Changes in lower urinary tract function after minimally invasive nerve-sparing for complete excision of endometriosis: An observational study.

OBJECTIVES: The objective of this paper is to evaluate changes in lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS), severity of pain and urodynamic parameters after minimally invasive nerve-sparing surgery for patients with endometriosis. METHODS: We analyzed 143 patients undergoing minimally invasive nerve-sparing surgery for endometriosis excision (laparoscopy/robot-assisted). The endometriosis was confirmed by preoperative clinical evaluation, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showing at least one lesion deeper than 5 mm, and histological confirmation after laparoscopy. We evaluated three points prior and after surgery: LUTS parameters according to the International Urogynecological Association; urodynamic measures of storage and voiding and the severity of the dyspareunia, dyschezia and dysmenorrhea assessed on a self-reported 11-point numeric rating scale. The Wilcoxon signed rank and McNemar tests were used for statistical analyses (p < 0.05). RESULTS: We observed significant improvements in LUTS after the surgery with postoperative symptom-free probabilities in urgency (64.5%), daytime frequency (38.5%), and dysuria (87.1%). However, slow stream prevalence increased significantly postsurgery (p = 0.022), with a 20.5% risk of asymptomatic patients developing this symptom. Urodynamic responses varied; for instance, maximum cystometric capacity improved significantly (p = 0.004), while postvoiding residual worsened (p = 0.006). Significant worsening in postvoiding residual occurred in women with normal preoperative values (p = 0.002), with a 17.7% risk of normal values becoming abnormal. Compliance or maximum cystometric capacity not considered normal preoperatively showed significant improvements (p < 0.001), but the risk of normal values becoming abnormal after surgery was 14.5%. CONCLUSION: The minimally invasive nerve-sparing surgery for endometriosis excision shows improvement in lower urinary tract symptoms, urodynamics parameters and severity of pain. The majority of patients became asymptomatic in the postoperative period. When compared to the benefits of the patients' surgical treatment, particularly when considering the reduction of pain, the risks of the lower urinary tract treatment seem to be acceptable. The surgical intervention seems to be a safe alternative in patients with endometriosis, although studies with larger samples are needed to confirm these findings.

Carbohydrates and protein digestive traits in beef cattle grazing fertilised or mixed tropical pasture.

This study was performed to investigate the nitrogen (N) and carbohydrate digestive traits of grazing heifers. The experiment was carried out at the Federal University of Lavras. The treatments were a Marandu palisadegrass (Urochloa brizantha [Syn, Brachiaria brizantha] Stapf. A. Rich. cv. Marandu) monoculture fertilised with 150 kg N/[ha ∙ year] (FP) or Marandu palisadegrass mixed pasture with forage peanut (MP). The pastures were grazed by six rumen-cannulated zebu heifers. A double cross-over design was used in four periods. Nutritive value, intake and apparent digestibility of forage, ruminal traits and kinetics and N balance were evaluated. Apparent total-tract digestibility of dry matter (DM) and neutral detergent fibre (NDF) were greater for FP than for MP. There was no effect in apparent total-tract digestibility of N. The estimated intestinal digestibility of nutrients was greater on MP than FP. Even though N intake and faecal N output were greater on MP than FP, there was no effect in urine N output. The N balance tended to be greater on MP than FP. The forage peanut, which contains condensed tannins, decreased ruminal fibre degradation, apparent digestibility and ruminal protein degradation, increased N flow from the rumen. Inclusion of forage peanut in the mixed pasture decreased the ruminal fibre degradability but increased N retention by the animals.

Reflections on COVID-19 pandemic and waste management in developing countries: A case study in São Paulo city, Brazil.

COVID-19 pandemic has changed several aspects in human behaviour, whereas population mobility patterns have been strongly affected by social distancing. In parallel, changes in solid waste generation patterns have been reported worldwide. This work assessed the influence of the COVID-19 pandemic on waste generation and collection in São Paulo city, Brazil, the largest city of Latin America. Data on nine types of wastes collected between 2013 and 2021 were obtained, and the quantities of wastes collected before and during the pandemic were compared. These data were also discussed in light of data on COVID-19 cases and rates of social distancing and mobility. An increase in the amount of recyclables collected during the first wave of COVID-19 (March to September 2020) was observed. Decreases in the quantities of construction, demolition and bulky wastes (first wave of COVID-19) and farmers market wastes (second wave - October 2020 to February 2021) were also evidenced. The quantities of medical wastes collected during the pandemic significantly increased. The amount of residential wastes was lower than the mean for the pre-pandemic period during the first months of COVID-19. Thus, changes in lifestyle and consumption patterns of the population of São Paulo city seem to have affected solid waste generation during the pandemic, which reinforces the need of implementing solid waste management policies based on a diagnostic that characterise and consider these changes.

Active surveillance for influenza virus and coronavirus infection in Antarctic birds and mammals in environmental fecal samples, South Shetland Islands.

Numerous Antarctic species are recognized as reservoirs for various pathogens, and their migratory behavior allows them to reach the Brazilian coast, potentially contributing to the emergence and circulation of new infectious diseases. To address the potential zoonotic risks, we conducted surveillance of influenza A virus (IAV) and coronaviruses (CoVs) in the Antarctic Peninsula, specifically focusing on different bird and mammal species in the region. During the summer of 2021/2022, as part of the Brazilian Antarctic Expedition, we collected and examined a total of 315 fecal samples to target these respiratory viruses. Although we did not detect the viruses of interest during this particular expedition, previous research conducted by our team has shown the presence of the H11N2 subtype of influenza A virus in penguin fecal samples from the same region. Given the continuous emergence of new viral strains worldwide, it is crucial to maintain active surveillance in the area, contributing to strengthening integrated One Health surveillance efforts.

Effects of Hyaluronic Acid With Intra-articular Corticosteroid Injections in the Management of Subtalar Post-traumatic Osteoarthritis - Randomized Comparative Trial.

We investigated the potential of exogenous hyaluronic acid (HA) associated with corticosteroid injections to improve pain and function for the treatment of post-traumatic subtalar osteoarthritis, in comparison with isolated intra-articular corticosteroid. Twenty-five symptomatic participants (50 ± 8 years) with a minimum follow-up of 1 year after surgery for calcaneus fractures were enrolled. Participants were randomly assigned into a therapeutic group that underwent isolated corticosteroid intra-articular subtalar injection (Corticosteroid Group, n = 12) or a combination of HA plus corticosteroid (HA+C Group, n = 13). All participants underwent three repeated injections with intervals of 1 week. We assessed the visual analog scale of pain (VAS) and the AOFAS scores at 4 moments: before treatment (pre), 4-, 12-, and 24-weeks following the last injection. HA+C Group showed lower VAS at the 12th (p = .003) and 24th weeks (p = .003) and greater AOFAS at the 4th (p = 0.040), 12th (p = .014), and 24th weeks (p = .021), in comparison to Corticosteroid Group. We observed a reduction in VAS in the Corticosteroid Group only at the 4th week (p = .007), compared with pretreatment values. In the HA+C Group, VAS presented lower levels at the 4- (p < .001), 12- (p < .001), and 24 weeks (p < .001). In the Corticosteroid Group, participants presented higher AOFAS score only at the 4th week (p < .001), while in the HA+C Group, the AOFAS scores were greater at the 4th, 12th, and 24th weeks compared to baseline (p < .001). The combination of exogenous HA and corticosteroid showed greater and longer analgesic effects and function improvement in comparison with isolated intra-articular corticosteroids.

The skin microbiome of infected pressure ulcers: A review and implications for health professionals.

BACKGROUND: Pressure ulcers (PUs) are injuries resulting from ischaemia caused by prolonged compression or shear forces on the skin, adjacent tissues and bones. Advanced stages of PUs are associated with infectious complications and constitute a major clinical challenge, with high social and economic impacts in health care. GOALS: This study aims to identify and describe the relationship between PU risk factors, stages and anatomical locations, and the relevance of microbial cohabitation and biofilm growth. METHODS: The narrative review method to advocating a critical and objective analysis of the current knowledge on the topic was performed. Indexed databases and direct consultation to specialized and high-impact journals on the subject were used to extract relevant information, guided by co-authors. The Medical Subject Headings of pressure ulcer (or injury), biofilms, infection and other analogues terms were used. RESULTS: Development of PUs and consequent infection depends on several direct and indirect risk factors, including cutaneous/PU microbiome, microclimate and behavioural factors. Infected PUs are polymicrobial and characterized by biofilm-associated infection, phenotypic hypervariability of species and inherent resistance to antimicrobials. The different stages and anatomical locations also play an important role in their colonization. The prevention and monitoring of PUs remain crucial for avoiding the emergence of systemic infections and reducing health care-associated costs, improve the quality of life of patients and reduce the mortality-associated infected PUs.

Fate, occurrence, and removal of estrogens in livestock wastewaters.

During the last decades, livestock and animal feeding operations have been expanded. In parallel, these activities are among the major sources of estrogens in the environment. Thus, considering the environmental and health risks associated with estrogenic compounds, this work reviews the fate, occurrence, and removal of free and conjugated E1, E2, and E3 in livestock wastewaters. A systematic literature review was carried out, and after applying the eligibility criteria, 66 peer-reviewed papers were selected. Results suggest high estrogen concentrations and, consequently, high estrogenic activity, especially in samples from swine farming. E1 and E2 are frequently found in wastewaters from bovine, swine, and other livestock effluents. Aerobic treatment processes were more efficient for estrogen removal, whereas anaerobic systems seem poorly effective. Removal efficiencies of estrogens and estrogenic activity of up to 90% were reported for constructed wetlands, advanced pond systems, trickling filters, membrane bioreactors, aerated and nitrifying reactors, combined air flotation, and vegetable oil capture processes. High concentrations found in wastewaters from livestock allied to the removal efficiencies reported for anaerobic processes (usually used to treat livestock wastewaters) evidence the importance of monitoring these compounds in environmental matrices.

Ruminal kinetics and nutritive value of Zuri grass silage harvested at different ages and added with powder molasses.

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of regrowth ages and the use of powdered molasses on nutritional characteristics of Zuri grass (Megathyrsus maximus) silages. A completely randomized design was used, in a 3 × 3 factorial scheme: three regrowth ages (65, 80, and 95 days) and three inclusion levels of powdered molasses of sugarcane (0, 20, and 40 g), with four replications. The chemical composition, fermentation parameters, in vitro digestibility, and in vitro degradation kinetics of the silages were evaluated. Greater dry matter (DM) contents were observed in silages with 95 days with 40 g of molasses. The 65 days of regrowth silages with 40 g of molasses had greater in vitro digestibility of dry matter compared to other treatments. However, lower pH values, N-NH3, DM losses, gas losses, and density were observed in silages with 95 days of regrowth with 40 g of molasses. It is recommended to cut the Zuri grass in the range of 80 to 95 days of regrowth with the addition of 40 g/kg of molasses in powders for the production of silages.

Ceftriaxone-induced Acute Cholecystitis.

Ceftriaxone has been increasingly used in pediatric population, due to its bacteriological and pharmacokinetic features. Association between ceftriaxone and biliary sludge/pseudolithiasis formation has been documented in the literature. More rarely, biliary symptoms and cholecystitis during ceftriaxone therapy have been reported. We present a case of acute cholecystitis related to ceftriaxone administration and its management.

Integrative approach reveals four new cryptic species in the genus Gayliella (Ceramiaceae, Rhodophyta)1.

The filamentous red algal genus Gayliella, typified by G. flaccida, was segregated from Ceramium for a group of epiphytic species on the basis of morphological data and molecular phylogenetic analyses. However, while the genus was well investigated in some geographical areas, the treatment of the Brazilian taxa "Ceramium flaccidum" and "C. dawsonii" was incomplete and they were not transferred to Gayliella due to the problematic status of the specific epithets. Brazilian "C. flaccidum" did not fit within the circumscription of Gayliella flaccida; Brazilian "C. dawsonii" was positioned in three distinct lineages, none of which corresponded to known Gayliella species. Since the establishment of Gayliella, there has been no re-evaluation of Brazilian species, so this study revises the genus in Brazil using molecular and morphological data. Brazilian "C. flaccidum", "C. dawsonii", and other Brazilian collections were investigated by an integrative approach using phylogenetic analysis, genetic divergence, two species delimitation methods using three molecular markers (rbcL, cox1, and partial LSU), and comparative morphological and quantitative analyses. This molecular-assisted alpha taxonomy (MAAT) analysis placed Brazilian samples in five distinct well-supported lineages. For these, we propose a new combination, Gayliella dawsonii comb. nov. (lineage 2), based on analysis of type specimens and molecular data obtained from specimens collected near the type locality, and four new species: Gayliella ardissonei sp. nov. ("Ceramium flaccidum" from Brazil), G. iemanja sp. nov. ("C. dawsonii" lineage 3), G. tamoiensis sp. nov., and G. jolyana sp. nov. ("C. dawsonii" lineage 1).

An Exploration of the Rapid Automatic Naming Test as Administered to Brazilian Children.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this research was to conduct an exploratory study of the performance of Brazilian children on the Rapid Automatic Naming (RAN) test, examining schooling effects of schooling and associations with reading speed, comprehension, and reading level for each of the RAN subtests of colour, numbers, letters, and objects. METHODS: Participants were 97 children, aged 7-11 years, enrolled in the first to fifth grade of elementary public education. RESULTS: The findings indicated a school-year effect on RAN performance, with recurrent differences in grades 1-4 and no effect in RAN Numbers. Correlations ranged from moderate to high for reading level, speed, and comprehension. In addition, multiple linear regression analysis indicated that RAN Letters could significantly predict performance in the three reading abilities studied. CONCLUSION: Thus, the study provided initial evidence of RAN's performance in testing Brazilian children's phonological processing as a form of predictive monitoring of reading development in school-age children as it relates to scholastic progress and reading speed, comprehension, and level.

Bismuth Ferrite Second Harmonic Nanoparticles for Pulmonary Macrophage Tracking.

Recently, second harmonic generation (SHG) nanomaterials have been generated that are efficiently employed in the classical (NIR) and extended (NIR-II) near infrared windows using a multiphoton microscope. The aim was to test bismuth ferrite harmonic nanoparticles (BFO-HNPs) for their ability to monitor pulmonary macrophages in mice. BFO-loaded MH-S macrophages are given intratracheally to healthy mice or BFO-HNPs are intranasally instilled in mice with allergic airway inflammation and lung sections of up to 100 µM are prepared. Using a two-photon-laser scanning microscope, it is shown that bright BFO-HNPs signals are detected from superficially localized cells as well as from deep within the lung tissue. BFO-HNPs are identified with an excellent signal-to-noise ratio and virtually no background signal. The SHG from the nanocrystals can be distinguished from the endogenous collagen-derived SHG around the blood vessels and bronchial structures. BFO-HNPs are primarily taken up by M2 alveolar macrophages in vivo. This SHG imaging approach provides novel information about the interaction of macrophages with cells and the extracellular matrix in lung disease as it is capable of visualizing and tracking NP-loaded cells at high resolution in thick tissues with minimal background fluorescence.

Evaluation of antibacterial and modifying action of catechin antibiotics in resistant strains.

Diseases caused by bacteria are today one of the great problems of present time. Access to over-the-counter medication, the indiscriminate use of antibacterials and high rates of hospitalization have contributed to the increase in cases. This picture has led to the search for new alternative drugs. Thus, secondary metabolites have been reported as a possible treatment option, being evidenced in many researches to ascertain their combination with existing drugs. This research aimed to evaluate the antibacterial effect and the antibiotic activity modifying action of the catechin compound against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus multiresistant strains. The determination of the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and the evaluation of the antimicrobial and potentiating effect were performed by broth microdilution. The MIC obtained forcatechin against all the used strains was indicated as not clinically relevant. The combination of catechin and antibacterial drugs, both Gram-negative and Gram-positive, was synergistic and antagonistic in some drugs. Therefore, phenolic compounds can assist in the fight against infections caused by bacteria.

Optimizing the use of darbepoetin-α with a split strategy: A concept change
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As erythropoiesis is a continuous process, we hypothesized that a new approach with smaller doses of darbepoetin-α administered more regularly could result in fewer variations of its serum levels and be more effective. In a prevalent hemodialysis population, we evaluated the effects of the darbepoetin splitting in "mini-doses". A 34-month prospective study was performed in a cohort of 110 patients, with a mean age of 66.6 ± 14.2 years, median dialysis vintage of 63.6 months (IQ range: 27 - 86), 46.4% (n = 51) male gender, 36.4% (n = 40) diabetics. In the first 12 months of the study, the usual dose regime for darbepoetin (weekly, every other week, or monthly) was unchanged. In the following 22 months, darbepoetin doses were divided into multiples of 10 µg and administered in the maximum possible number of hemodialysis (HD) sessions. Paired Student's t or Wilcoxon matched-pairs analyses were performed. After darbepoetin splitting, we verified a decrease in its consumption (1.9 ± 1.7 to 1.4 ± 1.6 µg/kg, p < 0.0001) and in the erythropoietin resistance index (8.6 to 6.7 IU/kg/week, p = 0.0001), with stable hemoglobin levels (11.4 ± 0.7 to 11.3 ± 0.6 g/dL, p = 0.02). We also observed an increase in ferritin levels (490 ± 138.2 to 560.7 ± 149.3 µg/L, p < 0.0001) and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels, with no changes in iron doses (2.2 - 3.2 mg/kg, p = 0.24). From these results, we conclude that the splitting of darbepoetin in "mini-doses" is highly effective, potentially allowing a significant decrease in the costs of anemia treatment. Larger and randomized studies are needed to prove the cost-benefit of this new strategy.
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Endocarditis-related tibioperoneal trunk pseudoaneurysm managed with endovascular treatment - case report.

Tibioperoneal trunk aneurysms are rare and the majority of them are pseudoaneurysms This report describes an unusual case of a pseudoaneurysm secondary to bacterial endocarditis diagnosed and treated several years previously. After ruling out ongoing infection, the patient was successfully treated by percutaneous covered stent implantation. In this scenario, the use of endovascular techniques offered a safe and effective alternative treatment.

Alternatively Spliced Isoforms of KV10.1 Potassium Channels Modulate Channel Properties and Can Activate Cyclin-dependent Kinase in Xenopus Oocytes.

KV10.1 is a voltage-gated potassium channel expressed selectively in the mammalian brain but also aberrantly in cancer cells. In this study we identified short splice variants of KV10.1 resulting from exon-skipping events (E65 and E70) in human brain and cancer cell lines. The presence of the variants was confirmed by Northern blot and RNase protection assays. Both variants completely lacked the transmembrane domains of the channel and produced cytoplasmic proteins without channel function. In a reconstituted system, both variants co-precipitated with the full-length channel and induced a robust down-regulation of KV10.1 current when co-expressed with the full-length form, but their effect was mechanistically different. E65 required a tetramerization domain and induced a reduction in the overall expression of full-length KV10.1, whereas E70 mainly affected its glycosylation pattern. E65 triggered the activation of cyclin-dependent kinases in Xenopus laevis oocytes, suggesting a role in cell cycle control. Our observations highlight the relevance of noncanonical functions for the oncogenicity of KV10.1, which need to be considered when ion channels are targeted for cancer therapy.

Control of Bovine Mastitis: Old and Recent Therapeutic Approaches.

Mastitis is defined as the inflammatory response resulting of the infection of the udder tissue and it is reported in numerous species, namely in domestic dairy animals. This pathology is the most frequent disease of dairy cattle and can be potentially fatal. Mastitis is an economically important pathology associated with reduced milk production, changes in milk composition and quality, being considered one of the most costly to dairy industry. Therefore, the majority of research in the field has focused on control of bovine mastitis and many efforts are being made for the development of new and effective anti-mastitis drugs. Antibiotic treatment is an established component of mastitis control programs; however, the continuous search for new therapeutic alternatives, effective in the control and treatment of bovine mastitis, is urgent. This review will provide an overview of some conventional and emerging approaches in the management of bovine mastitis' infections.

Homo- and heterofermentative lactobacilli differently affect sugarcane-based fuel ethanol fermentation.

Bacterial contamination during industrial yeast fermentation has serious economic consequences for fuel ethanol producers. In addition to deviating carbon away from ethanol formation, bacterial cells and their metabolites often have a detrimental effect on yeast fermentative performance. The bacterial contaminants are commonly lactic acid bacteria (LAB), comprising both homo- and heterofermentative strains. We have studied the effects of these two different types of bacteria upon yeast fermentative performance, particularly in connection with sugarcane-based fuel ethanol fermentation process. Homofermentative Lactobacillus plantarum was found to be more detrimental to an industrial yeast strain (Saccharomyces cerevisiae CAT-1), when compared with heterofermentative Lactobacillus fermentum, in terms of reduced yeast viability and ethanol formation, presumably due to the higher titres of lactic acid in the growth medium. These effects were only noticed when bacteria and yeast were inoculated in equal cell numbers. However, when simulating industrial fuel ethanol conditions, as conducted in Brazil where high yeast cell densities and short fermentation time prevail, the heterofermentative strain was more deleterious than the homofermentative type, causing lower ethanol yield and out competing yeast cells during cell recycle. Yeast overproduction of glycerol was noticed only in the presence of the heterofermentative bacterium. Since the heterofermentative bacterium was shown to be more deleterious to yeast cells than the homofermentative strain, we believe our findings could stimulate the search for more strain-specific antimicrobial agents to treat bacterial contaminations during industrial ethanol fermentation.

KPC-luciferase-expressing cells elicit an anti-tumor immune response in a mouse model of pancreatic cancer.

Mouse models for the study of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) are well-established and representative of many key features observed in human PDAC. To monitor tumor growth, cancer cells that are implanted in mice are often transfected with reporter genes, such as firefly luciferase (Luc), enabling in vivo optical imaging over time. Since Luc can induce an immune response, we aimed to evaluate whether the expression of Luc could affect the growth of KPC tumors in mice by inducing immunogenicity. Although both cell lines, KPC and Luc transduced KPC (KPC-Luc), had the same proliferation rate, KPC-Luc tumors had significantly smaller sizes or were absent 13 days after orthotopic cell implantation, compared to KPC tumors. This coincided with the loss of bioluminescence signal over the tumor region. Immunophenotyping of blood and spleen from KPC-Luc tumor-bearing mice showed a decreased number of macrophages and CD4+ T cells, and an increased accumulation of natural killer (NK) cells in comparison to KPC tumor mice. Higher infiltration of CD8+ T cells was found in KPC-Luc tumors than in their controls. Moreover, the immune response against Luc peptide was stronger in splenocytes from mice implanted with KPC-Luc cells compared to those isolated from KPC wild-type mice, indicating increased immunogenicity elicited by the presence of Luc in the PDAC tumor cells. These results must be considered when evaluating the efficacy of anti-cancer therapies including immunotherapies in immunocompetent PDAC or other cancer mouse models that use Luc as a reporter for bioluminescence imaging.

OrganoIDNet: a deep learning tool for identification of therapeutic effects in PDAC organoid-PBMC co-cultures from time-resolved imaging data.

PURPOSE: Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma (PDAC) remains a challenging disease due to its complex biology and aggressive behavior with an urgent need for efficient therapeutic strategies. To assess therapy response, pre-clinical PDAC organoid-based models in combination with accurate real-time monitoring are required. METHODS: We established stable live-imaging organoid/peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) co-cultures and introduced OrganoIDNet, a deep-learning-based algorithm, capable of analyzing bright-field images of murine and human patient-derived PDAC organoids acquired with live-cell imaging. We investigated the response to the chemotherapy gemcitabine in PDAC organoids and the PD-L1 inhibitor Atezolizumab, cultured with or without HLA-matched PBMCs over time. Results obtained with OrganoIDNet were validated with the endpoint proliferation assay CellTiter-Glo. RESULTS: Live cell imaging in combination with OrganoIDNet accurately detected size-specific drug responses of organoids to gemcitabine over time, showing that large organoids were more prone to cytotoxic effects. This approach also allowed distinguishing between healthy and unhealthy status and measuring eccentricity as organoids' reaction to therapy. Furthermore, imaging of a new organoids/PBMCs sandwich-based co-culture enabled longitudinal analysis of organoid responses to Atezolizumab, showing an increased potency of PBMCs tumor-killing in an organoid-individual manner when Atezolizumab was added. CONCLUSION: Optimized PDAC organoid imaging analyzed by OrganoIDNet represents a platform capable of accurately detecting organoid responses to standard PDAC chemotherapy over time. Moreover, organoid/immune cell co-cultures allow monitoring of organoid responses to immunotherapy, offering dynamic insights into treatment behavior within a co-culture setting with PBMCs. This setup holds promise for real-time assessment of immunotherapeutic effects in individual patient-derived PDAC organoids.