Identification and characterization of a small-molecule metallophore involved in lanthanide metabolism.

Many bacteria secrete metallophores, low-molecular-weight organic compounds that bind ions with high selectivity and affinity, in order to access essential metals from the environment. Previous work has elucidated the structures and biosynthetic machinery of metallophores specific for iron, zinc, nickel, molybdenum, and copper. No physiologically relevant lanthanide-binding metallophore has been discovered despite the knowledge that lanthanide metals (Ln) have been revealed to be essential cofactors for certain alcohol dehydrogenases across a diverse range of phyla. Here, we report the biosynthetic machinery, the structure, and the physiological relevance of a lanthanophore, methylolanthanin. The structure of methylolanthanin exhibits a unique 4-hydroxybenzoate moiety which has not previously been described in other metallophores. We find that production of methylolanthanin is required for normal levels of Ln accumulation in the methylotrophic bacterium Methylobacterium extorquens AM1, while overexpression of the molecule greatly increases bioaccumulation and adsorption. Our results provide a clearer understanding of how Ln-utilizing bacteria sense, scavenge, and store Ln; essential processes in the environment where Ln are poorly bioavailable. More broadly, the identification of this lanthanophore opens doors for study of how biosynthetic gene clusters are repurposed for additional functions and the complex relationship between metal homeostasis and fitness.

Scalable and Consolidated Microbial Platform for Rare Earth Element Leaching and Recovery from Waste Sources.

Chemical methods for the extraction and refinement of technologically critical rare earth elements (REEs) are energy-intensive, hazardous, and environmentally destructive. Current biobased extraction systems rely on extremophilic organisms and generate many of the same detrimental effects as chemical methodologies. The mesophilic methylotrophic bacterium Methylobacterium extorquens AM1 was previously shown to grow using electronic waste by naturally acquiring REEs to power methanol metabolism. Here we show that growth using electronic waste as a sole REE source is scalable up to 10 L with consistent metal yields without the use of harsh acids or high temperatures. The addition of organic acids increases REE leaching in a nonspecific manner. REE-specific bioleaching can be engineered through the overproduction of REE-binding ligands (called lanthanophores) and pyrroloquinoline quinone. REE bioaccumulation increases with the leachate concentration and is highly specific. REEs are stored intracellularly in polyphosphate granules, and genetic engineering to eliminate exopolyphosphatase activity increases metal accumulation, confirming the link between phosphate metabolism and biological REE use. Finally, we report the innate ability of M. extorquens to grow using other complex REE sources, including pulverized smartphones, demonstrating the flexibility and potential for use as a recovery platform for these critical metals.

Carbohydrate nutrition associated with health of overwintering honey bees.

In temperate climates, honey bees rely on stored carbohydrates to sustain them throughout the winter. In nature, honey serves as the bees' source of carbohydrates, but when managed, beekeepers often harvest honey and replace it with cheaper, artificial feed. The effects of alternative carbohydrate sources on colony survival, strength, and individual bee metabolic health are poorly understood. We assessed the impacts of carbohydrate diets (honey, sucrose syrup, high-fructose corn syrup, and invert syrup) on colony winter survival, population size, and worker bee nutritional state (i.e., fat content and gene expression of overwintered bees and emerging callow bees). We observed a nonsignificant trend for greater survival and larger adult population size among colonies overwintered on honey compared to the artificial feeds, with colonies fed high-fructose corn syrup performing particularly poorly. These trends were mirrored in individual bee physiology, with bees from colonies fed honey having significantly larger fat bodies than those from colonies fed high-fructose corn syrup. For bees fed honey or sucrose, we also observed gene expression profiles consistent with a higher nutritional state, associated with physiologically younger individuals. That is, there was significantly higher expression of vitellogenin and insulin-like peptide 2 and lower expression of insulin-like peptide 1 and juvenile hormone acid methyltransferase in the brains of bees that consumed honey or sucrose syrup relative to those that consumed invert syrup or high-fructose corn syrup. These findings further our understanding of the physiological implications of carbohydrate nutrition in honey bees and have applied implications for colony management.

Combating the Nursing Shortage: Recruitment and Retention of Nephrology Nurses.

Nurses are a critical part of the health care system. Yet the nursing profession continually faces shortages in all specialties. Several causes and issues of concern related to the nursing shortage in nephrology are discussed, including the prevalence of kidney disease and its increasing number of associated comorbidities, which has also heightened the urgent need for nephrology nurses. Data have shown that the lack of nephrology nurses caring for patients with kidney disease impacts patient outcomes and nephrology nurse burnout. Strategies must be implemented to manage these growing needs that affect both patient outcomes and nurse staffing. This article aims to identify methods to combat the nursing shortage, promote recruitment and retention strategies for nephrology nurses, and discuss leadership issues related to the topic.

Nephrology Nursing Scope and Standards of Practice: Take Pride in Practice.

The Nephrology Nursing Scope and Standards of Practice, 9th Edition, published by the American Nephrology Nurses Association, defines the scope of nephrology nursing and provides standards of practice, standards of professional performance, and competencies for registered nurses and graduate-level prepared registered nurses (e.g., advanced practice registered nurses, clinical nurse specialists) in an approach consistent with the American Nurses Association's Nursing Scope and Standards of Practice, published in 2021. Discussions addressing respect, equity, inclusion, and social justice have been included in the 9th edition. A new section related to altered/crisis standards has been added to assist nephrology nurses in developing strategies for implementing those standards. The section on how to use the standards has been updated with forms that organizations can download and individualize. This article provides an overview of the scope, standards, competencies, and strategies for implementing them in clinical practice.

Lanthanides in Methylotrophy.

Lanthanides were previously thought to be biologically inert owing to their low solubility; however, they have recently been shown to strongly impact the metabolism of methylotrophic bacteria. Leading efforts in this emergent field have demonstrated far-reaching impacts of lanthanide metabolism in biology; from the identification of novel roles of enzymes and pathways dependent on lanthanide-chemistry to the control of transcriptional regulatory networks to the modification of microbial community interactions. Even further, the recent discovery of lanthanide-dependent enzymes associated with multi-carbon metabolism in both methylotrophs and non-methylotrophs alike suggests that lanthanide biochemistry may be more widespread than initially thought. Current efforts aim to understand how lanthanide chemistry and lanthanide-dependent enzymes affect numerous ecosystems and metabolic functions. These efforts will likely have a profound impact on biotechnological processes involving methylotrophic communities and the biologically mediated recovery of these critical metals from a variety of waste streams while redefining our understanding of a fundamental set of metals in biology.

Providing Health Education to Mixtec Farmworkers in California via Workshops and Radio: A Feasibility Study.

Originating from one of the poorest areas in Mexico, Mixtecs are one of the largest indigenous groups of workers in California. Providing health education to this group is challenging because many do not speak English or Spanish, and indigenous languages are mainly oral, not written. We explored the feasibility of conveying health information through the radio and in promotora-led workshops. The study included an evaluation of the workshops through surveys before the workshop and 4 to 6 months later in a subsample of 96 indigenous women. The number of radio listeners averaged more than 2,000 per month, and 500 community members attended a workshop. Among women who completed pre- and postworkshop assessments (N = 75), there was a statistically significant increase in knowledge of how to get a wellness visit, where to get a free mammogram, and mammography screening guidelines. Women who ever had a mammogram or wellness visit at baseline were significantly more likely to report receipt of this service during the follow-up period than women who never had this service. Educational workshops and radio are promising and culturally appropriate strategies to provide health information in this community. However, many women need additional assistance to navigate access to health care.

Large-Effect Beneficial Synonymous Mutations Mediate Rapid and Parallel Adaptation in a Bacterium.

Contrary to previous understanding, recent evidence indicates that synonymous codon changes may sometimes face strong selection. However, it remains difficult to generalize the nature, strength, and mechanism(s) of such selection. Previously, we showed that synonymous variants of a key enzyme-coding gene (fae) of Methylobacterium extorquens AM1 decreased enzyme production and reduced fitness dramatically. We now show that during laboratory evolution, these variants rapidly regained fitness via parallel yet variant-specific, highly beneficial point mutations in the N-terminal region of fae These mutations (including four synonymous mutations) had weak but consistently positive impacts on transcript levels, enzyme production, or enzyme activity. However, none of the proposed mechanisms (including internal ribosome pause sites or mRNA structure) predicted the fitness impact of evolved or additional, engineered point mutations. This study shows that synonymous mutations can be fixed through strong positive selection, but the mechanism for their benefit varies depending on the local sequence context.

Nephrology Nursing Scope and Standards of Practice: Integration into Clinical Practice.

The eighth edition of the Nephrology Nursing Scope and Standards of Practice, published by the American Nephrology Nurses Association (Gomez, 2017), defines the scope of nephrology nursing practice, and provides standards of practice and professional performance in an approach similar to the American Nurses Association (ANA) 2016 standards. ANNA's eighth edition of the Nephrology Nursing Scope and Standards of Practice incorporates competencies for graduate level-prepared nurses in addition to the registered nurse (RN) and advanced practice registered nurse (APRN). The section on how to use the standards in practice has been updated with user-friendly forms. This article provides an overview of the scope of practice, standards, competencies, and situations that require intervention by the nephrology nurse.

Lanthanide Chemistry: From Coordination in Chemical Complexes Shaping Our Technology to Coordination in Enzymes Shaping Bacterial Metabolism.

Lanthanide chemistry has only been extensively studied for the last 2 decades, when it was recognized that these elements have unusual chemical characteristics including fluorescent and potent magnetic properties because of their unique 4f electrons.1,2 Chemists are rapidly and efficiently integrating lanthanides into numerous compounds and materials for sophisticated applications. In fact, lanthanides are often referred to as "the seeds of technology" because they are essential for many technological devices including smartphones, computers, solar cells, batteries, wind turbines, lasers, and optical glasses.3-6 However, the effect of lanthanides on biological systems has been understudied. Although displacement of Ca2+ by lanthanides in tissues and enzymes has long been observed,7 only a few recent studies suggest a biological role for lanthanides based on their stimulatory properties toward some plants and bacteria.8,9 Also, it was not until 2011 that the first biochemical evidence for lanthanides as inherent metals in bacterial enzymes was published.10 This forum provides an overview of the classical and current aspects of lanthanide coordination chemistry employed in the development of technology along with the biological role of lanthanides in alcohol oxidation. The construction of lanthanide-organic frameworks will be described. Examples of how the luminescence field is rapidly evolving as more information about lanthanide-metal emissions is obtained will be highlighted, including biological imaging and telecommunications.11 Recent breakthroughs and observations from different exciting areas linked to the coordination chemistry of lanthanides that will be mentioned in this forum include the synthesis of (i) macrocyclic ligands, (ii) antenna molecules, (iii) coordination polymers, particularly nanoparticles, (iv) hybrid materials, and (v) lanthanide fuel cells. Further, the role of lanthanides in bacterial metabolism will be discussed, highlighting the discovery that lanthanides are cofactors in biology, particularly in the enzymatic oxidation of alcohols. Finally, new and developing chemical and biological lanthanide mining and recycling extraction processes will be introduced.

Take action: a culture of safety.

Nephrology nurses can influence safety outcomes in all areas of nephrology care, including but not limited to dialysis access events, dialysis machine events, medication events, patient injury events, and staff injury events. Nephrology nurses are instrumental in recognizing and mitigating hazards. The Nephrology Nursing Scope and Standards of Practice (Gomez, 2011) states that the nephrology registered nurse practices in an environmentally safe and healthy manner. One of the competencies for the nephrology nurse is: Promotes and monitors the practice environment for appropriate infection control practices including consumer safety, environmental, and equipment concerns, which impact the healthcare consumer. Do you feel safe? Do your patients feel safe? Take action - ensure that your organization has a culture of safety; volunteer to be a member of the safety committee; review policies and procedures; identify potential hazards.

Challenges facing nephrology nursing.

The health care system is in the midst of great change and nephrology nurses continually face challenges in their work environments. Nephrology nurses are well poised to meet these challenges by virtue of their numbers, scientific knowledge, and adaptive capacity, and providers would benefit from taking advantage of the contributions nurses can make.

Engineering Terpene Production Pathways in Methylobacterium extorquens AM1.

Terpenes are diverse specialized metabolites naturally found within plants and have important roles in inter-species communication, adaptation and interaction with the environment. Their industrial applications span a broad range, including fragrances, flavors, cosmetics, natural colorants to agrochemicals and therapeutics, yet formal chemical synthesis is economically challenging due to structural complexities. Engineering terpene biosynthesis could represent an alternative in microbial biotechnological workhorses, such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae or Escherichi coli, utilizing sugars or complex media as feedstocks. Host species that metabolize renewable and affordable carbon sources may offer unique sustainable biotechnological alternatives. Methylotrophs are bacteria with the capacity to utilize one-carbon feedstocks, such as methanol or formate. They colonize the phyllosphere (above-ground area) of plants, and many accumulate abundant carotenoid pigments. Methylotrophs have the capacity to take up and use a subset of the rare earth elements known as lanthanides. These metals can enhance one-carbon (methylotrophic) metabolism. Here, we investigated whether manipulating the metabolism enables and enhances terpene production. A carotenoid-deficient mutant potentially liberates carbon, which may contribute to bioproduct accumulation. To test this hypothesis, terpene-producing bacterial strains regulated by two distinct promoters were generated. Wildtype Methylobacterium extorquens, ∆Meta1_3665, a methylotrophic mutant lacking the carotenoid pathway, and an E. coli strain were transformed with an exogenous terpene pathway and grown both in the presence and absence of lanthanides. The extraction, and the comparison of analytical profiles, provided evidence that engineered cultured M. extorquens under control of a native, inducible methylotrophic promoter can yield the sesquiterpene patchoulol when supplemented with lanthanide. In contrast, using a moderate-strength constitutive promoter failed to give production. We demonstrated colonization of the phyllosphere with the engineered strains, supporting the future engineering of selected species of the plant microbiome and with promising implications for the synthetic biology of small molecules.

Take action: influence diversity.

Increased diversity brings strength to nursing and ANNA. Being a more diverse association will require all of us working together. There is an old proverb that says: "one hand cannot cover the sky; it takes many hands." ANNA needs every one of its members to be a part of the diversity initiative.

Take action: competence.

As our nursing specialty evolves, competency in the rapidly changing healthcare environment remains a key component in our ability to produce positive patient outcomes. Competency gives us confidence to care for our patients. But developing competency is just one step to becoming an expert nurse. Nurses' expertise and competency grows over the years--a product of experiences.

A model for initiating change in the dialysis setting using an implementation plan.

Change has become a constant in the workplace. Although the staff may resist change and feel it is happening too quickly, leading change is a critical component for nurse leaders. It is important for the registered nurse to take the lead and guide the staff through the process.

Five challenges impacting nephrology nursing.

Nephrology nurses are continually facing unique challenges in their work environments. The development of skills to help navigate these challenges while continuing to provide quality care in our specialty critical.

A model for initiating change in the dialysis setting.

Implementing a significant change in an organization is one of the most challenging endeavors that faces a manager. If the change involves the establishment of new paradigms that will replace the existing ways of doing business, the challenge is particularly daunting. Change theory is a process that can be used to facilitate change in an organization. It provides a guide for the manager to follow in attaining a desired outcome. Several change theorists and their works are discussed. An example is provided using change theory to identify strategies for delivering a medication once per month from once a treatment.