RESUMO
The pandemic coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has affected millions of people worldwide. To date, there are no proven effective therapies for this virus. Efforts made to develop antiviral strategies for the treatment of COVID-19 are underway. Respiratory viral infections, such as influenza, predispose patients to co-infections and these lead to increased disease severity and mortality. Numerous types of antibiotics such as azithromycin have been employed for the prevention and treatment of bacterial co-infection and secondary bacterial infections in patients with a viral respiratory infection (e.g., SARS-CoV-2). Although antibiotics do not directly affect SARS-CoV-2, viral respiratory infections often result in bacterial pneumonia. It is possible that some patients die from bacterial co-infection rather than virus itself. To date, a considerable number of bacterial strains have been resistant to various antibiotics such as azithromycin, and the overuse could render those or other antibiotics even less effective. Therefore, bacterial co-infection and secondary bacterial infection are considered critical risk factors for the severity and mortality rates of COVID-19. Also, the antibiotic-resistant as a result of overusing must be considered. In this review, we will summarize the bacterial co-infection and secondary bacterial infection in some featured respiratory viral infections, especially COVID-19.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Antivirais/uso terapêutico , Infecções Bacterianas/epidemiologia , COVID-19/epidemiologia , Pandemias , Pneumonia Bacteriana/epidemiologia , Acinetobacter baumannii/efeitos dos fármacos , Acinetobacter baumannii/patogenicidade , Infecções Bacterianas/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções Bacterianas/microbiologia , Infecções Bacterianas/virologia , COVID-19/microbiologia , COVID-19/virologia , Coinfecção , Haemophilus influenzae/efeitos dos fármacos , Haemophilus influenzae/patogenicidade , Interações Hospedeiro-Patógeno/imunologia , Humanos , Imunidade Inata/efeitos dos fármacos , Klebsiella pneumoniae/efeitos dos fármacos , Klebsiella pneumoniae/patogenicidade , Legionella pneumophila/efeitos dos fármacos , Legionella pneumophila/patogenicidade , Staphylococcus aureus Resistente à Meticilina/efeitos dos fármacos , Staphylococcus aureus Resistente à Meticilina/patogenicidade , Pneumonia Bacteriana/tratamento farmacológico , Pneumonia Bacteriana/microbiologia , Pneumonia Bacteriana/virologia , Pseudomonas aeruginosa/efeitos dos fármacos , Pseudomonas aeruginosa/patogenicidade , Sistema Respiratório/efeitos dos fármacos , Sistema Respiratório/microbiologia , Sistema Respiratório/patologia , Sistema Respiratório/virologia , SARS-CoV-2/efeitos dos fármacos , SARS-CoV-2/patogenicidade , Streptococcus pneumoniae/efeitos dos fármacos , Streptococcus pneumoniae/patogenicidade , Streptococcus pyogenes/efeitos dos fármacos , Streptococcus pyogenes/patogenicidade , Tratamento Farmacológico da COVID-19RESUMO
The SARS-CoV-2 virus is an etiological agent of pandemic COVID-19, which spreads rapidly worldwide. No proven effective therapies currently exist for this virus, and efforts to develop antiviral strategies for the treatment of COVID-19 are underway. The rapidly increasing understanding of SARS-CoV-2 virology provides a notable number of possible immunological procedures and drug targets. However, gaps remain in our understanding of the pathogenesis of COVID-19. In this review, we describe the latest information in the context of immunological approaches and emerging current antiviral strategies for COVID-19 treatment.