RESUMO
Drug resistance is a worldwide problem affecting all pathogens. The human fungal pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus coexists in the environment with other fungi targeted by crop protection compounds, being unintentionally exposed to the selective pressure of multiple antifungal classes and leading to the selection of resistant strains. A. fumigatus azole-resistant isolates are emerging in both clinical and environmental settings. Since their approval, azole drugs have dominated clinical treatment for aspergillosis infections and the agriculture fungicide market. However, other antifungal classes are used for crop protection, including benzimidazoles (methyl benzimidazole carbamates [MBCs]), strobilurins (quinolone oxidation inhibitors [QoIs]), and succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors (SDHIs). Mutations responsible for resistance to these fungicides have been widely researched in plant pathogens, but resistance has not been explored in A. fumigatus. In this work, the genetic basis underlying resistance to MBCs, QoIs, and SDHIs was studied in azole-susceptible and -resistant A. fumigatus strains. E198A/Q and F200Y mutations in ß-tubulin conferred resistance to MBCs, G143A and F129L substitutions in cytochrome b conferred resistance to QoIs, and H270R/Y mutations in SdhB conferred resistance to SDHIs. Characterization of susceptibility to azoles showed a correlation between strains resistant to these fungicides and the ones with tandem-repeat (TR)-based azole resistance mechanisms. Whole-genome sequencing analysis showed a genetic relationship among fungicide multiresistant strains, which grouped into subclusters that included only strains carrying the TR-based azole resistance mechanisms, indicating a common ancestor/evolution pattern and confirming the environmental origin of this type of azole-resistant A. fumigatus.
Assuntos
Aspergillus fumigatus , Fungicidas Industriais , Antifúngicos/farmacologia , Aspergillus fumigatus/genética , Azóis/farmacologia , Sistema Enzimático do Citocromo P-450/genética , Farmacorresistência Fúngica/genética , Proteínas Fúngicas/genética , Fungicidas Industriais/farmacologia , Humanos , Testes de Sensibilidade MicrobianaRESUMO
Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) are responsible for Aspergillus fumigatus recognition by innate immunity and its subsequent immune signaling. The triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 1 (TREM1) is a recently characterized pro-inflammatory receptor constitutively expressed on the surface of neutrophils and macrophages. A soluble form (sTREM1) of this protein that can be detected in human body fluids has been identified. Here we investigated the role of TREM1 during invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA). IPA patients displayed significantly higher levels of sTREM1 in bronchoalveolar lavages when compared to control patients. Functional analysis in TREM1 showed that the levels of sTREM1 and TREM1 pathway-related cytokines were influenced by single nucleotide polymorphisms in TREM1. In addition, we confirmed a role of TREM1 on antifungal host defense against A. fumigatus in a murine model of IPA. TREM1 deficiency increased susceptibility to infection in the immunosuppressed murine host. Deletion of TREM1 showed delayed innate and adaptive immune responses and impaired pro-inflammatory cytokine responses. The absence of TREM1 in primary macrophages attenuated the TLR signaling by altering the expression of both receptor and effector proteins that are critical to the response against A. fumigatus. In this study, and for the first time, we demonstrate the key role for the TREM1 receptor pathway during IPA.
Assuntos
Aspergillus fumigatus/imunologia , Regulação da Expressão Gênica/imunologia , Imunidade Inata , Receptor Gatilho 1 Expresso em Células Mieloides/genética , Adulto , Animais , Líquido da Lavagem Broncoalveolar/química , Citocinas , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Feminino , Humanos , Hospedeiro Imunocomprometido , Aspergilose Pulmonar Invasiva , Pulmão/microbiologia , Masculino , Camundongos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Receptor Gatilho 1 Expresso em Células Mieloides/imunologiaRESUMO
The structure of the O-antigen chain of the lipopolysaccharide isolated from Rhizobium tropici CIAT899, by the phenol-water procedure, and recovered from the phenol layer, has been investigated by hydrolysis, methylation analysis and 1D and 2D 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy of the complete polysaccharide and of oligosaccharides obtained by partial hydrolysis. The O-antigen has the repeating unit [formula: see text]
Assuntos
Antígenos O/química , Rhizobium/imunologia , Sequência de Carboidratos , Hidrólise , Espectroscopia de Ressonância Magnética , Metilação , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Monossacarídeos/análise , Oligossacarídeos/químicaRESUMO
A novel operando UV-Vis spectroscopic set-up has been constructed and tested for the investigation of catalyst bodies loaded in a pilot-scale reactor under relevant reaction conditions. Spatiotemporal insight into the formation and burning of coke deposits on an industrial CrO(x)/Al(2)O(3) catalyst during propane dehydrogenation has been obtained.
RESUMO
The lipid moieties of two lipid A's isolated from the phenolic and aqueous fractions of lipopolysaccharide from Rhizobium tropici CIAT899 have been studied. Several 3-hydroxy fatty acids and two long-chain hydroxy fatty acids, 27-hydroxyoctacosanoic acid, and 29-hydroxytriacontanoic acid were identified; the ratios of these acids are the same in both lipid A's. These results can be used for chemotaxonomic purposes.