A Systematic Review of Cystic Fibrosis in Children: Can Non-Medical Therapy Options Lead to a Better Mental Health Outcome?

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a chronic disorder that begins at an early age, so it is crucial to be aware of the physical and emotional burden placed on individuals suffering from it and their families. It significantly impacts an individual's life; therefore, it is essential to acknowledge the effects of the disease on physical and mental health. Our systematic review aims to highlight the areas of life affected by cystic fibrosis and evaluate various non-medical treatment options that may support the mental health of CF patients. We selected PubMed, Google Scholar, and MEDLINE (Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online) as our databases. We initially found 146,095 articles and narrowed the number of articles down using filters, exclusion and inclusion criteria, and various combinations of Medical Subheadings (MeSH) and key terms. We decided to use a final count of nine articles for our systematic review. The studies we included highlighted the negative impact of cystic fibrosis on mental health, like depression and anxiety, as well as on sleep, physical health, and overall quality of life. Several non-medical interventions, such as logotherapy, psychological interventions, complementary and alternative medicine, and many more, have been shown to enhance the mental health of many participants. Studies suggested that such therapy options may greatly benefit individuals with cystic fibrosis and their current treatment plan. This review indicates that non-medical therapy options can enhance the mental health of individuals suffering from cystic fibrosis and that it is crucial to bring more attention to preventing and treating mental health issues in cystic fibrosis patients. However, as current data is limited, more research with a larger number of participants over an extended period of time is necessary to better evaluate the efficacy of non-medical interventions on mental health.

Sleep Disorders in Mild Cognitive Impairment.

We have an increasingly aging population and, therefore, cognitive impairment and dementia are becoming more common. Similarly, sleep disorders are also more common among the older population. There is a bidirectional relationship between mild cognitive impairment and sleep disorders. Additionally, both of these issues are underdiagnosed. By identifying and treating sleep disturbances early, we may delay the onset of dementia. Sleep helps in clearing metabolites like amyloid-beta (A-beta) lipoprotein. Clearance leads to decreased fatigue and proper functioning of the brain. A-beta lipoprotein and tau aggregates lead to neurodegeneration. Slow-wave sleep that decreases with aging is important for memory consolidation. In the initial stages of Alzheimer's disease, A-beta lipoprotein and tau deposits were linked to lower slow-wave activity in non-rapid eye movement sleep. Improvement in sleep decreases oxidative stress which in turn leads to decreased A-beta lipoprotein accumulation.

The Influence of Family Intervention on the Treatment of Adolescent Patients With Borderline Personality Disorder: A Literature Review.

Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is a widespread mental disorder linked to functional impairment and a high suicide rate. Adolescent BPD is now recognized as a reliable and valid diagnosis in psychiatric classification systems and national treatment guidelines. Family issues, such as parental underinvolvement or neglect, may affect the mentalization process and attachment styles. Thus, the family is crucial to understanding the etiology of BPD in adolescents. Family intervention was primarily used as a component of the psychotherapy strategy in the current treatment of BPD, including pharmacological and psychotherapy measures. The primary objective of this study is to review previous research on the effectiveness of family intervention in treating adolescents with BPD. Although there is currently little data, studies in this paper show that family intervention is a realistic treatment option for adolescents with BPD.

Inflammatory Bowel Sugar Disease: A Pause From New Pharmacological Agents and an Embrace of Natural Therapy.

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs), including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, are immune-mediated chronic inflammatory diseases that target the gastrointestinal tract and other distant organs. The incidence of IBDs has been rising and is more prevailing in Western communities. The etiology has been vague, but different theories include environmental factors that elicit an uncontrolled immune response, which damages internal organs. Treatment of either Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis has witnessed significant advances; however, pharmacological drugs' side effects limit their use. Research about microbiota and its influence on IBDs has gained fame, and multiple studies correlate microbiota diversity positively with IBD treatment. Many factors contribute to the microbiota's health, including different diets, antibiotics, prebiotics, probiotics, synbiotics, and postbiotics. Specific immune responses lie behind the pathogenesis of IBDs and microbiota dysbiosis, and different studies have postulated new ways to control this abnormal response. Physical activity, sun exposure, efficient sleep, intermittent fasting, and supplementation of probiotics and vitamins are natural ways that help modulate this immune response, do not cost money as IBD pharmacological drugs, and do not come with deleterious side effects that are sometimes more harmful than IBDs. Our article proposes a comprehensive natural approach that can benefit IBD patients enormously. This approach does not replace the medications currently used in treating IBDs. The suggested approach can be used in combination with medications and might aid in reducing the doses of those medications.

Understanding the Role of the Gut Microbiome in Diabetes and Therapeutics Targeting Leaky Gut: A Systematic Review.

The gut microbiota has been studied and continues to be a developing area in the pathognomic development of metabolic diseases like diabetes. Treatment with diet changes, the addition of supplements like prebiotics/probiotics, and the impact of fecal microbial transplantation can be correlated to targeting changes in dysbiosis. Understanding the impacts of various anti-hyperglycemic agents such as metformin and the implications of post-bariatric surgery on the gut microbiota diversity has emerged. These areas of study are crucial to understanding the pathognomic aspects of diabetes disease progression at the microbial level of metabolic and inflammatory mechanisms, which may give more insight into focusing on the role of diet prebiotic/probiotic supplements as potential forms of prospective management in diabetes and the development of more agents that target gut microbiota, which harbors low-grade inflammation. Intestinal dysbiosis was consistently observed in the mechanism of gut microbial change in diabetic individuals, contributing to reduced insulin sensitivity and poor glycemic control. This systematic review was carried out using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) 2020 checklist. We performed a literature search using the PubMed, Google Scholar and Science Direct databases in accordance with the eligibility criteria and ultimately selected 14 articles for final analysis. The Scale for the Assessment of Narrative Review Articles (SANRA) and the PRISMA 2020 checklist were used to assess the quality of selected articles for cross-sectional studies, traditional literature reviews, and systematic reviews, respectively. We collected papers from 2012 to 2022 for this review. We gathered articles from databases, such as this study, which show there is a strong connection between microbiota and diabetes that appears to exist. The objective is to assess and identify any dietary and therapeutic agents that may alter the microbiota and potentially target and modulate insulin sensitivity. This review article will discuss the pathophysiological effects of gut microbiota in diabetes management and the impact of various gut biodiversity therapeutics that can aid in reversing insulin sensitivity.

The Effects of Serotonin Receptor Type 7 Modulation on Bowel Sensitivity and Smooth Muscle Tone in Patients With Irritable Bowel Syndrome.

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a gut-brain disorder involving alterations in intestinal sensitivity and motility. Currently, IBS has no cure, and treatment focuses on the management of symptoms. The diverse, and sometimes contradictory, collections of symptoms reported across the different subtypes of IBS make treatment, as well as diagnosis, difficult for physicians. All subtypes of IBS have one symptom in common: abdominal pain caused by differences in the level of visceral sensitivity. Though current research on this topic is in its infancy, some researchers have proven, through experimental studies, that 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) receptor type 7 (5-HT7) affects both visceral sensitivity and smooth muscle tone in the bowel. Therefore, this review will be discussing the future possibility of alleviating abdominal pain in patients with IBS and related disorders by modulating the 5-HT7 receptor.

Physical Therapy Interventions in Children With Cerebral Palsy: A Systematic Review.

Cerebral palsy is a group of disorders affecting individuals already from birth. It enormously impacts an individual's physical and emotional life and can bring many challenges to the individual, caregivers, and families. Therefore, it is crucial to investigate interventions that could improve various symptoms in children with cerebral palsy. Our systematic review intends to assess the effect of different exercise and physical therapy interventions in children with cerebral palsy. We used three databases for our article search: PubMed, Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (MEDLINE), and PubMed Central (PMC). The combined number of papers found in all databases was 65,412. We then applied our inclusion and exclusion criteria, filters, key terms, and Medical Subheadings (MeSH). After applying our quality assessment tools, we included nine papers in our systematic review. The studies included in our review used various interventions to assess for improvement in symptoms in individuals with cerebral palsy. Interventions included stretching and resistance exercises, horse riding, biking, core stability exercises, slackline training, a home exercise program using an online tool, sit-to-stand exercise program, and functional training. Many studies have shown that interventions improved symptoms like balance, coordination, gait, and cardiovascular endurance in cerebral palsy. This review suggests that some of the included interventions have great potential to improve the symptoms of cerebral palsy and, therefore, can be a great addition to existing training and rehabilitation programs. Given that studies included a relatively small number of participants and were conducted over a short time, more research with a more significant number of participants over a longer time is necessary.

Comparing the Safety and Efficacy of Proton Pump Inhibitors and Histamine-2 Receptor Antagonists in the Management of Patients With Peptic Ulcer Disease: A Systematic Review.

Peptic ulcer disease (PUD) refers to the occurrence of an open erosion in the inner lining of the stomach, duodenum, or sometimes lower esophagus. Treatments like proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) or histamine 2 receptor antagonists (H2RAs) are available on the market to efficiently treat the break in the mucosal lining. However, there is little evidence about the effects of the medication on the type and location of the ulcer and the epigastric pain caused by disintegration and increased acidity in the stomach. Given the above, we conducted a systematic review comparing the safety and efficacy of PPIs and H2RAs in various ulcer locations (gastric, duodenal, and pre-pyloric) and the effect of prolonging the treatment with the same medication or changing into a drug from another class in treatment-resistant ulcers. We employed major research literature databases and search engines such as PubMed, Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (MEDLINE), Science Direct, and Google Scholar to find relevant articles. After a thorough screening, a quality check using various tools, and applying filters that suited our eligibility criteria, we identified eight articles, of which five were random clinical trials (RCTs), two review articles, and one meta-analysis. This study compares the different side effects of PPIs and H2RAs. Most studies concluded that omeprazole is superior in healing ulcers and bringing pain relief and that patients resistant to H2RAs can be treated better when switched to a PPI. This study also discusses the adverse effects of chronic use, such as diarrhea, constipation, headaches, and gastrointestinal infections. Patients on long-term PPI therapy are required to take calcium supplements to prevent the risk of fractures in older adults. Regarding long-term outcomes, PPIs remain the mainstay of treatment for peptic ulcer disease, based on the papers we reviewed.

Association of Physical Activity with the Prevention and Treatment of Depression During the Postpartum Period: A Narrative Review.

The benefits of physical activity during pregnancy or postpartum are auspicious, especially in preventing and treating postpartum depression. This review aimed to examine the relationship between exercise and postpartum depression in terms of prevention and treatment. The goals were to determine if exercise alone is sufficient for this purpose and to attract attention to the kind, intensity, and duration needed to achieve this purpose. A literature review was conducted in PubMed, PubMed Central, MEDLINE, and Cochrane libraries. The search terms were "physical activity," "postpartum depression," "postnatal depression," and "exercise." Physical activity can be a preventative measure and a treatment aid for pregnant or postpartum women with depressive disorders. However, the exercise protocol should include a support/wellness program to achieve better and more remarkable results.

Estrogen's Tissue-Specific Regulation of the SLC26A6 Anion Transporter Reveal a Phenotype of Kidney Stone Disease in Estrogen-Deficient Females: A Systematic Review.

Kidney stone formation is an intricate process that involves a disruption in the interplay of the multiple organs and systems involved in regulating the concentration of specific ions in the body. Women who have gone through menopause are susceptible to kidney stone disease. This systematic review aims to investigate the potential influence of estrogen on kidney function and oxalate homeostasis, notably through the anion transporter SLC26A6 (also known as putative anion transporter 1 or PAT1) in females. In accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) 2020 checklist, a systematic search of online databases included Pubmed, ScienceDirect Journals, and Ingenta Connect Journals. Predetermined criteria to include and exclude papers, gathering articles published between 2012 and 2022, were determined. After a thorough analysis, eight articles (three cohorts, one case-control, one in vivo, one in vitro, and two cross-sectional studies) were identified for the final quality assessment review.  The eight selected and quality-assessed articles provided evidence of a directly proportional connection between estrogen and kidney function. A correlation between serum estrogen levels and the development of kidney stone disease was confirmed. Administration of ß-estradiol was shown to effectively inhibit the function of the anion transporter PAT1 in a tissue-specific manner. In the case of the kidney, estrogen was observed to down-regulate PAT1, which led to a reduction in oxalate transporting activity and, consequently, a decrease in kidney stone formation. Consensus suggests that serum estrogen levels and optimal kidney functioning are interrelated. Furthermore, analysis of the quality-assessed articles and a comprehensive literature review revealed estrogen's tissue-specific regulation of the PAT1 anion transporter aids in maintaining kidney function and anion homeostasis. Additional research is needed to solidify estrogen's role in kidney stone disease to determine its therapeutic value in clinical practice.

A Systematic Review of the Efficacy of Early Initiation of Speech Therapy and Its Positive Impact on Autism Spectrum Disorder.

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a condition that consists predominantly of an apparent early delay in communication and social skills. Among the multiple identified etiologies, genetics play a key role. The implementation of early interventional therapy for children with ASD is starting to show promising results. A few medical databases were used to collect multiple published types of research, which were thoroughly screened. Ultimately, a small amount was selected according to the defined eligibility criteria. The 12 articles that were reviewed involved a more significant number of boys than girls, and most clinical trials displayed the importance of starting early therapy. Astonishingly, the overwhelming effects of the COVID-19 pandemic did not affect the continuation of speech therapy in certain areas. In addition, studies emphasize knowledge scarcity, insufficient resources in certain areas, and the demand to educate the community. Conversely, no difference in the level of severity was noted with the implementation of early therapy. Early therapy, chiefly speech therapy used to treat children with ASD, demonstrated favorable outcomes. Communities require awareness about the condition on a broader scale to educate caregivers on early alarming symptoms. All in all, additional exploration needs to be done.

Efficacy and Safety of Teriparatide in Improving Fracture Healing and Callus Formation: A Systematic Review.

Fracture nonunion remains a great challenge for orthopedic surgeons. Some bone fractures don't heal promptly, resulting in delayed unions and nonunions, and there is a need for an additional surgical procedure. Previous research has shown that teriparatide, a type of synthetic parathyroid hormone, can promote the formation of callus and lead to healing in individuals with delayed or non-healing bone fractures. Limited systematic reviews exist that examine the use of teriparatide in cases of delayed healing or non-healing bone fractures, which have their limitations. In this review, we overcome those limitations by including prospective studies, retrospective studies, case reports, and case series together. A systematic search of the literature was conducted in both PubMed and Google Scholar up to September of the year 2022. The studies included in our research included adult patients (over the age of 16) diagnosed with delayed union or nonunion of any bone in the body (flat bone, long bone, short bone, or irregular bone). The studies were limited to those written in English. The outcomes that were tracked and recorded include the healing of the fracture and any negative side effects or adverse events. The initial search yielded 504 abstracts and titles. After reviewing these, 32 articles were selected for further analysis, which included 19 case reports, five case series, two retrospective studies, and six prospective studies. Studies included daily (20 micrograms) or weekly (56.5 micrograms) subcutaneous administration of teriparatide. The duration of follow-up for these studies varied from three to 24 months. Based on the available research, it appears that administering teriparatide subcutaneously is a safe treatment option for delayed healing and non-healing bone fractures, with very few to no reported negative side effects. Using teriparatide for induction of callus formation and treating delayed and nonunions is highly safe and effective.

Sacubitril/Valsartan in Heart Failure Hospitalization: Two Pills a Day to Keep Hospitalizations Away?

Heart failure (HF) is a clinical syndrome with signs and symptoms that result from any structural or functional deterioration of ventricular filling or ejection of blood. It is the final stage of various cardiovascular diseases (e.g., coronary artery disease, hypertension, previous myocardial infarction) and remains one of the leading causes of hospitalization. It poses severe health and economic burden worldwide. Patients usually present with shortness of breath due to impaired cardiac ventricular filling and decreased cardiac output. Cardiac remodeling due to the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system overactivation is the final pathological mechanism leading to these changes. The natriuretic peptide system is also activated to stop the remodeling. Sacubitril/valsartan, an angiotensin-receptor neprilysin inhibitor, has prompted a substantial conceptual change in HF treatment. Its primary mechanism is the inhibition of cardiac remodeling and the prevention of natriuretic peptide degradation by inhibiting the enzyme neprilysin. It is an efficacious, safe, and cost-effective therapy that improves the quality of life and survival rate in patients with HF with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) and HF with preserved ejection fraction. It has been demonstrated to significantly reduce hospitalization rates and rehospitalization for HF when compared to enalapril. In this review, we have discussed the benefits of sacubitril/valsartan in treating patients with HFrEF, particularly in reducing hospitalizations and readmissions. We have also compiled studies to examine the drug's effect on adverse cardiac events. Finally, the cost benefits of the drug and optimal dosing strategies are also reviewed. Our review article, combined with the recommendations of the 2022 American Heart Association guidelines for heart failure, strongly suggests that sacubitril/valsartan is a cost-effective strategy that reduces hospitalizations for HFrEF patients when started early with optimal doses. There is still much uncertainty regarding the optimal usage of this drug, its use in HFrEF, and the cost benefits when used alone compared with enalapril.

Drug-Eluting Bead, Irinotecan (DEBIRI) Therapy for Refractory Colorectal Liver Metastasis: A Systematic Review.

Colorectal cancer and related mortality present a profound challenge in its management, even in this modern age. Even today, colorectal cancer-related deaths rank third in the world. Despite having multiple lines of chemotherapy, combined with radiotherapy and chemoembolization techniques, after or before surgical resection, the five-year survival rate is approximately 20%. Drug-eluting bead, irinotecan (DEBIRI) is a new technique that involves embolization of the feeding vessels to the tumour and delivering irinotecan for its chemotherapeutic effects. A significant amount of literature compares DEBIRI as an adjunct to various lines of chemotherapy. However, so far, not much data are available on DEBIRI as a singular treatment for those patients who have had multiple chemotherapies and still progressing and are not fit for liver resection. In this systematic review, we aim to highlight and bring together the results of those studies that focused on this specific patient group. A systematic search of the literature involving three large databases (published between January 2017 and July 2022), excluding languages other than English, was conducted to identify articles documenting patients who had disease progression despite chemotherapy and were not fit for surgical resection. The level of evidence and the quality check were assessed by two independent reviewers, and consensus with the senior author resolved disagreements. Out of seven studies that met the final criteria, we found a pooled cohort of 302 patients. The mean age of the patients was 61.2 years, ranging from 40.7 to 84 years. The most commonly used DEBIRI beads were M1 (70-150 um) and M2 (100-300 um), but two studies reported the use of 40 um as well. The total number of DEBIRI treatments performed in our pooled cohort was 904. The majority of the studies reported only G1/G2 toxicities among the patients, with maximal toxicity of G4 in a few selected patients. The median overall survival in our pooled cohort was 19.52 months. The median progression-free survival in our data was 5.76 months. Our systematic review concludes that DEBIRI is undoubtedly a useful treatment modality with an acceptable toxicity profile. This treatment offers a good overall survival benefit for refractory colorectal liver metastasis.

Comparison of the Clinical Efficacy, Safety, and Postoperative Outcomes Between Peroral Esophageal Myotomy and Laparoscopic Heller's Myotomy With Fundoplication: A Systematic Review.

Achalasia, a neurodegenerative disease caused by the progressive destruction of ganglion cells in the myenteric plexus, is accompanied by incomplete relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter. Laparoscopic Heller's myotomy (LHM) coupled with fundoplication has been the gold standard procedure for achalasia. Peroral esophageal myotomy (POEM) has recently gained popularity as it is minimally invasive, has fewer adverse events, and has excellent short-term outcomes. So, we aimed to compare the clinical efficacy, safety, and postoperative outcomes between LHM and POEM. We did a systematic review by following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines for 2020 and exploring research databases such as PUBMED and PMC Central, Google Scholar, and Research Gate. After appropriate screenings, articles relevant to the review were scrutinized based on the eligibility criteria. Quality assessment tools such as the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) and the assessment of multiple systematic reviews (AMSTAR) were used to finalize the articles. A total of 11 articles (seven observational studies, two RCTs, and two systematic reviews) were included in the review after a quality check. The study included 2127 patients, classified into 981 for POEM and 1146 for LHM, who had undergone treatment for achalasia. Most of the studies had a follow-up of ≤ two years. Comparing efficacy, POEM had similar results to LHM in terms of Eckardt scores. However, abnormal DeMeester scores were found in POEM. Adverse events were significantly higher in LHM when compared to POEM in terms of safety. Peroral esophageal myotomy also stood out as having a shorter procedure time, a shorter hospital stay, and lesser odds of being a clinical failure. As for postoperative outcomes, despite treatment with proton pump inhibitors, LHM was more effective in preventing the development of esophagitis compared to POEM due to partial fundoplication. Postoperative reflux and the development of esophagitis remain certain with POEM and need to be followed up with more studies with longer follow-ups. However, POEM still stands as a better choice compared to LHM in terms of efficacy and safety.

A Systematic Review of Yoga and Meditation for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Children.

With attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) being a prevalent disorder in childhood, it is essential to acknowledge the different adverse effects the disorder can have on the quality of life in children. Therefore, this systematic review focuses mainly on children. Medical therapy, especially stimulants, can have many side effects. Our systematic review aims to evaluate the potential of other non-medical treatment options for ADHD, such as yoga or meditation. We used PubMed and Google Scholar as databases for this systematic review. Using different combinations of medical subheadings (MeSH) and key terms, followed by the application of several inclusion/exclusion criteria and filters to narrow down our search. From an initial 51,675 articles, we selected 10 papers that passed our screening process and quality check to analyze in depth. Yoga and meditation positively affect various symptoms in children with ADHD, including attention, hyperactivity, and impulsive behavior. If done in family group sessions, it also benefited the parents and family dynamics, suggesting a potential option for family therapy. Furthermore, other psychological symptoms, such as anxiety or low self-esteem, appeared to be positively impacted by these interventions. Although yoga and meditation positively influenced children with ADHD, a more in-depth research is necessary with a more significant number of participants and over a more extended period of time. The results of the included studies suggest a substantial benefit. Nonetheless, as the number of studies is limited, at present yoga and meditation could be beneficial as supplemental therapy rather than being used alone as a therapy for ADHD.

A Systematic Review of Mixed Studies Exploring the Effects of Probiotics on Gut-Microbiome to Modulate Therapy in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder.

Autism spectrum disorder(ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by social deficits, repetitive typical behaviors, insistence on the same routines, and communication impairments. The prevalence of ASD has increased in the past decade. While we are aware that there is no cure for ASD, attempts are being made to reduce its symptoms and improve the learning, overall growth, and well-being of ASD patients. Gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms are frequent occurrences in patients with ASD, but the underlying mechanisms are unknown. Recent studies show that the microbiota-gut-brain axis is the key modulator of neuropsychiatric health. Although fecal transplants have shown positive outcomes in treating dysbiosis and symptoms of autism, lifestyle modifications such as dietary intervention will prevent and treat this disorder without causing major adverse effects. Probiotics enhance the microbiome to provide necessary metabolites, which help in gut permeability, cognitive function, and immunity. In some studies, children with increased GI symptoms have also shown increased behavioral disturbances. In this study, a systematic review of mixed studies is conducted to obtain more robust and conclusive results. We included randomized controlled studies with larger sample sizes and specifications on probiotics.

The Significance of Sleep Disorders in Post-myocardial Infarction Depression.

Sleep disorders are highly prevalent and often missed comorbidities in patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD), especially important in patients with depression associated with post-myocardial infarction (MI). Proactive screening and targeted treatment for sleep disorders are essential to reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with CVDs and MI in particular. We have reviewed all relevant information up to July 2022 regarding sleep disorders in CVD with a focus on post-MI depression and gathered around 350 articles in our research and narrowed it down to 31 articles. The database used was PubMed, and the keywords used were obstructive sleep apnea, sleep disorders, sleep-disordered breathing, major depression, and post-myocardial infarction. We have concluded from the available literature that there is a significant overlap between the etiologies and pathological mechanisms between conditions such as diabetes, obesity, and other comorbidities associated with both sleep disorders and CVD. Treatment such as psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy should be tailored according to the specific needs of the patients. Targeted treatment for sleep disorders has been shown to improve multiple factors and comorbidities associated with prognosis post-MI, including improvement in quality of life and significantly reduced short-term and long-term mortality. The incidence and prevalence of depression post-MI can be significantly reduced by focusing on the treatment of any underlying sleep disorders. We encourage larger-scale observational and interventional studies regarding the quality of sleep post-MI.

A Systematic Review Exploring the Cardiovascular and Renal Effects of Empagliflozin in Patients With Heart Failure With Reduced Ejection Fraction.

The major cause of death in the United States is heart disease. The global burden of illness and mortality from heart failure is substantial. Despite recent innovations in the treatment of heart failure, the prognosis is still poor. To identify, evaluate, and summarize the findings of all relevant studies of a drug that is equally efficacious but rather cost-effective, empagliflozin compared to the other sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors was studied. It is licensed by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), acts by preventing the reabsorption of glucose from the kidney, and exhibits promising advantages in heart failure. We systematically explored PubMed, PubMed Central (PMC), and Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (MEDLINE) for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and observational studies related to cardiovascular and renal outcomes of empagliflozin in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). After performing scoping search and search strategy, studies were screened for quality assessment using the Cochrane risk of bias assessment tool. We screened 60 articles by titles, abstract, and exclusion and inclusion criteria, after which eight final randomized controlled trials (RCTs) with 18,659 participants treated with empagliflozin and placebo were used for the systematic review. This systematic review's objective is to investigate and explore the full range of empagliflozin's effects and advantages on cardiac structure, function, and hemodynamics and renal function in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (EF) in order to better understand the drug's effects and related mechanisms.