Comparison of endoscopic sleeve gastroplasty versus surgical sleeve gastrectomy: a Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery Accreditation and Quality Improvement Program database analysis.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Endoscopic sleeve gastroplasty (ESG) is an incisionless, transoral, restrictive bariatric procedure designed to imitate sleeve gastrectomy (SG). Comparative studies and large-scale population-based data are limited. Additionally, no studies have examined the impact of race on outcomes after ESG. This study aims to compare short-term outcomes of ESG with SG and evaluate racial effects on short-term outcomes after ESG. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed over 600,000 patients in the Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery Accreditation and Quality Improvement Program database from 2016 to 2020. We compared occurrences of adverse events (AEs), readmissions, reoperations, and reinterventions within 30 days after procedures. Multivariate regression evaluated the impact of patient factors, including race, on AEs. RESULTS: A total of 6054 patients underwent ESG and 597,463 underwent SG. AEs were low after both procedures with no significant difference in major AEs (SG vs ESG: 1.1% vs 1.4%; P > .05). However, patients undergoing ESG had more readmissions (3.8% vs 2.6%), reoperations (1.4% vs .8%), and reinterventions (2.8% vs .7%) within 30 days (P < .05). Race was not significantly associated with AEs after ESG, with black race associated with a higher risk of AEs in SG. CONCLUSIONS: ESG demonstrates a comparable major AE rate with SG. Race did not impact short-term AEs after ESG. Further prospective studies long-term studies are needed to compare ESG with SG.

Characterization of the robotic surgery experience in minimally invasive surgery fellowships from 2010 to 2021.

BACKGROUND: Robotic surgery has experienced exponential growth in the past decade. Few studies have evaluated the impact of robotics within minimally invasive surgery (MIS) fellowship training programs. The purpose of our study was to examine and characterize recent trends in robotic surgery within MIS fellowship training programs. METHODS: De-identified case log data from the Fellowship Council from 2010 to 2021 were evaluated. Percentage of operations performed with robot assistance over time was assessed and compared to the laparoscopic and open experience. Case logs were further stratified by operative category (e.g., bariatric, hernia, foregut), and robotic experience over time was evaluated for each category. Programs were stratified by percent robot use and the experience over time within each quartile was evaluated. RESULTS: MIS fellowship training programs with a robotic platform increased from 45.1% (51/113) to 90.4% (123/136) over the study period. The percentage of robotic cases increased from 2.0% (1127/56,033) to 23.2% (16,139/69,496) while laparoscopic cases decreased from 80.2% (44,954/56,033) to 65.3% (45,356/69,496). Hernia and colorectal case categories had the largest increase in robot usage [hernia: 0.7% (62/8614) to 38.4% (4661/12,135); colorectal 4.2% (116/2747) to 31.8% (666/2094)]. When stratified by percentage of robot utilization, current (2020-2021) programs in the > 95th percentile performed 21.8% (3523/16,139) of robotic operations and programs in the > 50th percentile performed 90.0% (14,533/16,139) of all robotic cases. The median number of robotic cases performed per MIS fellow significantly increased from 2010 to 2021 [0 (0-6) to 72.5 (17.8-171.5), p < 0.01]. CONCLUSIONS: Robotic use in MIS fellowship training programs has grown substantially in the past decade, but the laparoscopic and open experience remains robust. There remains an imbalance with the top 50% of busiest robotic programs performing over 90% of robot trainee cases. The experience in MIS programs varies widely and trainees should examine program case logs closely to confirm parallel interests.

AGE/RAGE/DIAPH1 axis is associated with immunometabolic markers and risk of insulin resistance in subcutaneous but not omental adipose tissue in human obesity.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: The incidence of obesity continues to increase worldwide and while the underlying pathogenesis remains largely unknown, nutrient excess, manifested by "Westernization" of the diet and reduced physical activity have been proposed as key contributing factors. Western-style diets, in addition to higher caloric load, are characterized by excess of advanced glycation end products (AGEs), which have been linked to the pathophysiology of obesity and related cardiometabolic disorders. AGEs can be "trapped" in adipose tissue, even in the absence of diabetes, in part due to higher expression of the receptor for AGEs (RAGE) and/or decreased detoxification by the endogenous glyoxalase (GLO) system, where they may promote insulin resistance. It is unknown whether the expression levels of genes linked to the RAGE axis, including AGER (the gene encoding RAGE), Diaphanous 1 (DIAPH1), the cytoplasmic domain binding partner of RAGE that contributes to RAGE signaling, and GLO1 are differentially regulated by the degree of obesity and/or how these relate to inflammatory and adipocyte markers and their metabolic consequences. SUBJECTS/METHODS: We sought to answer this question by analyzing gene expression patterns of markers of the AGE/RAGE/DIAPH1 signaling axis in abdominal subcutaneous (SAT) and omental (OAT) adipose tissue from obese and morbidly obese subjects. RESULTS: In SAT, but not OAT, expression of AGER was significantly correlated with that of DIAPH1 (n = 16; [Formula: see text], [0.260, 1.177]; q = 0.008) and GLO1 (n = 16; [Formula: see text], [0.364, 1.182]; q = 0.004). Furthermore, in SAT, but not OAT, regression analyses revealed that the expression pattern of genes in the AGE/RAGE/DIAPH1 axis is strongly and positively associated with that of inflammatory and adipogenic markers. Remarkably, particularly in SAT, not OAT, the expression of AGER positively and significantly correlated with HOMA-IR (n = 14; [Formula: see text], [0.338, 1.249]; q = 0.018). CONCLUSIONS: These observations suggest associations of the AGE/RAGE/DIAPH1 axis in the immunometabolic pathophysiology of obesity and insulin resistance, driven, at least in part, through expression and activity of this axis in SAT.

Socioeconomic "Distressed Communities Index" Improves Surgical Risk-adjustment.

OBJECTIVE: We hypothesize the Distressed Communities Index (DCI), a composite socioeconomic ranking by ZIP code, will predict risk-adjusted outcomes after surgery. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Socioeconomic status affects surgical outcomes; however, the American College of Surgeons National Surgery Quality Improvement Program (ACS NSQIP) database does not account for these factors. METHODS: All ACS NSQIP patients (17,228) undergoing surgery (2005 to 2015) at a large academic institution were paired with the DCI, which accounts for unemployment, education level, poverty rate, median income, business growth, and housing vacancies. Developed by the Economic Innovation Group, DCI scores range from 0 (no distress) to 100 (severe distress). Multivariable regressions were used to evaluate ACS NSQIP predicted risk-adjusted effect of DCI on outcomes and inflation-adjusted hospital cost. RESULTS: A total of 4522 (26.2%) patients came from severely distressed communities (top quartile). These patients had higher rates of medical comorbidities, transfer from outside hospital, emergency status, and higher ACS NSQIP predicted risk scores (all P < 0.05). In addition, these patients had greater resource utilization, increased postoperative complications, and higher short- and long-term mortality (all P < 0.05). Risk-adjustment with multivariate regression demonstrated that DCI independently predicts postoperative complications (odds ratio 1.1, P = 0.01) even after accounting for ACS NSQIP predicted risk score. Furthermore, DCI independently predicted inflation-adjusted cost (+$978/quartile, P < 0.0001) after risk adjustment. CONCLUSIONS: The DCI, an established metric for socioeconomic distress, improves ACS NSQIP risk-adjustment to predict outcomes and hospital cost. These findings highlight the impact of socioeconomic status on surgical outcomes and should be integrated into ACS NSQIP risk models.

Enhancing Medical Students' Interprofessional Teamwork Through Simulated Room of Errors Experience.

BACKGROUND: Fostering medical students' appreciation for team members particularly those from other disciplines with varying levels of experience promotes a promising beginning to a health care career. METHODS: During surgical clerkship orientation, third-year medical students completed 30-item TeamSTEPPS Teamwork Attitudes Questionnaire preintervention and postintervention, spent 7 min identifying errors in a simulated operating room, followed by recorded physician-led 30-min discussions. RESULTS: Postintervention (67) compared with preintervention (141) mean TeamSTEPPS Teamwork Attitudes Questionnaire domain scores were statistically significantly higher for team structure (4.59, 4.70; P = 0.03) and higher but not significant for leadership (4.74, 4.75; P = 0.86), situation monitoring (4.62, 4.68; P = 0.32), communication (4.40, 4.50; P = 0.14), and decreased for mutual support (4.43, 4.36; P = 0.43). Medical students identified 2%-93% of 33 staged errors and 291 additional errors, which were placed into 14 categories. Soiled gloves in the operative field and urinary bag on the floor were the most frequently identified staged errors. Experienced nurses compared with medical students identified significantly more errors (mean, 17.7 versus 11.7, respectively; P < 0.001). Recognizing errors when lacking familiarity with the operative environment and appreciating teammates' perspectives were themes that emerged from discussions. CONCLUSIONS: This well-received teamwork exercise enabled medical students to appreciate team members' contributions and other disciplines' perspectives, in addition to the synergy that occurs with multidisciplinary teams.

Bariatric surgery reduces long-term rates of cardiac events and need for coronary revascularization: a propensity-matched analysis.

BACKGROUND: Obesity and obesity-related comorbidities are associated with increased risk of coronary artery disease (CAD). Bariatric surgery results in durable weight loss and improvement in numerous CAD risk factors, yet limited data exist on CAD-related outcomes. We hypothesized that bariatric surgery would lead to decreased risk of CAD and reduced rates of coronary revascularization procedures. METHODS: All patients who underwent bariatric surgery at a single medical center from 1985 to 2015 were identified. A control population of morbidly obese patients who did not undergo bariatric surgery was identified using an institutional clinical data repository over the same study period, propensity score matched 1:1 on patient demographics and comorbidities including cardiac history. Univariate analyses were performed to compare outcomes in the surgery and non-surgery groups. RESULTS: A total of 3410 bariatric surgery patients and 45,750 non-surgical patients were identified. After 1:1 propensity-score matching, a total of 3242 patients in each group were found to be well balanced in baseline characteristics and risk factors. With a median follow-up of greater than 6 years, the surgery group had significantly lower rates of myocardial infarction (1.8% vs. 10.0%; RR 0.18), coronary catheterization (1.9% vs. 8.8%; RR 0.22), percutaneous coronary intervention (0.4% vs. 7.8%; RR 0.05), and coronary artery bypass grafting (0.6% vs. 2.3%; RR 0.26). Similar benefits were observed for subgroups of patients with and without diabetes. CONCLUSIONS: Bariatric surgery was associated with a significant reduction in the incidence of myocardial infarction as well as lower rates of coronary revascularization in a propensity-matched cohort of morbidly obese patients. Though the retrospective nature of this study may have introduced a degree of selection bias, these outcomes support increased utilization of bariatric surgery for the prevention of heart disease.

Socioeconomically Distressed Communities Associated With Long-term Mortality After Bariatric Surgery.

BACKGROUND: Surgical outcomes are affected by socioeconomic status, yet these factors are poorly accounted for in clinical databases. We sought to determine if the Distressed Communities Index (DCI), a composite ranking by zip code that quantifies socioeconomic risk, was associated with long-term survival after bariatric surgery. METHODS: All patients undergoing Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (1985-2004) at a single institution were paired with DCI. Scores range from 0 (no distress) to 100 (severe distress) and account for unemployment, education, poverty, median income, housing vacancies, job growth, and business establishment growth. Distressed communities, defined as DCI ≥75, were compared with all other patients. Regression modeling was used to evaluate the effect of DCI on 10-year bariatric outcomes, whereas Cox Proportional Hazards and Kaplan-Meier analysis examined long-term survival. RESULTS: Gastric bypass patients (n = 681) come from more distressed communities compared with the general public (DCI 60.5 ± 23.8 versus 50 ± 10; P < 0.0001). A total of 221 (32.3%) patients came from distressed communities (DCI ≥75). These patients had similar preoperative characteristics, including BMI (51.5 versus 51.7 kg/m2; P = 0.63). Socioeconomic status did not affect 10-year bariatric outcomes, including percent reduction in excess body mass index (57% versus 58%; P = 0.93). However, patients from distressed communities had decreased risk-adjusted long-term survival (hazard ratio, 1.38; P = 0.043). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with low socioeconomic status, as determined by the DCI, have equivalent outcomes after bariatric surgery despite worse long-term survival. Future quality improvement efforts should focus on these persistent disparities in health care.

The impact of bariatric surgery on qualitative and quantitative breast density.

BACKGROUND: Obesity and breast density are associated with breast cancer in postmenopausal women. Bariatric surgery effectively treats morbid obesity, with sustainable weight loss and reductions in cancer incidence. We evaluated changes in qualitative and quantitative density; hypothesizing breast density would increase following bariatric surgery. METHODS: Women undergoing bariatric surgery from 1990 to 2015 were identified, excluding patients without a mammogram performed both before and after surgery. Changes in body mass index (BMI), time between mammograms and surgery, and American College of Radiology Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS) scores were assessed. VolparaDensity™ automated software calculated volumetric breast density (VBD), fibroglandular volume (FGV), and total breast volume for the 82 women with digital data available. Differences between pre- and postsurgery values were assessed. RESULTS: One hundred eighty women were included. Median age at surgery was 50.0 years, with 8.8 months between presurgery mammogram and surgery and 62.3 months between surgery and postsurgery mammogram. Median BMI significantly decreased over the study period (46.0 vs 35.4 kg/m2 ; P < 0.001). No change in BI-RADS scores was seen between the pre- and postsurgery mammograms. Eighty-two women had VolparaDensity™ data available. While VBD increased in these patients, FGV and total breast volume both decreased following bariatric surgery. CONCLUSIONS: Increased VBD, decreased FGV, and decreased total breast volume were seen following bariatric surgery-induced weight loss. There was no difference in qualitative breast density, highlighting the discrepancy between BI-RADS and VolparaDensity™ measurements. Further investigation will be required to determine how differential changes in components of breast density may affect breast cancer risk.

Loss of Medicaid insurance after successful bariatric surgery: an unintended outcome.

BACKGROUND: Bariatric surgery leads to dramatic weight loss and improved overall health, which may affect insurance status for certain patients. Traditional Medicaid provides coverage for children, pregnant women, and disabled adults, while expanded Medicaid provides insurance coverage to all adults with incomes up to 138% of the federal poverty level. We hypothesized that successful bariatric surgery would lead to improved health status but an unintended loss of Medicaid coverage. METHODS: All patients who underwent bariatric surgery at a single institution in a non-expansion state from 1985 through 2015 were identified using a prospectively collected database. Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to identify differences in patients who lost Medicaid coverage after bariatric surgery. RESULTS: Over the 30-year study period, 3487 patients underwent bariatric surgery, with 373 (10.7%) having Medicaid coverage at the time of surgery. This cohort of patients had a median age of 37 years and a preoperative Body Mass Index (BMI) of 54 kg/m2. At one-year follow-up, 155 (41.6%) patients lost Medicaid coverage, of which 76 (49.0%) had no coverage. The preoperative prevalence of diabetes (32.3 vs. 44.0%, p = 0.02), age (36 vs. 38 years, p = 0.01), and BMI (53 vs. 55 kg/m2, p = 0.04) were significantly lower in patients who no longer qualified for Medicaid after bariatric surgery. Multivariate regression demonstrated that for every 10 point increase in BMI (OR 0.755, p = 0.01), a patient was 25% less likely to lose their coverage at one year. CONCLUSIONS: Successful surgery in a state not expanding Medicaid resulted in over 40% of patients losing Medicaid coverage postoperatively, with half of those patients returning for follow-up with no insurance coverage at all. This barrier to care has major implications in patients undergoing bariatric surgery, which requires life-long follow-up and nutrition screening.

Bariatric surgery increases risk of bone fracture.

INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this study was to determine the long-term incidence of bone fracture after bariatric surgery, identify specific risk factors for fracture, and compare these data to baseline risk in a comorbidity-matched morbidly obese population. We hypothesize that, despite prior studies with conflicting results, bariatric surgery increases a patient's long-term risk of fracture. METHODS: All patients who underwent bariatric surgery at a single institution 1985-2015 were reviewed. Univariate analysis of patient demographic data including comorbidities, insurance payer status, procedure type, and BMI was performed. Multivariate logistic regression was used to identify independent predictors of fracture in this population. Finally, we identified a propensity-matched control group of morbidly obese patients from our institutional Clinical Data Repository in the same timeframe who did not undergo bariatric surgery to determine expected rate of fracture without bariatric surgery. RESULTS: A total of 3439 patients underwent bariatric surgery, with 220 (6.4%) patients experiencing a bone fracture at mean follow-up of 7.6 years. On multivariate logistic regression, independent predictors of increased fracture included tobacco use and Roux-en-Y gastric bypass while private insurance and race were protective (table). Additionally, 1:1 matching on all comorbidity and demographic factors identified 3880 patients (1940 surgical patients) with equal propensity to undergo bariatric surgery. Between the propensity-matched cohorts, patients who had a history of bariatric surgery were more than twice as likely to experience a fracture as those who did not (6.4 vs. 2.7%, p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: This study of bariatric surgery patients at our institution identified several independent predictors of postoperative fracture. Additionally, these long-term data demonstrate patients who had bariatric surgery are at a significantly increased risk of bone fracture compared to a propensity-matched control group. Future efforts need to focus on nutrient screening and risk modification to reduce the impact of this long-term complication.

Inguinal hernia repair: is there a benefit to using the robot?

BACKGROUND: The number of robotic surgical procedures performed yearly is constantly rising, due to improved dexterity and visualization capabilities compared with conventional methods. We hypothesized that outcomes after robotic-assisted inguinal hernia repair would not be significantly different from outcomes after laparoscopic or open repair. METHODS: All patients undergoing inguinal hernia repair between 2012 and 2016 were identified using institutional American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program data. Demographics; preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative characteristics; and outcomes were evaluated based on method of repair (Robot, Lap, or Open). Categorical variables were analyzed by Chi-square test and continuous variables using Mann-Whitney U. RESULTS: A total of 510 patients were identified who underwent unilateral inguinal hernia repair (Robot: 13.8% [n = 69], Lap: 48.1% [n = 241], Open: 38.1% [n = 191]). There were no demographic differences between groups other than age (Robot: 52 [39-62], Lap: 57 [45-67], and Open: 56 [48-67] years, p = 0.03). Operative duration was also different (Robot: 105 [76-146] vs. Lap: 81 [61-103] vs. Open: 71 [56-88] min, p < 0.001). There were no operative mortalities and all patients except one were discharged home the same day. Postoperative occurrences (adverse events, readmissions, and death) were similar between groups (Robot: 2.9% [2], Lap: 3.3% [8], Open: 5.2% [10], p = 0.53). Although rare, there was a significant difference in rate of postoperative skin and soft tissue infection (Robot: 2.9% [2] vs. Lap: 0% [0] vs. Open: 0.5% [1], p = 0.02). Cost was significantly different between groups (Robot: $7162 [$5942-8375] vs. Lap: $4527 [$2310-6003] vs. Open: $4264 [$3277-5143], p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Outcomes after robotic-assisted inguinal hernia repair were similar to outcomes after laparoscopic or open repair. Longer operative duration during robotic repair may contribute to higher rates of skin and soft tissue infection. Higher cost should be considered, along with surgeon comfort level and patient preference when deciding whether inguinal hernia repair is approached robotically.

Protective Role for B-1b B Cells and IgM in Obesity-Associated Inflammation, Glucose Intolerance, and Insulin Resistance.

OBJECTIVE: Little is known about the role(s) B cells play in obesity-induced metabolic dysfunction. This study used a mouse with B-cell-specific deletion of Id3 (Id3(Bcell KO)) to identify B-cell functions involved in the metabolic consequences of obesity. APPROACH AND RESULTS: Diet-induced obese Id3(Bcell KO) mice demonstrated attenuated inflammation and insulin resistance in visceral adipose tissue (VAT), and improved systemic glucose tolerance. VAT in Id3(Bcell KO) mice had increased B-1b B cells and elevated IgM natural antibodies to oxidation-specific epitopes. B-1b B cells reduced cytokine production in VAT M1 macrophages, and adoptively transferred B-1b B cells trafficked to VAT and produced natural antibodies for the duration of 13-week studies. B-1b B cells null for Id3 demonstrated increased proliferation, established larger populations in Rag1(-/-) VAT, and attenuated diet-induced glucose intolerance and VAT insulin resistance in Rag1(-/-) hosts. However, transfer of B-1b B cells unable to secrete IgM had no effect on glucose tolerance. In an obese human population, results provided the first evidence that B-1 cells are enriched in human VAT and IgM antibodies to oxidation-specific epitopes inversely correlated with inflammation and insulin resistance. CONCLUSIONS: NAb-producing B-1b B cells are increased in Id3(Bcell KO) mice and attenuate adipose tissue inflammation and glucose intolerance in diet-induced obese mice. Additional findings are the first to identify VAT as a reservoir for human B-1 cells and to link anti-inflammatory IgM antibodies with reduced inflammation and improved metabolic phenotype in obese humans.

Simultaneous conversion of gastric band to sleeve gastrectomy is associated with increased postoperative complications: an analysis of the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program.

BACKGROUND: Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) has gained popularity for the treatment of morbid obesity as gastric banding (BAND) has fallen out of favor. As a result, simultaneous conversion (CONV) of BAND to LSG is commonly performed. We hypothesized that CONV is associated with higher 30-day risk-adjusted serious morbidity. METHODS: Preoperative characteristics and 30-day outcomes from the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program Participant Use Files 2010-2014 were selected for patients who underwent LSG. Patients undergoing CONV were identified. Descriptive comparisons were performed using Chi-square and Wilcoxon rank-sum tests as appropriate. Multivariate logistic regression was performed to assess the association between CONV and a composite measure of 30-day serious morbidity and mortality. RESULTS: Overall, 35,307 patients met criteria for inclusion, of which 943 (2.7%) underwent CONV. The median age of patients undergoing CONV was higher (46 vs 44 years, p < 0.001) and a greater percentage of CONV patients was female (84.8 vs 77.9%, p < 0.001) than LSG patients. CONV patients had lower rates of common comorbidities, including diabetes (14.9 vs 23.1%, p < 0.001), hypertension (41.9 vs 48.6%, p < 0.001), and tobacco use (7.2 vs 9.8%, p < 0.001), as well as lower median BMI (41 vs 44, p < 0.001). Individual unadjusted outcomes of serious 30-day complications were similar between both groups, as was a composite measure of serious morbidity (CONV 4.3% vs LSG 3.6%, p = 0.1). However, after controlling for demographics, comorbidities, and concurrent band removal, CONV was associated with increased odds of serious 30-day morbidity (1.44, 95% CI 1.03-1.97) (c-statistic: 0.60). CONCLUSIONS: Serious morbidity following LSG is uncommon; however, CONV is associated with a modest increase in risk-adjusted adverse 30-day outcomes. Patients being evaluated for CONV should be counseled about the added risks versus LSG alone. Further research is warranted to identify whether the incremental risks of CONV may be modifiable.

Type 2 diabetes remission following gastric bypass: does diarem stand the test of time?

OBJECTIVE(S): Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass (RYGB) is well known to ameliorate type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and recent work suggests that the preoperative DiaREM model predicts successful remission up to 1 year post-RYGB. However, no data exist for long-term validity. Therefore, we sought to determine the utility of this score on long-term RYGB effectiveness for T2DM resolution at 2 and 10 years, respectively. METHODS: T2DM patients (Age: 48, BMI: 49, HbA1C: 8.1) undergoing RYGB at the University of Virginia between 2004-2006 (n = 42) and 2012-2014 (n = 59) were evaluated prospectively to assess preoperative DiaREM score, defined from insulin use, age, HbA1C, and type of antidiabetic medication. T2DM partial remission status was based on the American Diabetes Association guidelines (HbA1C < 6.5 % and fasting glycemia <125 mg/dL, and no anti-diabetic medications). Chi-square test was used to compare patient's T2DM status to their DiaREM probability of remission. RESULTS: Among RYGB patients with 2-year postoperative data, 2 were lost (n = 1 no follow-up and n = 1 died) resulting in 57 patients for analysis. For the 10-year postoperative data, 11 were lost (n = 6 no follow-up and n = 5 died), thereby resulting in only 31 patients for analysis. Patients were distributed by DiaREM score to correlate with the predicted probability of remission as follows: 0-2 (Predicted 94 %, 2-year 100 % p = 0.61, 10-year 100 % p = 0.72), 3-7 (Predicted 76 %, 2-year 94 % p = 0.08, 10-year 83 % p = 0.57), 8-12 (Predicted 36 %, 2-year 47 % p = 0.38, 10-year 43 % p = 0.72), 13-17 (Predicted 22 %, 2-year 20 % p = 0.92, 10-year 33 % p = 0.64), and 18-22 (Predicted 9 %, 2-year 15 % p = 0.40, 10-year 14 % p = 0.64). CONCLUSIONS: Preoperative DiaREM scores are a good tool for predicting both short- and long-term T2DM remissions following RYGB. This study highlights the need to identify strategies that improve T2DM remission in those at highest risk.

10-Year Outcomes After Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass.

OBJECTIVE(S): The aim of the study was to evaluate the clinical effectiveness and long-term durability of Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass (RYGB) at an accredited center. BACKGROUND: Short-term data have established the effectiveness of RYGB for weight loss and comorbidity amelioration. The long-term durability of this operation remains infrequently described in the American population. METHODS: All patients (N = 1087) undergoing RYGB at a single institution over a 20-year study period (1985-2004) were evaluated. Univariate differences in preoperative comorbidities, operative characteristics (laparoscopic vs. open), postoperative complications, annual weight loss, and current comorbidities were analyzed to establish trends and outcomes 10 years after surgery. RESULTS: Among 1087 RYGB patients, 651 (60%) had complete 10-year follow-up, including 335 open RYGB and 316 laparoscopic RYGB. Patients undergoing open RYGB had a higher preoperative body mass index. Otherwise, preoperative characteristics were similar. Postoperative incisional hernia rates were expectedly higher in open (vs laparoscopic) RYGB (16.9% vs 4.7%; P = 0.02). Annual % reduction in excess body mass index significantly improved over time, peaking at 74% by 24 months, with a slow trend down to 52% at 10 years (all P < 0.001). Importantly, a highly significant decrease in obesity-related comorbid disease persisted at 10 years of follow-up after RYGB. CONCLUSIONS: Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass remains an excellent and durable operation for long-term weight loss and treatment of obesity-related comorbid disease. Laparoscopic RYGB results in highly favorable outcomes with reduced incisional hernia rates. These 10-year data help to more clearly define long-term outcomes and demonstrate outstanding reduction in comorbid disease following RYGB.

Women at extreme risk for obesity-related carcinogenesis: Baseline endometrial pathology and impact of bariatric surgery on weight, metabolic profiles and quality of life.

OBJECTIVES: The study objectives were to determine baseline endometrial histology in morbidly obese women undergoing bariatric surgery and to assess the surgical intervention's impact on serum metabolic parameters, quality of life (QOL), and weight. METHODS: Women undergoing bariatric surgery were enrolled. Demographic and clinicopathologic data, serum, and endometrium (if no prior hysterectomy) were collected preoperatively and serum collected postoperatively. Serum global biochemical data were assessed pre/postoperatively. Welch's two sample t-tests and paired t-tests were used to identify significant differences. RESULTS: Mean age of the 71 women enrolled was 44.2 years, mean body mass index (BMI) was 50.9 kg/m(2), and mean weight loss was 45.7 kg. Endometrial biopsy results: proliferative (13/30; 43%), insufficient (8/30; 27%), secretory (6/30; 20%) and hyperplasia (3/30; 10%-1 complex atypical, 2 simple). QOL data showed significant improvement in physical component scores (PCS means 33.9 vs. 47.2 before/after surgery; p<0.001). Twenty women underwent metabolic analysis which demonstrated significantly improved glucose homeostasis, improved insulin responsiveness, and free fatty acid levels. Significant perturbations in tryptophan, phenylalanine and heme metabolism suggested decreased inflammation and alterations in the intestinal microbiome. Most steroid hormones were not significantly impacted with the exception of decreased DHEAS and 4-androsten metabolites. CONCLUSIONS: Bariatric surgery is accompanied by an improved physical quality of life as well as beneficial changes in glucose homeostasis, insulin responsiveness, and inflammation to a greater extent than the hormonal milieu. The potential cancer protective effects of bariatric surgery may be due to other mechanisms other than simply hormonal changes.

Twenty-first century weight loss: banding versus bypass.

BACKGROUND: The two most commonly performed procedures for bariatric surgery include Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) and adjustable gastric banding (AGB). While many studies have commented on short-term, postoperative outcomes of these procedures, few have reported long-term data. The purpose of this study was to compare long-term, postoperative outcomes between RYGB and AGB. METHODS: This was a retrospective, cohort comparing all patients undergoing RYGB or AGB at our institution, from 01/1998 to 08/2012. Patients were followed at 1-, 3-, and 5-year intervals. Adjusted, Cox proportional hazard regression and mixed effects repeated measures modeling were performed to generate cure ratios (CR) and 95 % confidence intervals (CI). RESULTS: Two thousand four hundred twenty bariatric surgery patients (380 AGB, 2,040 RYGB) were identified by CPT code. Median (range) follow-up for patients was 3 (1-5) years. Preoperatively, RYGB patients were significantly younger, more obese, had higher hemoglobin A1c, and less often suffered from hypertension (HTN), dyslipidemia, and asthma as compared to AGB patients. Postoperatively, RYGB patients experienced significantly longer operating room times, higher incidences of intensive care unit admissions, longer hospital lengths of stay, and increased incidence of small bowel obstruction compared to AGB patients. After adjusting for statistically significant and clinically relevant factors [e.g., age, gender, body mass index, degenerative joint disease (DJD), diabetes, HTN, dyslipidemia, heart disease, apnea, and asthma], RYGB was independently associated with a significantly greater percentage of total body weight loss (p = 0.0065) and greater CR (95 % CI) regarding gastroesophageal reflux disease [2.1(1.4-3.0)], DJD [3.4(2.0-5.6)], diabetes [3.4(2.2-5.4)], apnea [3.1(1.9-5.3)], HTN [5.5(3.4-8.8)], and dyslipidemia [6.3(3.5-11)] compared to AGB. CONCLUSION: Our results support previous studies that have observed a greater weight loss associated with RYGB as compared to AGB and provide further evidence toward the long-term sustainability of this weight loss. Additionally, RYGB appears to result in a greater reduction of medical comorbidity.

Perceptions of obesity and cancer risk in female bariatric surgery candidates: highlighting the need for physician action for unsuspectingly obese and high risk patients.

OBJECTIVES: To determine: 1) whether obese women perceive themselves to be obese or at risk for malignancy, 2) perceived impact of obesity on cancer risks, 3) compliance with cancer screening, and 4) rates of menstrual dysfunction. METHODS: Surveys were administered to female patients presenting for bariatric weight loss surgery. Demographics, gynecologic history, perception of cancer risk, and screening history were collected/analyzed. Women were categorized as obese (BMI: 30-39kg/m(2)), morbidly obese (40-49kg/m(2)), super obese (≥50kg/m(2)) and compared. RESULTS: Ninety-three women (mean age: 44.9 years, mean BMI: 48.7kg/m(2)) participated and 45.7% felt they were in 'good', 'very good', or 'excellent' health despite frequent medical comorbidities. As BMI increased, women were more likely to correctly identify themselves as obese (23% of obese vs. 77% of morbidly obese vs. 85% of super obese; p<0.001) but there were no significant differences in comorbidities. Two-thirds of women correctly identified obesity as a risk factor for uterine cancer, yet 48% of those retaining a uterus perceived that it was "not likely/not possible" to develop uterine cancer. Menstrual irregularities were common as was evaluation and interventions for the same; 32% had prior hysterectomy. Participation in cancer screening was robust. CONCLUSIONS: Women presenting for bariatric surgery have high rates of menstrual dysfunction. While they perceive that obesity increases uterine cancer risk, they often do not perceive themselves to be at risk. This disconnect may stem from the fact that many failed to identify themselves as obese perhaps because overweight/obesity has become the norm in U.S. society.

Long-term diabetic response to gastric bypass.

BACKGROUND: As obesity and type II diabetes continue to rise, bariatric surgery offers a solution, but few long-term studies are available. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the long-term outcomes of diabetic patients after gastric bypass. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a retrospective cohort study of all diabetic patients undergoing gastric bypass at our institution, from 1998 to 2012. Patients were compared by postoperative diabetic response to treatment (i.e., response = off oral medication/insulin versus refractory = on oral medication/insulin) and followed at 1-, 3-, 5-, and 10-y intervals. Continuous data were analyzed using Student t-test or Wilcoxon rank-sum test. Multivariable, Cox proportional hazard regression model was performed to compute diabetic cure ratios and 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS: A total of 2454 bariatric surgeries were performed at our institution during the time period. A total of 707 diabetic patients were selected by Current Procedural Terminology codes for gastric bypass. Mean follow-up was 2.1 y. Incidence of diabetic response was 56% (1 y), 58% (3 y), 60% (5 y), and 44% (10 y). Postoperatively, responsive patients experienced greater percentage of total body weight loss (1 y [P < 0.0001], 3 y [P = 0.0087], and 5 y [P = 0.013]), and less hemoglobin A1c levels (1 y [P = 0.035] and 3 y [P = 0.040]) at follow-up than refractory patients. Multivariable analysis revealed a significant, independent inverse trend in incidence of diabetic cure as both age and body mass index decreased (Ptrend = 0.0019 and <0.0001, respectively). In addition, degenerative joint disease was independently associated with responsive diabetes (cure ratio = 1.6 [95% confidence interval = 1.1-2.2]). CONCLUSIONS: At follow-up, both groups in our study experienced substantial weight loss; however, a greater loss was observed among the response group. Further research is needed to evaluate methods for optimizing patient care preoperatively and improving patient follow-up.

Early safety of endoscopic sleeve gastroplasty in super obesity (body mass index > 50).

BACKGROUND: The prevalence of super obesity (body mass index [BMI] > 50) continues to rise. However, the adoption of bariatric surgery in this population remains very low. There are limited studies evaluating the utility of endoscopic sleeve gastroplasty (ESG) in super obesity. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the short-term safety profile of ESG in patients with super obesity using data from the Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery Accreditation and Quality Improvement Program database. SETTING: United States. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed patients who underwent ESG and sleeve gastrectomy (SG) from 2016 to 2021. Patients with BMI >50 who underwent ESG were compared to ESG patients with BMI <50 and also SG patients with BMI >50. Primary outcomes included the incidence of severe adverse events (AEs), hospital readmission, reintervention, and reoperation within 30 days of the primary procedure. Secondary outcomes included procedure time, hospital length of stay, and total body weight loss at 30 days. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in AE, reoperations, hospital readmissions, or reinterventions for patients with super obesity undergoing ESG, compared to patients with BMI below 50. Mean total body weight loss was greater in patients with super obesity. There were no significant differences in AEs for patients with super obesity who underwent ESG versus SG, although ESG patients had more hospital readmissions, reinterventions, and reoperations. CONCLUSIONS: ESG may be performed safely, with comparable safety to SG, in patients with BMI as high as 70. However, further studies are needed to validate the feasibility and long-term efficacy prior to clinical implementation.