The insect microbiome is a vast source of bioactive small molecules.

Covering: September 1964 to June 2023Bacteria and fungi living in symbiosis with insects have been studied over the last sixty years and found to be important sources of bioactive natural products. Not only classic producers of secondary metabolites such as Streptomyces and other members of the phylum Actinobacteria but also numerous bacteria from the phyla Proteobacteria and Firmicutes and an impressive array of fungi (usually pathogenic) serve as the source of a structurally diverse number of small molecules with important biological activities including antimicrobial, cytotoxic, antiparasitic and specific enzyme inhibitors. The insect niche is often the exclusive provider of microbes producing unique types of biologically active compounds such as gerumycins, pederin, dinactin, and formicamycins. However, numerous insects still have not been described taxonomically, and in most cases, the study of their microbiota is completely unexplored. In this review, we present a comprehensive survey of 553 natural products produced by microorganisms isolated from insects by collating and classifying all the data according to the type of compound (rather than the insect or microbial source). The analysis of the correlations among the metadata related to insects, microbial partners, and their produced compounds provides valuable insights into the intricate dynamics between insects and their symbionts as well as the impact of their metabolites on these relationships. Herein, we focus on the chemical structure, biosynthesis, and biological activities of the most relevant compounds.

NanoLuc Binary Technology as a methodological approach: an important new tool for studying the localization of androgen receptor and androgen receptor splice variant V7 homo and heterodimers.

BACKGROUND: The androgen/androgen receptor (AR)-signaling axis plays a central role in prostate cancer (PCa). Upon androgen-binding the AR dimerizes with another AR, and translocates into the nucleus where the AR-dimer activates/inactivates androgen-dependent genes. Consequently, treatments for PCa are commonly based on androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). The clinical benefits of ADT are only transitory and most tumors develop mechanisms allowing the AR to bypass its need for physiological levels of circulating androgens. Clinical failure of ADT is often characterized by the synthesis of a constitutively active AR splice variant, termed AR-V7. AR-V7 mRNA expression is considered as a resistance mechanism following ADT. AR-V7 no longer needs androgenic stimuli for nuclear entry and/or dimerization. METHODS: Our goal was to mechanistically decipher the interaction between full-length AR (AR-FL) and AR-V7 in AR-null HEK-293 cells using the NanoLuc Binary Technology under androgen stimulation and deprivation conditions. RESULTS: Our data point toward a hypothesis that AR-FL/AR-FL homodimers form in the cytoplasm, whereas AR-V7/AR-V7 homodimers localize in the nucleus. However, after androgen stimulation, all the AR-FL/AR-FL, AR-FL/AR-V7 and AR-V7/AR-V7 dimers were localized in the nucleus. CONCLUSIONS: We showed that AR-FL and AR-V7 form heterodimers that localize to the nucleus, whereas AR-V7/AR-V7 dimers were found to localize in the absence of androgens in the nucleus.

New spin coated multilayer lactate biosensor for acidosis monitoring in continuous flow assisted with an electrochemical pH probe.

A LOx-based electrochemical biosensor for high-level lactate determination was developed. For the construction of the biosensor, chitosan and Nafion layers were integrated by using a spin coating procedure, leading to less porous surfaces in comparison with those recorded after a drop casting procedure. The analytical performance of the resulting biosensor for lactate determination was evaluated in batch and flow regime, displaying satisfactory results in both modes ranging from 0.5 to 20 mM concentration range for assessing the lactic acidosis. Finally, the lactate levels in raw serum samples were estimated using the biosensor developed and verified with a blood gas analyzer. Based on these results, the biosensor developed is promising for its use in healthcare environment, after its proper miniaturization. A pH probe based on common polyaniline-based electrochemical sensor was also developed to assist the biosensor for the lactic acidosis monitoring, leading to excellent results in stock solutions ranging from 6.0 to 8.0 mM and raw plasma samples. The results were confirmed by using two different approaches, blood gas analyzer and pH-meter. Consequently, the lactic acidosis monitoring could be achieved in continuous flow regime using both (bio)sensors.

Understanding antibiotic knowledge, attitudes, and practices: a cross-sectional study in physicians from a Colombian region, 2023.

BACKGROUND: Antibiotic resistance has been identified as a global health threat. Knowledge, attitudes, and inappropriate prescription practices of antibiotics by physicians play a crucial role in this problem. In Colombia, research addressing this issue is scarce. METHODS: A cross-sectional study involving 258 physicians was conducted. A scale with questions on sociodemographic aspects, level of education, satisfaction with antibiotic education received, and knowledge, attitudes, and practices was administered. The scale was designed for each item to be analyzed individually or as a total score ranging from 0 to 100 (0 being the lowest and 100 the highest). RESULTS: 31.5% of physicians rated the education received on antibiotics as fair to poor. The knowledge score was 80.1 (IQR 70.5-87.5); however, 25.2% agreed to some extent that amoxicillin is useful in treating most respiratory infections, and 15% agreed that antibiotics are effective in treating upper respiratory infections. Attitudes scored 80.2 (IQR 75.0-86.5), with 99% stating that bacterial resistance is a public health problem in Colombia, but only 56.9% considering it a problem affecting their daily practice. Practices scored 75.5 (IQR 68.8-81.2), and 71.7% affirmed that if they refuse to prescribe antibiotics to a patient who does not need them, the patient can easily obtain them from another physician. General practitioners were found to have lower scores in all three indices evaluated. CONCLUSION: The study reveals enduring misconceptions and concerning practices in antibiotic prescription, particularly among general practitioners. Enhancing knowledge necessitates the implementation of continuous medical education programs that focus on updated antibiotic guidelines, and resistance patterns. Fostering positive attitudes requires a culture of trust and collaboration among healthcare professionals. Practical enhancements can be realized through the establishment of evidence-based prescribing guidelines and the integration of regular feedback mechanisms. Moreover, advocating for the inclusion of antimicrobial stewardship principles in medical curricula is crucial, emphasizing the significance of responsible antibiotic use early in medical education.

Seasonal and between-population variation in heat tolerance and cooling efficiency in a Mediterranean songbird.

Discrete populations of widely distributed species may inhabit areas with marked differences in climatic conditions across geographic and seasonal scales, which could result in intraspecific variation in thermal physiology reflecting genetic adaptation, phenotypic plasticity, or both. However, few studies have evaluated inter-population variation in physiological responses to heat. We evaluated within- and inter-population seasonal variation in heat tolerance, cooling efficiency and other key thermoregulatory traits in two Mediterranean populations of Great tit Parus major experiencing contrasting thermal environments: a lowland population subject to hotter summers and a higher annual thermal amplitude than a montane population. Specifically, we measured heat tolerance limits (HTL), body temperature, resting metabolic rate, evaporative water loss, and evaporative cooling efficiency (the ratio between evaporative heat loss to metabolic heat production) within and above the thermoneutral zone during winter and summer. Heat tolerance during summer was greater in lowland than in montane birds; indeed, lowland birds seasonally increased this trait to a significant level, while montane ones did to a lesser extent. Besides, lowland birds showed greater evaporative cooling efficiency during summer (possibly due in part to reductions in total endogenous heat load), while surprisingly montane ones showed the opposite trend. Thus, lowland birds displayed greater seasonal flexibility in HTL, body temperature and resting metabolic rate above thermoneutrality, thus giving some support to the climatic variability hypothesis - that flexibility in thermoregulatory traits should increase with climatic variability. Our results partially support the idea that songbirds' adaptive thermoregulation in the heat is flexible, highlighting the importance of considering intraspecific variation in thermoregulatory traits when modelling the future distribution and persistence of species under different climate change scenarios.

Vagococcus luciliae sp. nov., isolated from the common green bottle fly Lucilia sericata.

The genus Vagococcus belongs to the family Enterococcaceae (order Lactobacillales) and is closely related to the genus Enterococcus. Currently, 19 species of the genus have been validly named. In this study, we isolated strain G314FT from the common green bottle fly Lucilia sericata collected in Germany. Sequencing of its almost-complete 16S rRNA gene revealed that the isolate belongs to the genus Vagococcus, being closely related to Vagococcus bubulae SS1994T with high sequence identity (99.50 %), followed by Vagococcus martis D7T301T (98.86 %), Vagococcus vulneris SS1995T (98.71 %), Vagococcus teuberi DSM 21459T (98.64 %), Vagococcus silagei 2B-2T (98.64 %) and Vagococcus penaei CD276T (98.64 %). Genome sequencing of strain G314FT was performed by a combination of Illumina and Oxford Nanopore technology, yielding a circular genome with a size of 2 139 468 bp and an 11 kb plasmid. Average nucleotide identity and digital DNA-DNA hybridization values were calculated between G314FT and its closest-related taxa, and found to be <91 % and <40 %, respectively, thus strongly supporting that strain G314FT represents a novel species of the genus Vagococcus. Phylogenetic and core protein-based phylogenomic trees revealed that G314FT was closely related to a group of three species, V. bubulae SS1994T, V. martis D7T301T and V. teuberi DSM 21459T. Comparatively, the genome of G314FT is the smallest in the group of the four related species, and the biochemical pathway comparison using BlastKOALA revealed that G314FT has lost some amino acid biosynthetic proteins; however, it has gained enzymes for carbohydrate metabolism. Phenotypically, G314FT was consistent with other species of the genus Vagococcus including a negative catalase reaction and non-motility. Using the polyphasic approach, our data supports that the isolate represents a new species, for which we propose the name Vagococcus luciliae G314FT (=DSM 112651T= CCM 9164T).

Aristophania vespae gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from wasps, is related to Bombella and Oecophyllibacter, isolated from bees and ants.

Acetic acid bacteria (family Acetobacteraceae) are found in the gut of most insects. Two clades are currently recognized: Commensalibacter-Entomobacter and Bombella-Oecophyllibacter. The latter group is only found in hymenopteran insects and the described species have been isolated from bees and ants. In this study, two new strains DDB2-T1T (=KACC 21507T=LMG 31759T) and DM15PD (=CCM 9165=DSM 112731=KACC 22353=LMG 32454) were isolated from wasps collected in the Republic of Korea and Germany, respectively. Molecular and phenotypic analysis revealed that the strains are closely related, with 16S rRNA gene sequences showing 100 % identity and genomic average nucleotide identity (ANI) values ≥99 %. The closest related species based on type strain 16S rRNA gene sequences are Swingsia samuiensis, Acetobacter peroxydans, Bombella favorum and Bombella intestini (94.8-94.7% identity), whereas the closest related species based on type strain genome analysis are Saccharibacter floricola and Bombella intestini (ANI values of 68.8 and 68.2 %, respectively). The reconstruction of a phylogenomic tree based on 107 core proteins revealed that the branch leading to DDB2-T1T and DM15PD is localized between Oecophyllibacter and Saccharibacter-Bombella. Further genomic distance metrics such as ANI, percentage of conserved proteins and alignment fraction values were consistent with these strains belonging to a new genus. The key phenotypic characteristics were one MALDI-TOF-MS peak (m/z=4601.9±2.0) and the ability to produce acid from d-arabinose. Based on this polyphasic approach, including phylogenetics, phylogenomics, genome distance calculations, ecology and phenotypic characteristics, we propose to name the novel strains Aristophania vespae gen. nov., sp. nov., with the type strain DDB2-T1T (=KACC 21507T=LMG 31759T).

Real-world effectiveness and safety of insulin glargine 300 U/ml in insulin-naïve people with type 2 diabetes in the Latin America region: A subgroup analysis of the ATOS.

AIM: To evaluate the real-world effectiveness and safety of insulin glargine 300 U/ml (Gla-300) in achieving glycaemic goals in insulin-naïve people with type 2 diabetes (T2D) in Mexico, Colombia and Peru (Latin America region) in the A Toujeo Observational Study (ATOS). MATERIALS AND METHODS: ATOS was a multicentre, prospective, 12-month observational study, which included 4422 insulin-naïve adults (age ≥ 18 years) with T2D uncontrolled (HbA1c > 7% and ≤11%) on at least one oral antidiabetic drug (OAD) who initiated Gla-300 treatment as per routine practice. The primary endpoint was the percentage of participants achieving their predefined individualized HbA1c goal at month 6. Key secondary endpoints included change from baseline in HbA1c, fasting plasma glucose (FPG), fasting self-monitored blood glucose (SMBG), body weight and incidence of hypoglycaemia. RESULTS: In this subgroup analysis, a total of 314 participants with T2D received Gla-300. At baseline, mean ± SD age was 56.0 ± 11.6 years, duration of diabetes was 9.7 ± 6.6 years and 65.9% of participants were on at least two OADs. The individualized HbA1c target was achieved by 25.8% of participants (95% confidence interval [CI]: 20.3-31.9) at month 6 and by 35.3% (95% CI: 28.5-42.5) at month 12. Gla-300 treatment improved glycaemic control with meaningful reductions in mean HbA1c, FPG and fasting SMBG. The incidence of hypoglycaemia reported was low and body weight remained stable. CONCLUSIONS: In a real-world setting in the Latin America region, the initiation of Gla-300 in people with T2D uncontrolled on OADs resulted in improved glycaemic control with a low incidence of hypoglycaemia and no change in body weight.

Mediterranean songbirds show pronounced seasonal variation in thermoregulatory traits.

Addressing the patterns of variation in thermal traits is crucial to better predict the potential effects of climate change on organisms. Here, we assessed seasonal (winter vs summer) adjustments in key thermoregulatory traits in eight Mediterranean-resident songbirds. Overall, songbirds increased whole-animal (by 8%) and mass-adjusted (by 9%) basal metabolic rate and decreased (by 56%) thermal conductance below the thermoneutral zone during winter. The magnitude of these changes was within the lower values found in songbirds from northern temperate areas. Moreover, songbirds increased (by 11%) evaporative water loss within the thermoneutral zone during summer, while its rate of increase above the inflection point of evaporative water loss (i.e., the slope of evaporative water loss versus temperature) decreased by 35% during summer - a value well above that reported for other temperate and tropical songbirds. Finally, body mass increased by 5% during winter, a pattern similar to that found in many northern temperate species. Our findings support the idea that physiological adjustments might enhance the resilience of Mediterranean songbirds to environmental changes, with short-term benefits by saving energy and water under thermally stressful conditions. Nevertheless, not all species showed the same patterns, suggesting different strategies in their thermoregulatory adaptations to seasonal environments.

Incorporation of carbon black into a sonogel matrix: improving antifouling properties of a conducting polymer ceramic nanocomposite.

A new electrochemical sensor device has been developed through the modification of a polyaniline-silicon oxide network with carbon black (CB). Enhanced electrical conductivity and antifouling properties have been achieved due to the integration of this cheap nanomaterial into the bulk of the sensor. The structure of the developed material was characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy techniques. Cyclic voltammetry was used to characterize electrochemically the Sonogel-Carbon/Carbon Black-PANI (SNG-C/CB-PANI) sensor device. In addition, differential pulse voltammetry was employed to evaluate the analytical response of the sensor towards sundry chlorophenols, common environmental hazards in aqueous ecosystems. The modified sensor material showed excellent antifouling properties, which led to a better electroanalytical performance than the one displayed with the bare sensor. Notably, a sensitivity of 5.48 × 103 µA mM-1 cm-2 and a limit of detection of 0.83 µM were obtained in the determination of 4-chloro-3-methylphenol (PCMC) at a working potential of 0.78 V (vs. 3 M Ag/AgCl/KCl), along with proficient values of reproducibility and repeatability (relative standard deviation < 3%). Finally, the analysis of PCMC was carried out in multiple validated water samples using the synthesized SNG-C/CB-PANI sensor device, obtaining excellent results of recovery values (97-104%). The synergetic effect of polyaniline and carbon black leads to novel antifouling and electrocatalytic effects that improve the applicability of this sensor in sample analysis versus complex conventional devices.

A New Lignan from Annona squamosa L. (Annonaceae) Demonstrates Vasorelaxant Effects In Vitro.

Esquamosan, a new furofuran lignan, has been isolated by bio-guided assays from the methanolic extract of the leaves of Annona squamosa L., and its structure was elucidated by spectroscopic methods. Esquamosan inhibited the rat aortic ring contraction evoked by phenylephrine in a concentration-dependent manner and showed an inhibitory effect on vasocontraction of the depolarized aorta with high-concentration potassium. The vasorelaxant effect by esquamosan could be attributed mainly to the inhibition of calcium influx from extracellular space through voltage-dependent calcium channels or receptor-operated Ca2+ channels and also partly mediated through the increased release of NO from endothelial cells. The ability of esquamosan to modify the vascular reactivity of rat aortic rings incubated with high glucose (D-glucose 55 mM) was then evaluated, and this furofuran lignan reverted the endothelium-dependent impairment effect of high glucose in rat aortic rings. The antioxidant capacity of esquamosan was assessed using DPPH and FRAP assays. Esquamosan exhibited a similar antioxidant capacity compared to ascorbic acid, which was used as a positive control. In conclusion, this lignan showed a vasorelaxant effect, free radical scavenging capacity, and potential reductive power, suggesting its potential beneficial use to treat complex cardiometabolic diseases due to free radical-mediated diseases and its calcium antagonist effect.

Dynamics of Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction and Serologic Test Results in Children with SARS-CoV-2 Infection.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the time to reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) negativity after the first positive RT-PCR test, factors associated with longer time to RT-PCR negativity, proportion of children seroconverting after proven severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection, and factors associated with the lack of seroconversion. STUDY DESIGN: The Epidemiological Study of Coronavirus in Children of the Spanish Society of Pediatrics is a multicenter study conducted in Spanish children to assess the characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019. In a subset of patients, 3 serial RT-PCR tests on nasopharyngeal swab specimens were performed after the first RT-PCR test, and immunoglobulin G serology for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 antibodies was performed in the acute and follow-up (<14 and ≥14 days after diagnosis) phase. RESULTS: In total, 324 patients were included in the study. The median time to RT-PCR negativity was 17 days (IQR, 8-29 days), and 35% of patients remained positive more than 4 weeks after the first RT-PCR test. The probability of RT-PCR negativity did not differ across groups defined by sex, disease severity, immunosuppressive drugs, or clinical phenotype. Globally, 24% of children failed to seroconvert after infection. Seroconversion was associated with hospitalization, persistence of RT-PCR positivity, and days of fever. CONCLUSIONS: Time to RT-PCR negativity was long, regardless of the severity of symptoms or other patient features. This finding should be considered when interpreting RT-PCR results in a child with symptoms, especially those with mild symptoms. Seroprevalence and postimmunization studies should consider that 11 in 4 infected children fail to seroconvert.

Heat tolerance limits of Mediterranean songbirds and their current and future vulnerabilities to temperature extremes.

Songbirds are one of the groups most vulnerable to extreme heat events. Although several recent studies have assessed their physiological responses to heat, most of them have focused solely on arid-zone species. We investigated thermoregulatory responses to heat in eight small-sized songbirds occurring in the Mediterranean Basin, where heatwaves are becoming more frequent and intense. Specifically, we determined their heat tolerance limits (HTLs) and evaporative cooling efficiency, and evaluated their current and future vulnerabilities to heat in southwestern Iberia, a Mediterranean climate warming hotspot. To do this, we exposed birds to an increasing profile of air temperatures (Ta) and measured resting metabolic rate (RMR), evaporative water loss (EWL), evaporative cooling efficiency (the ratio between evaporative heat loss and metabolic heat production) and body temperature (Tb). HTL ranged between 40 and 46°C across species, and all species showed rapid increases in RMR, EWL and Tb in response to increasing Ta. However, only the crested lark (Galerida cristata) achieved an evaporative cooling efficiency greater than 1. The studied songbirds currently experience summer Ta maxima that surpass the upper critical temperatures of their thermoneutral zone and even their HTL. Our estimates indicate that five of the eight species will experience moderate risk of lethal dehydration by the end of the century. We argue that the limited heat tolerance and evaporative cooling efficiency of small-sized Mediterranean songbirds make them particularly vulnerable to heatwaves, which will be exacerbated under future climate change scenarios.

Agromyces archimandritae sp. nov., isolated from the cockroach Archimandrita tessellata.

A Gram-stain-positive bacterial strain, designated G127ATT, was isolated as soft small white colonies from the hindgut of the cockroach Archimandrita tesselata. Examination of the complete 16S rRNA sequence mapped the strain to the genus Agromyces. The type strain with the highest pairwise similarity was Agromyces marinus H23-8T (97.3%). The genome of G127ATT was sequenced by a combination of Illumina and Nanopore methods and consisted of a single circular DNA molecule with a size of 3.45 Mb. The DNA G+C content was 71.3 mol%. A phylogenomic tree based on conserved single copy housekeeping genes, placed G127ATT among the ancestral species of the genus Agromyces, and only Agromyces atrinae P27T was found to diverge earlier than G127ATT. Genome distance metrics average nucleotide identity (ANI) (76-78 %) and digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) (20.2-21.5 %) of the isolate against available genomes of several type strains of species of the genus Agromyces indicated that G127ATT represented a previously undescribed species of the genus Agromyces. Morphological, physiological and biochemical characteristics, including lipid profile, cellular fatty acids and peptidoglycan type were in accordance with usual attributes of members of the genus Agromyces. The novel isolate could be differentiated from the most closely related species by extracellular expression of acid and alkaline phosphatases, trypsin and α-chymotrypsin, and utilization of l-arabinose and salicin as sole carbon sources. On the basis of the combined genomic and phenotypic features, isolate G127ATT (=DSM 111850T=LMG 32099T) is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Agromyces, for which we propose the name Agromyces archimandritae sp. nov.

Pseudocitrobacter corydidari sp. nov., isolated from the Asian emerald cockroach Corydidarum magnifica.

A Gram-negative bacterial strain, G163CMT, was isolated from the gut of the Asian emerald cockroach Corydidarum magnifica. The 16S rRNA gene sequence (1416 bp) of strain G163CMT showed 99.22% similarity to Pseudocitrobacter faecalis CCM 8479T and Pseudocitrobacter vendiensis CPO20170097T. The average nucleotide identity, digital DNA-DNA hybridization and average amino acid identity values of strain G163CMT were 92.4, 48.8 and 95.7% to P. faecalis CCM 8479T, and 93.3, 52.4 and 95.7% to P. vendiensis CPO20170097T. This strongly supports the designation of G163CMT as representing a new species in the genus Pseudocitrobacter. Phylogenetic trees based on the alignment of 16S rRNA, multilocus sequence analysis of six single-copy genes (fusA, pyrG, leuS, rpoB, recN and mnmE) and 107 core protein sequences consistently showed G163CMT to be a member of the genus Pseudocitrobacter, closely related to P. vendiensis CPO20170097T. In contrast to P. faecalis CCM 8479T and P. vendiensis CPO20170097T, the genome of G163CMT did not encode for proteins conferring resistance to antibiotics. However, all three genomes encoded a similar number of virulence factors and specialized metabolite biosynthetic proteins. The major fatty acids of strain G163CMT were C16:0 (31.5 %), C18:1 ω7c (22.6 %), C17:0 cyclo (15.3 %) and C14:0 (6.5 %). Based on the polyphasic results, we conclude that strain G163CMT represents a novel species of the genus Pseudocitrobacter and we propose the name Pseudocitrobacter corydidari sp. nov. with the type strain G163CMT (=DSM 112648T=CCM 9160T).

Comment on "Biodegradation of Polystyrene by Pseudomonas sp. Isolated from the Gut of Superworms (Larvae of Zophobas atratus)".

Kim et al. isolated a polystyrene-degrading bacterium from the gut of the superworm (Zophobas atratus) and identified it as Pseudomonas aeruginosa DSM 50071. However, the original P. aeruginosa DSM 50071 was isolated before 1946 from an unknown source by researchers from Merck Sharp & Dohme. To claim that the superworm bacterial isolate is the same P. aeruginosa DSM 50071 strain is misleading. The two strains are different, and the original DSM 50071 strain may or may not degrade polystyrene. The recommendation to Kim et al. is to label the strain isolated from the superworm with a unique code, to re-sequence its 16S rRNA gene to near completeness, and to deposit the culture in a public collection so that other researchers and society may benefit from its study.

In vitro biological activity of extracts from marine bacteria cultures against Toxoplasma gondii and Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

AIMS: To evaluate the biological activity of extracts from cultures of marine bacteria against Toxoplasma gondii and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. METHODS AND RESULTS: Ethyl acetate extracts obtained from seven marine bacteria were tested against T. gondii GFP-RH and M. tuberculosis H37Rv. The cytotoxicity on HFF-1 cells was measured by a microplate resazurin fluorescent approach, and the haemolytic activity was determined photometrically. The extracts from Bacillus sp. (INV FIR35 and INV FIR48) affected the tachyzoite viability. The extracts from Bacillus, Pseudoalteromonas, Streptomyces and Micromonospora exhibited effects on infection and proliferation processes of parasite. Bacillus sp. INV FIR48 extract showed an minimum inhibitory concentration value of 50 µg ml-1 against M. tuberculosis H37Rv. All the extracts exhibited relatively low toxicity to HFF-1 cells and the primary culture of erythrocytes, except Bacillus sp. INV FIR35, which decreased cell viability under 20%. Liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry analysis of the most active bacterial extract Bacillus sp. INV FIR48 showed the presence of peptide metabolites related to surfactin. CONCLUSIONS: The extract from culture of deep-sea Bacillus sp. INV FIR48 showed anti-T. gondii and anti-tuberculosis (TB) biological activity with low cytotoxicity. In addition, peptide metabolites were detected in the extract. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Toxoplasmosis and TB are among the most prevalent diseases worldwide, and the current treatment drugs exhibit side effects. This study confirm that marine bacteria are on hand sources of anti-infective natural products.

Genome analysis suggests the bacterial family Acetobacteraceae is a source of undiscovered specialized metabolites.

Acetobacteraceae is an economically important family of bacteria that is used for industrial fermentation in the food/feed sector and for the preparation of sorbose and bacterial cellulose. It comprises two major groups: acetous species (acetic acid bacteria) associated with flowers, fruits and insects, and acidophilic species, a phylogenetically basal and physiologically heterogeneous group inhabiting acid or hot springs, sludge, sewage and freshwater environments. Despite the biotechnological importance of the family Acetobacteraceae, the literature does not provide any information about its ability to produce specialized metabolites. We therefore constructed a phylogenomic tree based on concatenated protein sequences from 141 type strains of the family and predicted the presence of small-molecule biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) using the antiSMASH tool. This dual approach allowed us to associate certain biosynthetic pathways with particular taxonomic groups. We found that acidophilic and acetous species contain on average ~ 6.3 and ~ 3.4 BGCs per genome, respectively. All the Acetobacteraceae strains encoded proteins involved in hopanoid biosynthesis, with many also featuring genes encoding type-1 and type-3 polyketide and non-ribosomal peptide synthases, and enzymes for aryl polyene, lactone and ribosomal peptide biosynthesis. Our in silico analysis indicated that the family Acetobacteraceae is a potential source of many undiscovered bacterial metabolites and deserves more detailed experimental exploration.

Midodrine for the Prevention of Vasovagal Syncope : A Randomized Clinical Trial.

BACKGROUND: Recurrent vasovagal syncope is common, responds poorly to treatment, and causes physical trauma and poor quality of life. Midodrine prevents hypotension and syncope during tilt tests in patients with vasovagal syncope. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether midodrine can prevent vasovagal syncope in usual clinical conditions. DESIGN: Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01456481). SETTING: 25 university hospitals in Canada, the United States, Mexico, and the United Kingdom. PATIENTS: Patients with recurrent vasovagal syncope and no serious comorbid conditions. INTERVENTION: Patients were randomly assigned 1:1 to placebo or midodrine and followed for 12 months. MEASUREMENTS: The primary outcome measure was the proportion of patients with at least 1 syncope episode during follow-up. RESULTS: The study included 133 patients who had had a median of 6 syncope episodes in the prior year (median age, 32 years; 73% female). Compared with patients receiving placebo, fewer patients receiving midodrine had at least 1 syncope episode (28 of 66 [42%] vs. 41 of 67 [61%]). The relative risk was 0.69 (95% CI, 0.49 to 0.97; P = 0.035). The absolute risk reduction was 19 percentage points (CI, 2 to 36 percentage points), and the number needed to treat to prevent 1 patient from having syncope was 5.3 (CI, 2.8 to 47.6). The time to first syncope was longer with midodrine (hazard ratio, 0.59 [CI, 0.37 to 0.96]; P = 0.035; log-rank P = 0.031). Adverse effects were similar in both groups. LIMITATION: Small study size, young and healthy patients, relatively short observation period, and high proportion of patients from 1 center. CONCLUSION: Midodrine can reduce the recurrence of syncope in healthy, younger patients with a high syncope burden. PRIMARY FUNDING SOURCE: The Canadian Institutes of Health Research.

Enhancing electrocardiographic analysis by combining a high-resolution 12-lead ECG with novel software tools.

INTRODUCTION: Signal-averaged electrocardiography is a non-invasive, computerized technique that amplifies, filters, and averages cardiac electrical signals reducing contaminating noise to obtain a high-resolution record. The most widely used signal averaging (SA) method involves a bipolar X, Y, and Z orthogonal lead system. Information is limited regarding its application in the standard resting 12-lead ECG. A novel system combining a high-resolution 12-lead ECG (HR-ECG) registered by SA with advanced analysis tools is presented. HISTORY: Original programming of a commercially available signal-averaged HR-ECG device was modified, introducing more exhaustive electrocardiographic assessment instruments. DESCRIPTION: Using SA techniques and placing surface electrodes in the standard 12-lead ECG positions, a HR-ECG is acquired within a bandwidth of 0.25 to 262 Hz at a rate of 1000 samples per second. It is advisable to average at least 200 cycles, taking three to five minutes to record. The package includes different optional high-frequency filters, manual calipers, zoom/superimposing/amplification functions. CLINICAL ROLE: The main strength lies in obtaining a low noise HR-ECG with zooming capabilities without definition loss. Other potential advantages are the greater ease in performing high precision analysis and comparing different ECG leads simultaneously. CURRENT PROBLEMS: The primary limitation is the inability to document intermittent or dynamic electrocardiographic disorders because of averaging similar electrical cardiac cycles. FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS: Adding artificial intelligence and further refinements in the averaging process could lead to software upgrades. CONCLUSION: Integrating HR-ECG, obtained through SA techniques, with novel advanced analysis tools can enhance the ability to detect electrocardiographic disorders of permanent expression expeditiously.