The role of midgut nonspecific esterase in the susceptibility of Galleria mellonella larvae to Bacillus thuringiensis.

Some mechanisms of resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis, including esterase activity in the midgut, can appear in laboratory and field insect populations. We found that B. thuringiensis infection significantly reduced the esterase activity in the midgut of greater wax moth Galleria mellonella 48 h post infection. Esterase activity was inhibited 1.5-fold by triphenyl phosphate to test the impact of the enzyme in resistance to the bacteria. Bioassays demonstrated that pre-exposure of the insects to triphenyl phosphate followed by bacterial infection resulted in two-fold elevated susceptibility of the greater wax moth larvae to B. thuringiensis.

Contributions of cellular and humoral immunity of Galleria mellonella larvae in defence against oral infection by Bacillus thuringiensis.

In this study the cellular and humoral immune reactions of the Greater wax moth Galleria mellonella have been investigated during bacterial infection caused by oral administration of Bacillus thuringiensis. Two different dose strengths were investigated to assess the contribution of immune parameters to induced Bt resistance. Low-dose (sublethal LC15) infection resulted in significantly elevated haemolymph phenoloxidase and lysozyme-like activity, enhanced phagocytic activity of haemocytes, and increased encapsulation responses in infected larvae at 48 and 72 h post infection. Higher doses of Bt (half-lethal LC50) also triggered significantly elevated haemolymph phenoloxidase and lysozyme-like activity, but decreased the coagulation index and activity of phenoloxidase in haemocytes of infected larvae. In both types of infection, the pool of circulating haemocytes became depleted. The importance of cellular and humoral immune reactions in induced insect resistance to intestinal bacterial infection Bt is herein discussed.

More than a colour change: insect melanism, disease resistance and fecundity.

A 'dark morph' melanic strain of the greater wax moth, Galleria mellonella, was studied for its atypical, heightened resistance to infection with the entomopathogenic fungus, Beauveria bassiana. We show that these insects exhibit multiple intraspecific immunity and physiological traits that distinguish them from a non-melanic, fungus-susceptible morph. The melanic and non-melanic morphs were geographical variants that had evolved different, independent defence strategies. Melanic morphs exhibit a thickened cuticle, higher basal expression of immunity- and stress-management-related genes, higher numbers of circulating haemocytes, upregulated cuticle phenoloxidase (PO) activity concomitant with conidial invasion, and an enhanced capacity to encapsulate fungal particles. These insects prioritize specific augmentations to those frontline defences that are most likely to encounter invading pathogens or to sustain damage. Other immune responses that target late-stage infection, such as haemolymph lysozyme and PO activities, do not contribute to fungal tolerance. The net effect is increased larval survival times, retarded cuticular fungal penetration and a lower propensity to develop haemolymph infections when challenged naturally (topically) and by injection. In the absence of fungal infection, however, the heavy defence investments made by melanic insects result in a lower biomass, decreased longevity and lower fecundity in comparison with their non-melanic counterparts. Although melanism is clearly correlated with increased fungal resistance, the costly mechanisms enabling this protective trait constitute more than just a colour change.

[Generation of reactive oxygen species and activity of antioxidants in larva hemolymph of galleria mellonella (L.) (lepidoptera: piralidae) at development of process of encapsulation].

Activities of enzymatic antioxidants (superoxide dismutase, glutathione-S-transferase, and catalase) have been determined in hemocytes and generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) has been studied in lymph of larvae of the wax moth Galleria mellonella at development of the process of encapsulation of nylon implants. It has been established that as soon as 15 min after piercing of cuticle with implant the capsule is formed on its surface. The active melanization of the capsule has been shown to last for 4 h. There have been shown a statistically significant increase of the ROS generation in lymph and a decrease of activities of enzymatic antioxidants in hemocytes of the insects after the implant incorporation. The authors suggest that the key role in maintenance of the oxidation-reduction balance in hemolymph at development of the incapsulation process is played by the lymph non-enzymatic antioxidants.

The effects of dietary nickel on the detoxification enzymes, innate immunity and resistance to the fungus Beauveria bassiana in the larvae of the greater wax moth Galleria mellonella.

In this study, we tested the effects of dietary nickel on the activity of glutathione S-transferase (GST), esterases, phenoloxidase, and encapsulation in the haemolymph of larvae of the greater wax moth Galleria mellonella. We also explored the effects of dietary nickel on larval resistance to infection by the fungus Beauveria bassiana. Larvae fed a low dose of nickel (10 µg g(-1)) had significantly higher GST, phenoloxidase activity and encapsulation responses than controls fed on a nickel-free diet. We also found that larvae fed a sublethal dose of nickel (50 µg g(-1)) had increased GST, esterase activity and encapsulation rates but decreased phenoloxidase activity. Although, a sublethal dose of dietary nickel enhanced innate immunity, we found that this reduced resistance against the real pathogen. Our results suggest that enhanced immunity and detoxification enzyme activity of insects may not be beneficial to resistance to fungal infection. It appears that there is a trade off between different resistance mechanisms in insects under different metal treatments.