RESUMO
The earliest galaxies are thought to have emerged during the first billion years of cosmic history, initiating the ionization of the neutral hydrogen that pervaded the Universe at this time. Studying this 'epoch of reionization' involves looking for the spectral signatures of ancient galaxies that are, owing to the expansion of the Universe, now very distant from Earth and therefore exhibit large redshifts. However, finding these spectral fingerprints is challenging. One spectral characteristic of ancient and distant galaxies is strong hydrogen-emission lines (known as Lyman-α lines), but the neutral intergalactic medium that was present early in the epoch of reionization scatters such Lyman-α photons. Another potential spectral identifier is the line at wavelength 157.4 micrometres of the singly ionized state of carbon (the [C ii] λ = 157.74 µm line), which signifies cooling gas and is expected to have been bright in the early Universe. However, so far Lyman-α-emitting galaxies from the epoch of reionization have demonstrated much fainter [C ii] luminosities than would be expected from local scaling relations, and searches for the [C ii] line in sources without Lyman-α emission but with photometric redshifts greater than 6 (corresponding to the first billion years of the Universe) have been unsuccessful. Here we identify [C ii] λ = 157.74 µm emission from two sources that we selected as high-redshift candidates on the basis of near-infrared photometry; we confirm that these sources are two galaxies at redshifts of z = 6.8540 ± 0.0003 and z = 6.8076 ± 0.0002. Notably, the luminosity of the [C ii] line from these galaxies is higher than that found previously in star-forming galaxies with redshifts greater than 6.5. The luminous and extended [C ii] lines reveal clear velocity gradients that, if interpreted as rotation, would indicate that these galaxies have similar dynamic properties to the turbulent yet rotation-dominated disks that have been observed in Hα-emitting galaxies two billion years later, at 'cosmic noon'.
RESUMO
Following the underutilization of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) among Latinx men who have sex with men (MSM) and transgender women in Southern California and the growing use of the delivery of PrEP through telemedicine, the California Department of Public Health implemented a telemedicine component to their already existing assistance program. We used the integrated Promoting Action on Research Implementation in Health Services (i-PARIHS) framework to identify and characterize factors inhibiting the successful implementation of the telemedicine program through in-depth, online stakeholder interviews and online community focus groups with Latinx MSM and trans women in southern California. Obstacles reported by stakeholders were complicated enrollment process, preference for in-person care, more appealing private sector models of PrEP, while community members reported low awareness of the program, fear of complications due to immigration status, challenges to fulfill enrollment requirements. Findings can used for the future improvement of the ongoing program, as well as other similar PrEP telemedicine programs.