A randomized controlled clinical trial of 4% sodium citrate versus heparin as locking solution for temporary dialysis catheters among hemodialysis patients
.

BACKGROUND: Limited reports are available on the role of 4% citrate as a locking solution for temporary dialysis catheters. Hence, the aim of this study is to investigate the role of 4% citrate vs. heparin 5,000 µ/mL as a catheter-locking solution in a randomized controlled trial. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The trial was conducted in Egypt where the use of non-tunneled temporary catheters is prevalent compared to tunneled long-term catheters. The efficacy of catheter-locking solutions was compared regarding observation of rate of catheter dysfunction, low-flow pump, fever as a sign of central-line blood-stream infection (CLBSI), catheter-site infection, thrombosis, local bleeding, and systemic bleeding in each group of the study. RESULTS: Each group consisted of 105 patients. The number of patients who developed CLBSI in the citrate group was 11 (10.5%) compared to 23 (21.9%) in the heparin group (p < 0.025). The number of patients who developed catheter dysfunction in the citrate group was similar to those in the heparin group. The incidence of catheter-site infection, thrombosis, and local bleeding in the citrate group was similar to that in the heparin group. CONCLUSION: Citrate 4% lock solution is equally effective as heparin in maintaining catheter patency in dialysis patients. It may have a favorable effect on prevention of catheter-related infection due to its additional antiseptic properties as compared to heparin. Citrate-based locking solutions are a promising alternative to unfractionated heparin as a locking solution for dialysis catheters.
.

International evaluation of unrecognizably uglifying human faces in late and severe secondary hyperparathyroidism in chronic kidney disease. Sagliker syndrome. A unique catastrophic entity, cytogenetic studies for chromosomal abnormalities, calcium-sensing receptor gene and GNAS1 mutations. Striking and promising missense mutations on the GNAS1 gene exons 1, 4, 10, 4.

Hypotheses explaining pathogenesis of secondary hyperparathyroidism (SH) in late and severe CKD as a unique entity called Sagliker syndrome (SS) are still unclear. This international study contains 60 patients from Turkey, India, Malaysia, China, Romania, Egypt, Tunisia, Taiwan, Mexico, Algeria, Poland, Russia, and Iran. We examined patients and first degree relatives for cytogenetic chromosomal abnormalities, calcium sensing receptor (Ca SR) genes in exons 2 and 3 abnormalities and GNAS1 genes mutations in exons 1, 4, 5, 7, 10, 13. Our syndrome could be a new syndrome in between SH, CKD, and hereditary bone dystrophies. We could not find chromosomal abnormalities in cytogenetics and on Ca SR gene exons 2 and 3. Interestingly, we did find promising missense mutations on the GNAS1 gene exons 1, 4, 10, 4. We finally thought that those catastrophic bone diseases were severe SH and its late treatments due to monetary deficiencies and iatrogenic mistreatments not started as early as possible. This was a sine qua non humanity task. Those brand new striking GNAS1 genes missense mutations have to be considered from now on for the genesis of SS.

Studying alternative approaches for placement of cuffed hemodialysis catheters in hemodialysis patients with bilateral internal jugular vein occlusion.

INTRODUCTION: Internal jugular vein occlusion often makes necessary the use of less desirable routes as external jugular, subclavian, and femoral vein approaches in addition to inferior vena cava approaches. This a prospective cross-sectional follow-up study of the alternative approaches for placement of cuffed hemodialysis catheters in end-stage renal disease patients with bilateral internal jugular vein occlusion from the interventional nephrology point of view. METHOD: The study was conducted on 134 end-stage renal disease patients who were referred for insertion of a challenging hemodialysis catheter due to bilateral internal jugular vein occlusion. Ultrasound Doppler guided catheter insertion was used as a routine practice in addition to fluoroscopy or post insertion X-ray to localize catheter tip position and exclude complications. Follow-up of patients was conducted until the end of the study or catheter removal. FINDINGS: The most highly prevalent alternative approach is the trans-external iliac vein inferior vena cava approach (43.28%) followed by external jugular vein approach (14.93%), innominate vein approach (10.18%), internal jugular vein collaterals by interventional radiology (7.46%), femoral vein approach (7.46%), transhepatic approach (5.97%), subclavian vein approach (5.22%), and finally the retrograde femoral vein approach (1.49%). DISCUSSION: End-stage renal disease patients maintained on regular hemodialysis who have bilateral internal jugular vein obstruction and non-functioning arteriovenous fistula/graft is a daily scenario in nephrology practice. Our study showed that there is a variety of approaches for the insertion of cuffed hemodialysis catheters other than occluded internal jugular veins. Interventional nephrologists have a major role in solving the problem of poor hemodialysis vascular access. These alternative approaches can conserve the anatomically limited number of percutaneous access sites in each patient.

Chronic kidney disease and cardiovascular risk in six regions of the world (ISN-KDDC): a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Chronic kidney disease is an important cause of global mortality and morbidity. Data for epidemiological features of chronic kidney disease and its risk factors are limited for low-income and middle-income countries. The International Society of Nephrology's Kidney Disease Data Center (ISN-KDDC) aimed to assess the prevalence and awareness of chronic kidney disease and its risk factors, and to investigate the risk of cardiovascular disease, in countries of low and middle income. METHODS: We did a cross-sectional study in 12 countries from six world regions: Bangladesh, Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, China, Egypt, Georgia, India, Iran, Moldova, Mongolia, Nepal, and Nigeria. We analysed data from screening programmes in these countries, matching eight general and four high-risk population cohorts collected in the ISN-KDDC database. High-risk cohorts were individuals at risk of or with a diagnosis of either chronic kidney disease, hypertension, diabetes, or cardiovascular disease. Participants completed a self-report questionnaire, had their blood pressure measured, and blood and urine samples taken. We defined chronic kidney disease according to modified KDIGO (Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes) criteria; risk of cardiovascular disease development was estimated with the Framingham risk score. FINDINGS: 75,058 individuals were included in the study. The prevalence of chronic kidney disease was 14·3% (95% CI 14·0-14·5) in general populations and 36·1% (34·7-37·6) in high-risk populations. Overall awareness of chronic kidney disease was low, with 409 (6%) of 6631 individuals in general populations and 150 (10%) of 1524 participants from high-risk populations aware they had chronic kidney disease. Moreover, in the general population, 5600 (44%) of 12,751 individuals with hypertension did not know they had the disorder, and 973 (31%) of 3130 people with diabetes were unaware they had that disease. The number of participants at high risk of cardiovascular disease, according to the Framingham risk score, was underestimated compared with KDIGO guidelines. For example, all individuals with chronic kidney disease should be considered at high risk of cardiovascular disease, but the Framingham risk score detects only 23% in the general population, and only 38% in high-risk cohorts. INTERPRETATION: Prevalence of chronic kidney disease was high in general and high-risk populations from countries of low and middle income. Moreover, awareness of chronic kidney disease and other non-communicable diseases was low, and a substantial number of individuals who knew they were ill did not receive treatment. Prospective programmes with repeat testing are needed to confirm the diagnosis of chronic kidney disease and its risk factors. Furthermore, in general, health-care workforces in countries of low and middle income need strengthening. FUNDING: International Society of Nephrology.

Hydration Deficit in 9- to 11-Year-Old Egyptian Children.

Background. Children who drink too little to meet their daily water requirements are likely to become dehydrated, and even mild dehydration can negatively affect health. This is even more important in Middle-Eastern countries where high temperatures increase the risk of dehydration. We assessed morning hydration status in a sample of 519 Egyptian schoolchildren (9-11 years old). Methods. Children completed a questionnaire on breakfast intakes and collected a urine sample after breakfast. Breakfast food and fluid nutritional composition was analyzed and urine osmolality was measured using osmometry. Results. The mean urine osmolality of children was 814 mOsmol/kg: >800 mOsmol/kg (57%) and >1000 mOsmol/kg (24.7%). Furthermore, the results showed that a total water intake of less than 400 mL was associated with a significant higher risk of dehydration. Surprisingly, 63% of the children skipped breakfast. Conclusions. The results showed that a majority of Egyptian schoolchildren arrive at school with a hydration deficit. These results highlight the fact that there is a need to educate schoolchildren about the importance of having a breakfast and adequate hydration.

The efficacy and safety of natural honey on the healing of foot ulcers: a case series.

UNLABELLED: This clinical observation investigated the efficacy, cost-effectiveness, and acceptability of natural honey on the healing of a variety of chronic foot ulcers at the primary care level. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 12 patients with foot ulcers utilizing natural honey as an effective alternative to more expensive, advanced wound products were followed. Cases were referred to Umgwailinah Primary Health Care Center, Doha, Qatar from different health centers and from Hamad General Hospital, Doha, Qatar. There were also self-referred cases. After rinsing the site with normal saline, natural honey was applied and the wound was covered by glycerin-impregnated gauze (Adaptic Non-Adhering Dressing, Systagenix, San Antonio, TX) to prevent the absorption of honey into the cotton gauze and away from the wound site. Patients were followed on a daily basis for an average of 4 weeks. RESULTS: All ulcers healed with no contractures or scars with a mean healing time of 3 weeks. There was a 75% reduction in the dressing budget of the health center and a high level of satisfaction among both health professionals and patients. Patients' pain levels were reduced significantly after using natural honey, as evidenced by the use of the Visual Analog Scale. CONCLUSION: The use of natural honey in the management of chronic foot ulcers proved to be efficacious, cost-effective, and acceptable by both clinicians and patients.

Retrograde femoral vein catheter insertion. A new approach for challenging hemodialysis vascular access.

INTRODUCTION: Venous catheters provide access for hemodialysis (HD) when patients do not have functioning access device. Obstruction of jugular, femoral or even external iliac vessels further depletes options. Subclavian approach is prohibited. Catheterization of inferior vena cava requires specialized equipment and skills. PURPOSE: The purpose is to assess a new lifesaving HD vascular access approach for patients with nonfunctioning access device in the ordinary sites. This entails insertion of a retrograde temporary HD catheter in the superficial femoral vein, directing the catheter distally, toward the foot. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We included six end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients retrospectively who are on regular renal replacement therapy and need urgent HD with nonfunctioning access device in the ordinary sites. RESULTS: Successful insertion of six retrograde femoral vein catheters in the superficial femoral vein. The mean catheter days were 2.5±0.5 days with one patient having 26 catheter days. The mean blood pump speed was 230.0±44.7 mL/min. Urea reduction ratio and Kt/V at 3 hours HD session were 47% and 1.5, respectively, which increased with increasing session duration. The ultrafiltration volume was 2-3 L/session which increased up to 6 L/session in case of using slow low-efficiency dialysis. No major complications were observed during insertion or the postinsertion period except thigh pain in one patient and exit site infection in the case of long duration. CONCLUSIONS: This is a newly applied lifesaving HD vascular access approach for selected ESRD patients with no available HD vascular access at the ordinary sites with accepted HD adequacy. It needs more evaluation and more studies.

Egypt Information, Prevention, and Treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease (EGIPT-CKD) programme: prevalence and risk factors for microalbuminuria among the relatives of patients with CKD in Egypt.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is increasingly recognized as a public health problem, and is linked to the risk of development of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) with their attendant morbidity, mortality and increased healthcare costs. There is still paucity of data on the prevalence and risk factors for microalbuminuria (MA) and CKD in the Middle East. We report a cross-sectional study of the prevalence and risk factors for MA in the relatives of patients with CKD from a community-based screening programme in Egypt. The study was conducted among participants of the Egypt Information, Prevention, and Treatment of Chronic Kidney Diseases (EGIPT-CKD) Program, a population-based screening program for MA and CKD in Damanhour, Egypt. The screening tools included a questionnaire collating information on demographics, lifestyle, medical and family history of diabetes mellitus, hypertension and CKD. The prevalence of MA was 10.6% in the population screened. The prevalence was 6.2% in the non-diabetic and non-hypertensive subjects. The prevalence of albuminuria increases with age (P = 0.001 for trend). The prevalence was higher in the subjects with diabetes, hypertension, obesity or CVD. There was also a higher burden of MA subjects with low educational attainment (16% vs 5.6%; P = 0.001) and also those with a positive history of smoking (15.7% vs 8.1%; P = 0.01). The independent predictor variables associated with the presence of MA in a mutually adjusted logistic regression model were age (OR = 1.055, 95% CI: 1.01-1.10), mean arterial blood pressure (OR = 1.04, 95% CI: 1.102-1.07) and personal history of CVD (OR = 2.34, 95% CI: 2.31-18.1). In this study, we determined the prevalence and risk factors for those having MA among the first-degree relatives of ESRD patients of the EGIPT-CKD program in Damanhour, Lower Egypt.