Psychobehavioral predictors of somatoform disorders in patients with suspected allergies.

OBJECTIVE: To explore a combination of health-related psychobehavioral features as potential positive criteria for somatoform disorders (SFD). Currently, SFD can only be diagnosed in the absence of sufficient organic symptom explanation, resulting in low criterion validity and delay of appropriate therapy. METHODS: Cross sectionally, we studied various psychobehavioral characteristics of 197 inpatients with suspected allergies. At the beginning of the medical work-up, patients were interviewed and completed a set of self-rating questionnaires (Illness Perception Questionnaire-Revised, Whiteley Index-7, Cognitions About Body And Health Questionnaire, Scale for the Assessment of Illness Questionnaire, Health Attitude Survey, Reassurance Questionnaire, and Patient Health Questionnaire). Organic explicability of the presenting symptoms was assessed by allergists at the end of the work-up. Forty-eight patients with SFD were compared with 149 patients without SFD, and predictive models were set up. To control for effects of the work-up situation, we also investigated 47 patients with an established diagnosis of hymenoptera venom allergy. RESULTS: In the work-up group, various self-reported psychobehavioral features discriminated patients with SFD from patients without SFD. In logistic regression analysis, self-reported dissatisfaction with medical care, disease conviction, reduced symptom controllability, and reduced body scanning independently predicted SFD. A predictive model based on these psychobehavioral characteristics had high sensitivity and specificity (area under the curve = 0.86, 95% Confidence Interval = 0.79-0.93; p < .001), which was comparable to the Patient Health Questionnaire-15, an established SFD screening tool assessing somatization. CONCLUSIONS: Psychobehavioral characteristics in patients with SFD cannot solely be attributed to the uncertainty of a work-up situation. Their predictive value is comparable to that of the traditional measuring of symptom number and severity; hence, they should be considered as SFD positive criteria in Diagnostic and Statistic Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition.

Somatoform disorders and causal attributions in patients with suspected allergies: Do somatic causal attributions matter?

OBJECTIVE: Somatic causal illness attributions are being considered as potential positive criteria for somatoform disorders (SFDs) in DSM-V. The aim of this study was to investigate whether patients diagnosed with SFDs tend towards a predominantly somatic attribution style. METHODS: We compared the causal illness attributions of 48 SFD and 149 non-somatoform disorder patients, in a sample of patients presenting for an allergy diagnostic work-up, and those of 47 controls hospitalised for allergen-specific venom immunotherapy. The SFD diagnosis was established by means of the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV. Both spontaneous and prompted causal illness attributions were recorded through interview and by means of the causal dimension of the Revised Illness Perception Questionnaire (IPQ-R), respectively. Patients' spontaneous and prompted responses were assigned to a psychosocial, somatic, or mixed attribution style. RESULTS: Both in the free-response task and in their responses to the IPQ-R, SFD patients were no more likely than their nonsomatoform counterparts to focus on somatic explanations for their symptoms. They were just as likely to make psychosocial or mixed causal attributions. However, patients with SFDs were significantly more likely to find fault with medical care in the past. CONCLUSION: Our data do not support the use of somatic causal illness attributions as positive criteria for SFDs. They confirm the dynamic and multidimensional nature of causal illness attributions. Clinical implications of these findings are discussed.

Characteristics of oligosymptomatic versus polysymptomatic presentations of somatoform disorders in patients with suspected allergies.

OBJECTIVE: Psychobehavioral characteristics of patients with somatoform disorders (SFDs), are increasingly discussed as possible positive criteria for this diagnostic group. However, little is known about psychobehavioral differences, or similarities, between the different SFD presentations, i.e., polysymptomatic [multisomatoform/somatization disorders (MSD)] versus mono- or oligosymptomatic courses [pain disorder (PD), undifferentiated somatoform disorder (USD)]. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study including 268 consecutive allergology inpatients. After an Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV, patients completed several self-rating questionnaires. Results were compared within the different SFD presentations as well as between patients with versus without SFDs. RESULTS: We identified 72 patients with an SFD. There were fewer and smaller psychobehavioral differences within patients with the different SFD presentations (MSD, USDs, PDs) than between patients with undifferentiated versus no SFD. Patients with one of the three different SFD subdiagnoses scored similarly on many measures referring to psychosocial distress (e.g., psychological distress, mental health-related quality of life, dissatisfaction with care). The number of reported symptoms, somatic symptom severity, a self-concept of bodily weakness, the degree of disease conviction, and physical health-related quality of life discriminated the different SFD presentations not only from patients without SFDs but also from each other. CONCLUSIONS: Patients diagnosed with one of the different SFD subtypes share many psychobehavioral characteristics, mostly regarding the reporting of psychosocial distress. Perceived somatic symptom severity and physical impairment as indicators of bodily distress could either further define categorical subdivisions of SFD or dimensionally graduate one general SFD category defined by bothering bodily symptoms and disproportionate psychosocial distress.