review. VALIDATION METHODS: The content and recommendations were drafted and agreed upon by the authors. The Executive and Board of the Society of Gynecologic Oncology of Canada reviewed the content and submitted comments for consideration. The Board of Directors of the Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada approved the final draft for publication. The quality of evidence was rated using the criteria described in the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) methodology framework (Table A1 of Online Appendix A). See Table A2 of Online Appendix A for the interpretation of strong and weak recommendations. The summary of findings is available upon request. BENEFITS, HARMS, COSTS: Adnexal masses are common, and guidelines on how to triage them and manage the care of patients presenting with adnexal masses will continue to guide the practice of primary care providers and gynaecologists. Ovarian cancer outcomes are improved when initial surgery is performed by a gynaecologic oncologist, likely as a result of complete surgical staging and optimal cytoreduction. Given these superior outcomes, guidelines to assist in the triage of adnexal masses and the referral and management of the care of patients with an adnexal mass are critical. SUMMARY STATEMENTS (GRADE RATINGS IN PARENTHESES): RECOMMENDATIONS (GRADE RATINGS IN PARENTHESES).

Ruptured Degenerating Fibroid Causing Preterm Labour and Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Fibroids are present in at least 10% of pregnancies and are recognized to cause a variety of complications. A few case reports have described fibroids as an etiological factor in uterine rupture, sometimes with life-threatening hemorrhage. CASE: A 28-year-old G1, P0 woman at 20 weeks gestation developed systemic inflammatory response syndrome with acute renal failure and massive ascites secondary to a ruptured degenerated fibroid. This resulted in preterm delivery and neonatal death. At 6 weeks postpartum, she successfully underwent an abdominal myomectomy. CONCLUSION: This is a rare case of uterine fibroid rupture causing preterm labour and systemic inflammatory response syndrome. This report discusses the diagnosis of uterine rupture related to the fibroid with imaging and subsequent management, which included fertility-preserving surgery.

Should an Early Anatomy Ultrasound Scan Be Offered Routinely to Obese Pregnant Women?

OBJECTIVE: The primary objective of this study was to determine whether an early anatomic scan (EAS), either on its own or in combination with the routine transabdominal scan (R-TAS), would improve overall completion rates of the fetal anatomic survey in the obese pregnant woman. The study's secondary objectives were to compare patients' and sonographers' satisfaction with EAS versus R-TAS. METHODS: A prospective observational study was carried out over a 2.5-year period including consecutive pregnant women with a pre-pregnancy BMI ≥30 kg/m2 who consented at a dating ultrasound appointment to undergo EAS at 15 ± 1 GA in addition to the second trimester R-TAS. Anatomic structures were categorized as normal, not well seen, or abnormal by using the institutional 26-item anatomic standardized reporting template. Examination completion and study duration were recorded. Neonatal follow-up was performed to evaluate for any missed diagnoses. Patients' and sonographers' satisfaction questionnaires were completed. RESULTS: A total of 120 pregnant women completed the study. Visualization of all anatomic components was complete in 14% at EAS and in 61% at R-TAS (combined completion rate, 90%). Mean scan time was 30.4 minutes at EAS and 51 minutes at R-TAS. No missed diagnoses of structural anomalies were identified at neonatal follow-up. EAS and R-TAS differed in terms of sonographers' reports of difficult or suboptimal scans (9% vs. 58%), well-seen anatomy (85% vs. 78%), and good visibility (44% vs. 12%). Most sonographers expressed a preference for performing EAS in future pregnancies, rather than the R-TAS (96% vs. 6%). Although patients reported greater satisfaction with EAS (93% vs. 74%), for reasons that could not be determined, they expressed a preference for R-TAS in a subsequent pregnancy (23% vs. 63%). CONCLUSION: Performing EAS along with R-TAS improves completion rates for anatomic evaluation in the obese gravida and is associated with greater patient and sonographer satisfaction.