Serum VEGF, P-Selectin, HDL-C, Platelet Index, and Coagulation Function Index in Deep Vein Thrombosis after Traumatic Fracture.

BACKGROUND: The goal was to investigate the relationship between serum vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), P-selectin, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), platelet parameters, and coagulation function indexes and postoperative deep vein thrombosis (DVT) in patients with traumatic fracture. METHODS: A total of 150 patients with traumatic fractures after DVT were selected as the DVT group, and 150 patients with traumatic fractures without DVT during the same period were selected as the non-DVT group. Serum VEGF, P-selectin, HDL-C, platelet parameters including platelet count (PLT), mean platelet volume (MPV), platelet distribution width (PDW), plateletcrit (PCT), platelet large cell ratio (P-LCR), and plasma coagulation function indexes including thrombin time (TT), prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thrombin time (APTT), fibrinogen (FIB), and D-dimer (D-D) were measured. Pearson's correlation was performed to analyze the correlation between serum VEGF, P-selectin, and coagulation function indexes, and binary logistic regression was used to analyze the risk factors of DVT. RESULTS: Serum VEGF and P-selectin in the DVT group were higher while HDL-C was lower than those in the non-DVT group (p < 0.05). Serum VEGF and P-selectin were negatively correlated with plasma D-D and FIB (p < 0.05), and serum HDL-C was negatively correlated (p < 0.05). Compared with the non-DVT group, MPV, PDW, and P-LCR in the DVT group were decreased (p < 0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that P-LCR was a risk factor for postoperative DVT in patients with traumatic fractures (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Serum VEGF and P-selectin are higher and HDL-C is lower in patients with DVT after postoperative traumatic fracture than in patients without DVT. Combined detection of serum VEGF, P-selectin, HDL-C, and coagulation function indexes may help to reduce the risk of DVT. Platelet parameters (MPV, PDW, P-LCR) have certain reference values for the clinical diagnosis and disease evaluation of DVT.

Hypoxaemia risk in pediatric flexible bronchoscopy for foreign body removal: a retrospective study.

BACKGROUND: Hypoxemia represents the most prevalent adverse event during flexible bronchoscopy procedures aimed at foreign body retrieval in pediatric patients; if not expeditiously managed, it carries the potential for cardiac or respiratory arrest. The specific risk factors contributing to the occurrence of hypoxemia during foreign body FB removal via bronchoscopy have yet to be definitively established. METHODS: This retrospective study included a cohort of 266 pediatric subjects from January 1, 2015, to December 31, 2022, who underwent flexible bronchoscopy for the purpose of FB extraction. In this cohort, the supraglottic airway was used to connect the anesthesia apparatus during the removal procedure. RESULTS: In total, 45 of the pediatric patients (16.9%) experienced episodes of hypoxemia during the FB removal procedure. Multivariate analysis revealed that the following factors were significantly associated with the occurrence of hypoxemia: an operation time exceeding 60 min (odds ratio [OR] 8.55; 95% confidence interval [CI] 3.82-19.13), a maximum diameter exceeding 7 mm (OR 5.03; 95% CI, 2.24-11.29), and the presence of radiological evidence indicating pneumonia (OR 2.69; 95% CI, 1.27-5.69). CONCLUSION: During flexible bronchoscopy procedures aimed at FB removal in pediatric patients, there is an increased susceptibility to hypoxemia. Factors including extended operation duration, larger FB dimensions, and radiographic evidence suggestive of pneumonia significantly contribute to a heightened risk of hypoxemia.

Early brain development in infants at high risk for autism spectrum disorder.

Brain enlargement has been observed in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), but the timing of this phenomenon, and the relationship between ASD and the appearance of behavioural symptoms, are unknown. Retrospective head circumference and longitudinal brain volume studies of two-year olds followed up at four years of age have provided evidence that increased brain volume may emerge early in development. Studies of infants at high familial risk of autism can provide insight into the early development of autism and have shown that characteristic social deficits in ASD emerge during the latter part of the first and in the second year of life. These observations suggest that prospective brain-imaging studies of infants at high familial risk of ASD might identify early postnatal changes in brain volume that occur before an ASD diagnosis. In this prospective neuroimaging study of 106 infants at high familial risk of ASD and 42 low-risk infants, we show that hyperexpansion of the cortical surface area between 6 and 12 months of age precedes brain volume overgrowth observed between 12 and 24 months in 15 high-risk infants who were diagnosed with autism at 24 months. Brain volume overgrowth was linked to the emergence and severity of autistic social deficits. A deep-learning algorithm that primarily uses surface area information from magnetic resonance imaging of the brain of 6-12-month-old individuals predicted the diagnosis of autism in individual high-risk children at 24 months (with a positive predictive value of 81% and a sensitivity of 88%). These findings demonstrate that early brain changes occur during the period in which autistic behaviours are first emerging.

Correlation between Serum MMP-2/-16 Levels and Inflammation in Patients with Deep Vein Thrombosis.

BACKGROUND: The aim of the study was to clarify the correlation between serum MMP-2/-16 and inflammation in patients with deep venous thrombosis (DVT). METHODS: Sixty DVT patients and 60 healthy people who underwent health examinations were collected. Serum MMP-2/-16, IL-6/-8, and TNF-α were determined by ELISA. MMP-2/-16 protein levels were detected by western blot, and IL-6/-8 and TNF-α by RT-qPCR. Correlation analysis was performed on MMP-2/-16xdd, IL-6/-8, and TNF-α in DVT patients. RESULTS: MMP-2/-16, IL-6/-8, and TNF-α in DVT patients after treatment were lower than before treatment. Serum IL-6/-8 and TNF-α levels in DVT patients were both positively correlated with MMP-2/-16 levels. CONCLUSIONS: MMP-2/-16 and inflammatory factors are related to DVT development, and IL-6/-8 and TNF-α are positively correlated with MMP-2/-16.

Median effective dose of esketamine for intranasal premedication in children with congenital heart disease.

BACKGROUND: Esketamine is commonly used as a premedication for its sedation effect. However, the proper dosage for intranasal use in children with congenital heart disease (CHD) has not been determined. This study aimed to estimate the median effective dose (ED50) of esketamine for intranasal premedication in children with CHD. METHODS: Thirty-four children with CHD who needed premedication in March 2021 were enrolled. Intranasal esketamine was initiated at a dose of 1 mg/kg. Based on the outcome of sedation in the previous patient, the dose for the subsequent patient was either increased or reduced by 0.1 mg/kg, which was adjusted between each child. Successful sedation was defined as a Ramsay Sedation Scale score ≥ 3 and Parental Separation Anxiety Scale score ≤ 2. The required ED50 of esketamine was calculated using the modified sequential method. Non-invasive blood pressure, heart rate, saturation of peripheral oxygen, sedation onset time, and adverse reactions were recorded at 5 min intervals after drug administration. RESULTS: The 34 children enrolled had a mean age of 22.5 ± 16.4 (4-54) months and a mean weight of 11.2 ± 3.6 (5.5-20.5) kg; American Society of Anesthesiologists classification I-III. The ED50 of intranasal S(+)-ketamine (esketamine) required for preoperative sedation in pediatric patients with CHD was 0.7 (95% confidence interval: 0.54-0.86) mg/kg, and the mean sedation onset time was 16.39 ± 7.24 min. No serious adverse events, such as respiratory distress, nausea, and vomiting were observed. CONCLUSIONS: The ED50 of intranasal esketamine was 0.7 mg/kg, which was safe and effective for preoperative sedation in pediatric patients with CHD. TRIAL REGISTRATION: The trial was registered in the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry Network (ChiCTR2100044551) on 24/03/2021.

Effect of interactive, multimedia-based home-initiated education on preoperative anxiety inchildren and their parents: a single-center randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Anesthesiologists need to appreciate the impact of preoperative anxiety in children. The present study aimed to explore whether interactive multimedia-based home-initiated interventions could effectively relieve preoperative anxiety in pediatric patients. METHODS: In this prospective study, we compared preoperative anxiety between two groups of children aged 4-9 years. Children in the control group received a question-and-answer (Q&A) introduction, and children in the intervention group received multimedia-based home-initiated preoperative education using comic booklets, videos, and coloring game books. Differences in anxiety between the two groups were evaluated by the modified Yale Preoperative Anxiety Scale-Short Form (mYPAS-SF) at four time points: in the ophthalmology outpatient clinic before intervention as the baseline (T0); in the preoperative waiting area (T1); at the time of separating from their parents and moving to the operating room (T2); and at the time of anesthesia induction (T3). Parental anxiety was assessed by the Self-rating Anxiety Scale (SAS) and Visual Analog Scale (VAS) at T0 and T2. Other related information was collected by questionnaire. RESULTS: Eighty-four children who underwent pediatric strabismus in our center between November 2020 and July 2021 were included in this study. An intention-to-treat (ITT) analysis was performed on data from 78 enrolled children. Children in the intervention group exhibited lower m-YPAS-SF scores at T1, T2, and T3 than those in the control group (all p < 0.001). By using a mixed-effect model with repeated measurement (MMRM) after adjusting the m-YPAS score at T0 as a covariate, the interventional effect in terms of themYPAS-SF score was also significant over time (p < 0.001). The percentage of children with perfect induction compliance (ICC = 0) in the intervention group was significantly higher than that in the control group [18.4% vs. 7.5%], and poor induction compliance (ICC>4) was lower (2.6% vs. 17.5%, p = 0.048). The mean parental VAS score at T2 in the intervention group was significantly lower than that in the control group (p = 0.021). CONCLUSIONS: Interactive multimedia-based home-initiated intervention could reduce preoperative anxiety in children and improve the quality of anesthesia induction based on ICC scores, which may in turn impose a positive impact on parental anxiety.

Combined use of intranasal Dexmedetomidine and an oral novel formulation of Midazolam for sedation of young children during brain MRI examination: a prospective, single-center, randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: To evaluate the safety and effectiveness of different dosages of intranasal Dexmedetomidine (DEX) in combination with oral midazolam for sedation of young children during brain MRI examination. METHODS: Included in this prospective single-blind randomized controlled trial were 156 children aged from 3 months to 6 years and weighing from 4 to 20 Kg with ASA I-II who underwent brain MRI examination between March 2021 and February 2022. Using the random number table method, they were divided into group A (using 3 ug/kg intranasal DEX plus 0.2 mg/Kg oral midazolam) and group B (using 2 ug/kg intranasal DEX plus 0.2 mg/Kg oral Midazolam). The one-time success rate of sedation, sedation onset time, recovery time, overall sedation time, and occurrence of adverse reactions during MRI examination were compared between the two groups. The heart rate (HR), mean arterial pressure (MAP), and percutaneous SpO2before and after drug administration were observed in both groups. Differences in sedation scores between the two groups were compared before intranasal drug administration (T0), 10 min after drug administration (T1), at the time of falling asleep (T2), at the end of examination (T3), and at the time of recovery (T4). RESULTS: The one-time success rate of sedation in group A and B was 88.31% and 79.75% respectively, showing no significant difference between the two groups (P>0.05). The sedation onset time in group A was 24.97±16.94 min versus 27.92±15.83 min in group B, and the recovery time was 61.88±22.18 min versus 61.16±28.16 min, both showing no significance difference between the two groups (P>0.05). Children in both groups exhibited good drug tolerance without presenting nausea and vomiting, hypoxia, or bradycardia and hypotension that needed clinical interventions. There was no significant difference in the occurrence of abnormal HR, MAP or other adverse reactions between the two groups (P>0.05). CONCLUSION: 3 ug/kg or 2 ug/kg intranasal DEX in combination with 0.2 mg/kg oral Midazolam both are safe and effective for sedation of children undergoing MRI examination with the advantages of fast-acting and easy application. TRIAL REGISTRATION: It was registered at the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry ( ChiCTR1800015038 ) on 02/03/2018.

Risk factors associated with reintubations in children undergoing foreign body removal using flexible bronchoscopy: a single-center retrospective cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Reintubation is a severe complication during foreign body (FB) removal that uses flexible bronchoscopy. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the incidence and risk factors for reintubations in children undergoing FB extraction by flexible bronchoscopy in a single center. DESIGN: A retrospective cross-sectional study. SETTING: All children with foreign body aspiration at Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University from January 2015 to December 2020. PATIENTS: Children with FB removal using a flexible bronchoscopy were enrolled in the trial according to the inclusion criteria. MEASUREMENTS: Both multivariable and logistic regression analyses were used to analyze the association between characteristic data and reintubations. The results were presented as odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS: In total, 244 patients met with the inclusion criteria and were included in the analysis. Among those participants, 28 children (11.5%) underwent reintubations after FB removal by flexible bronchoscopy. Independent factors associated with reintubations were identified as operative time ≥ 60 min [OR: 3.68, 95% CI (1.64-8.82)] and ASA ≥ III [OR: 5.7, 95% CI (1.23-26.4)]. CONCLUSIONS: Children undergoing FB removal by a flexible bronchoscopy may encounter with a high incidence of postoperative reintubations. Both long operative duration and a severe physical status cause a growing risk of reintubations.

Median Effective Dose of Intranasal Dexmedetomidine for Transthoracic Echocardiography in Children with Kawasaki Disease Who Have a History of Repeated Sedation.

BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to investigate the median effective dose (ED50) of intranasal dexmedetomidine for echocardiography in children with Kawasaki disease who had a history of repeated sedation. MATERIAL AND METHODS There were 73 pediatric Kawasaki disease patients aged 1 to 36 months enrolled in this study who had American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) I-II, were scheduled to undergo echocardiography under sedation. They were assigned to 2 groups (group A: age 1-18 months, and group B: age 19-36 months). Intranasal dexmedetomidine was administered before echocardiography. The dose of intranasal dexmedetomidine was determined with the up-down sequential allocation, and the initial dose was 2 µg/kg with an increment/decrement of 0.2 µg/kg. The ED50 of intranasal dexmedetomidine for sedation was determined with the up-and-down method of Dixon and Massey and probit regression. The time to effective sedation, time to regaining consciousness, vital signs, oxygen saturation, echocardiographic examination time, clinical side-effects, and characteristics of regaining consciousness were recorded and compared. RESULTS The ED50 of intranasal dexmedetomidine for sedation was 2.184 µg/kg (95% CI, 1.587-2.785) in group A and 2.313 µg/kg (95% CI, 1.799-3.426) in group B. There were no significant differences in the time to sedation and time to regaining consciousness between groups. Additionally, change in hemodynamic and hypoxemia were not noted in both groups. CONCLUSIONS The ED50 of intranasal dexmedetomidine was determined in children with Kawasaki disease who had a history of repeated sedation to be appropriate for repeated-routine sedation of echocardiographic examination in pediatric patients. The ED50 of intranasal dexmedetomidine for echocardiography in this circumstance is similar to that in children receiving initial sedation.

Splenium development and early spoken language in human infants.

The association between developmental trajectories of language-related white matter fiber pathways from 6 to 24 months of age and individual differences in language production at 24 months of age was investigated. The splenium of the corpus callosum, a fiber pathway projecting through the posterior hub of the default mode network to occipital visual areas, was examined as well as pathways implicated in language function in the mature brain, including the arcuate fasciculi, uncinate fasciculi, and inferior longitudinal fasciculi. The hypothesis that the development of neural circuitry supporting domain-general orienting skills would relate to later language performance was tested in a large sample of typically developing infants. The present study included 77 infants with diffusion weighted MRI scans at 6, 12 and 24 months and language assessment at 24 months. The rate of change in splenium development varied significantly as a function of language production, such that children with greater change in fractional anisotropy (FA) from 6 to 24 months produced more words at 24 months. Contrary to findings from older children and adults, significant associations between language production and FA in the arcuate, uncinate, or left inferior longitudinal fasciculi were not observed. The current study highlights the importance of tracing brain development trajectories from infancy to fully elucidate emerging brain-behavior associations while also emphasizing the role of the splenium as a key node in the structural network that supports the acquisition of spoken language.

The agreement between oscillometric and intra-arterial technique for blood pressure monitoring in the lower extremities for infants and toddlers undergoing aortic coarctation repair.

OBJECTIVE: Anesthetic management for patients undergoing surgical repair of aortic coarctation (CoA) should include constant blood pressure monitoring of the right upper extremity and a lower extremity. The delayed or absent pulse in the lower limbs often leads to unsuccessful arterial cannulation in infants and the oscillometric technique used for blood pressure measurement. The aim of this study was to evaluate the agreement between the oscillometric method and intra-arterial technique for blood pressure monitoring in the lower limbs of infants undergoing CoA. METHODS: A total of 45 infants diagnosed with isolated CoA were initially enrolled in this study and five were excluded because of cannulation failure. Thus, 40 patients had their blood pressure measured simultaneously by both oscillometric technique on the thigh and femoral artery catheterization. After induction and intubation, five pairs of blood pressure readings from each patient were collected in an interval of 3 min. Statistical analysis was accomplished by revised Bland-Altman analysis. RESULTS: There was a strong correlation between oscillometric and invasive blood pressure measurements [systolic blood pressure (SBP) r = 0.771, diastolic blood pressure (DBP) r = 0.704 and mean artery pressure (MAP) r = 0.850]. The mean difference and 95% limits of agreement (95% LOA) between oscillometric and femoral artery blood pressure readings was 3.830 mmHg (-19.297, 26.957) for SBP, -8.725 mmHg (-26.236, 8.786) for DBP, and -3.235 mmHg (-18.842, 12.372) for MAP. There were only one pair of MAP (1/40) and two pairs of SBP readings (2/40) out of range (95% LOA), and all of paired DBP readings were within 95% LOA. CONCLUSION: There was a good agreement between oscillometric and invasive blood pressure measurements of lower extremities in infants with isolated CoA statistically. However, the oscillometry-measured SBP showed a tendency to overestimate the intra-arterial blood pressure reference, while oscillometry-measured DBP underestimated its reference. MAP measurement provided the most accurate and reliable results in this study.

Silencing clusterin gene transcription on effects of multidrug resistance reversing of human hepatoma HepG2/ADM cells.

Abnormal clusterin (CLU) expression is associated with multidrug resistance (MDR) of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In the present study, the CLU expression was analyzed in human hepatoma cells and chemoresistant counterpart HepG2/ADM cells. Compared with L02 cells, the overexpression of cellular CLU was identified in HepG2, HepG2/ADM, SMMC7721, Hep3B ,and PLC cells and relatively lower expression in Bel-7404, SNU-739, and MHCC97H cells. Specific short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) to silence CLU gene transcription were designed, and the most effective sequences were screened. After the HepG2/ADM cells transfected with shRNA-1, the inhibition of CLU expression was 73.68 % at messenger RNA (mRNA) level by real-time quantitative RT-PCR with obvious enhancement in cell chemosensitivity, increasing apoptosis induced by doxorubicin using fluorescence kit, and Rh-123 retention qualified with flow cytometry. Knockdown CLU also significantly decreased the drug efflux pump activity through the depression of MDR1/P-glycoprotein (q = 11.739, P < 0.001). Moreover, silencing CLU led to downregulation of ß-catenin (q = 13.544, P = 0.001), suggesting that downregulation of CLU might be a key point to reverse multidrug resistance of HepG2/ADM cells.

Combined Use of Etomidate and Dexmedetomidine Produces an Additive Effect in Inhibiting the Secretion of Human Adrenocortical Hormones.

BACKGROUND The direct effects of etomidate were investigated on the secretion of cortisol and its precursors by dispersed cells from the adrenal cortex of human of animals. Dexmedetomidine (DEX) is an anesthetic agent that may interfere with cortisol secretion via an unknown mechanism, such as involving inhibition of 11b-hydroxylase and the cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme system. The aim of this study was to determine whether dexmedetomidine (DEX) has a similar inhibitory effect on adrenocortical function, and whether combined use of etomidate (ETO) and DEX could produce a synergistic action in inhibiting the secretion of human adrenocortical hormones. MATERIAL AND METHODS Human adrenocortical cells were exposed to different concentrations of ETO and DEX. The dose-effect model between the ETO concentration and the mean secretion of cortisone (CORT) and aldosterone (ALDO) per hour was estimated. RESULTS Hill's equation well-described the dose-effect correlation between the ETO concentration and the amount of ALDO and CORT secretion. When the DEX concentration was introduced into the model by using E0 (basal secretion) as the covariate, the goodness of fit of the ETO-CORT dose-effect model was improved significantly and the objective function value was reduced by 4.55 points (P<0.05). The parameters of the final ETO-ALDO pharmacodynamics model were EC50=9.74, Emax=1.20, E0=1.33, and γ=18.5; the parameters of the final ETO-CORT pharmacodynamics model were EC50=9.49, Emax=8.16, E0=8.57, and γ=37.0. In the presence of DEX, E0 was 8.57-0.0247×(CDEX-4.6), and the other parameters remained unchanged. All parameters but γ were natural logarithm conversion values. CONCLUSIONS Combined use of DEX and ETO reduced ETO's inhibitory E0 (basal secretion) of CORT from human adrenocortical cells in a dose-dependent manner, suggesting that combined use of ETO and DEX produced an additive effect in inhibiting the secretion of human adrenocortical hormones.

Comparison of Adrenal Suppression between Etomidate and Dexmedetomidine in Children with Congenital Heart Disease.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to compare plasma cortisol concentration during anesthesia of children with congenital heart disease who received dexmedetomidine (DEX) with those who received etomidate (ETO). MATERIAL AND METHODS: We recruited 99 ASA physical status II-III pediatric patients scheduled for congenital heart disease (CHD) corrective surgery and divided into them into 3 groups. Group DEX received an infusion of DEX intravenously with a bolus dose of 0.5 µg·kg-1 within 10 min during anesthesia induction, followed by a maintenance dose of DEX 0.5 µg·kg-1·h-1. Group ETO received ETO intravenously with a bolus dose of 0.3 mg·kg-1 without a maintenance dose. Group CON received routine anesthetics as controls. The preset timepoints were: before anesthesia induction (T0), at the end of induction (T1), 30 min after anesthesia induction (T2), at the time of aortic and inferior vena catheterization (T3), and at 180 min (T4) and 24 h (T5) after anesthesia induction. RESULTS: The cortisol concentration decreased gradually after anesthesia induction in all groups, and returned to baseline values after 24 h. The cortisol concentration was significantly lower in Group ETO children than in Group DEX or group CON at T4. CONCLUSIONS: The plasma concentrations of cortisol decreased in CHD children after the operation, but returned to baseline after 24 h of anesthesia induction. The adrenal cortex function inhibition induced by ETO in CHD children is longer and more serious than that induced by DEX (if any) during the preoperative period.

Longitudinal patterns of repetitive behavior in toddlers with autism.

BACKGROUND: Recent evidence suggests that restricted and repetitive behaviors may differentiate children who develop autism spectrum disorder (ASD) by late infancy. How these core symptoms manifest early in life, particularly among infants at high risk for the disorder, is not well characterized. METHODS: Prospective, longitudinal parent-report data (Repetitive Behavior Scales-Revised) were collected for 190 high-risk toddlers and 60 low-risk controls from 12 to 24 months of age. Forty-one high-risk children were classified with ASD at age 2. Profiles of repetitive behavior were compared between groups using generalized estimating equations. RESULTS: Longitudinal profiles for children diagnosed with ASD differed significantly from high- and low-risk children without the disorder on all measures of repetitive behavior. High-risk toddlers without ASD were intermediate to low risk and ASD positive counterparts. Toddlers with ASD showed significantly higher rates of repetitive behavior across subtypes at the 12-month time point. Repetitive behaviors were significantly correlated with adaptive behavior and socialization scores among children with ASD at 24 months of age, but were largely unrelated to measures of general cognitive ability. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that as early as 12 months of age, a broad range of repetitive behaviors are highly elevated in children who go on to develop ASD. While some degree of repetitive behavior is elemental to typical early development, the extent of these behaviors among children who develop ASD appears highly atypical.

Comparison of postoperative analgesia and side effects in pediatric laparoscopic surgery with morphine and nalbuphine.

There is currently no consensus on the optimal perioperative pain management strategy involving specific opioids. This study aims to compare the postoperative analgesia, the associated side effects between nalbuphine and morphine in children undergoing laparoscopic surgery. One hundred ninety children were randomly assigned to nalbuphine (0.2 mg/kg) or morphine (0.2 mg/kg). Nalbuphine's analgesic effect was non-inferior to morphine, with similar total rescue analgesic consumption during PACU stay (0.03 ± 0.05mg vs. 0.04 ± 0.06 mg, p > 0.05). Nalbuphine group had a lower incidence of respiratory depression (RR ≤ 10/min) (4.8% vs. 38.6%, p < 0.001), PONV (2.4% vs. 18.1%, p = 0.002), and pruritus (0% vs. 16.9%, p < 0.001) than morphine. Additionally, nalbuphine showed a shorter laryngeal mask airway removal time (13.9 [12.7, 15.1]) compared with morphine (17.0 [15.1, 18.9], p = 0.011). Nalbuphine provides equipotent analgesia with significantly lower incidences of respiratory depression, PONV, and pruritus compared with morphine in pediatric laparoscopic surgery.

Associations between white matter microstructure and infants' working memory.

Working memory emerges in infancy and plays a privileged role in subsequent adaptive cognitive development. The neural networks important for the development of working memory during infancy remain unknown. We used diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and deterministic fiber tracking to characterize the microstructure of white matter fiber bundles hypothesized to support working memory in 12-month-old infants (n=73). Here we show robust associations between infants' visuospatial working memory performance and microstructural characteristics of widespread white matter. Significant associations were found for white matter tracts that connect brain regions known to support working memory in older children and adults (genu, anterior and superior thalamic radiations, anterior cingulum, arcuate fasciculus, and the temporal-parietal segment). Better working memory scores were associated with higher FA and lower RD values in these selected white matter tracts. These tract-specific brain-behavior relationships accounted for a significant amount of individual variation above and beyond infants' gestational age and developmental level, as measured with the Mullen Scales of Early Learning. Working memory was not associated with global measures of brain volume, as expected, and few associations were found between working memory and control white matter tracts. To our knowledge, this study is among the first demonstrations of brain-behavior associations in infants using quantitative tractography. The ability to characterize subtle individual differences in infant brain development associated with complex cognitive functions holds promise for improving our understanding of normative development, biomarkers of risk, experience-dependent learning and neuro-cognitive periods of developmental plasticity.

Frontolimbic neural circuitry at 6 months predicts individual differences in joint attention at 9 months.

Elucidating the neural basis of joint attention in infancy promises to yield important insights into the development of language and social cognition, and directly informs developmental models of autism. We describe a new method for evaluating responding to joint attention performance in infancy that highlights the 9- to 10-month period as a time interval of maximal individual differences. We then demonstrate that fractional anisotropy in the right uncinate fasciculus, a white matter fiber bundle connecting the amygdala to the ventral-medial prefrontal cortex and anterior temporal pole, measured in 6-month-olds predicts individual differences in responding to joint attention at 9 months of age. The white matter microstructure of the right uncinate was not related to receptive language ability at 9 months. These findings suggest that the development of core nonverbal social communication skills in infancy is largely supported by preceding developments within right lateralized frontotemporal brain systems.

Is mobile phone influence the status of pilot or the flight safety?

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to explore the adverse influences of mobile phone usage on pilots' status, so as to improve flight safety. METHODS: A questionnaire was designed, and a cluster random sampling method was adopted. Pilots of Shandong Airlines were investigated on the use of mobile phones. The data was analyzed by frequency statistics, linear regression and other statistical methods. RESULTS: A total of 340 questionnaires were distributed and 317 were returned, 315 of which were valid. The results showed that 239 pilots (75.87%) used mobile phones as the main means of entertainment in their leisure time. There was a significant negative correlation between age of pilots and playing mobile games (p<0.01). There was a significant positive correlation between the length of phone usage on rest days and the length of phone usage before sleep and the 15 items of the scale (p<0.01), age, flight hours and position had a significant negative influence on the total score of the scale (p<0.01), while the length of mobile phone usage on rest days and before sleep had a significant positive influence on the total score of the scale (p<0.01). Among the above five independent variables, the length of time spent using mobile phones on rest days is the most influential factor on pilot status. CONCLUSIONS: Excessive use of mobile phones is very common among pilots, and it has become one of the key factors affecting the status of pilots. In any case, the longer the pilots use mobile phones, the greater the adverse impacts on their own status. At the same time, the longer pilots use mobile phones, the greater threat to flight safety.

Quantitative tract-based white matter development from birth to age 2years.

Few large-scale studies have been done to characterize the normal human brain white matter growth in the first years of life. We investigated white matter maturation patterns in major fiber pathways in a large cohort of healthy young children from birth to age two using diffusion parameters fractional anisotropy (FA), radial diffusivity (RD) and axial diffusivity (RD). Ten fiber pathways, including commissural, association and projection tracts, were examined with tract-based analysis, providing more detailed and continuous spatial developmental patterns compared to conventional ROI based methods. All DTI data sets were transformed to a population specific atlas with a group-wise longitudinal large deformation diffeomorphic registration approach. Diffusion measurements were analyzed along the major fiber tracts obtained in the atlas space. All fiber bundles show increasing FA values and decreasing radial and axial diffusivities during development in the first 2years of life. The changing rates of the diffusion indices are faster in the first year than the second year for all tracts. RD and FA show larger percentage changes in the first and second years than AD. The gender effects on the diffusion measures are small. Along different spatial locations of fiber tracts, maturation does not always follow the same speed. Temporal and spatial diffusion changes near cortical regions are in general smaller than changes in central regions. Overall developmental patterns revealed in our study confirm the general rules of white matter maturation. This work shows a promising framework to study and analyze white matter maturation in a tract-based fashion. Compared to most previous studies that are ROI-based, our approach has the potential to discover localized development patterns associated with fiber tracts of interest.