Assuntos
Neuropatia Hereditária Motora e Sensorial/genética , Atrofia Muscular Espinal/genética , Simportadores/genética , Feminino , Neuropatia Hereditária Motora e Sensorial/fisiopatologia , Humanos , Japão , Mutação com Perda de Função/genética , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Atrofia Muscular Espinal/fisiopatologia , Linhagem , País de GalesRESUMO
This study was designed to evaluate changes in the hypothalamic somatostatin-growth hormone axis (SRIF-GH axis) in a stress-induced rat model of depression. We exposed male Wistar rats to intermittent walking stress for two weeks, and then measured their spontaneous running activities for 12 days. We divided the rats into the depression-model group and the partial recovery group according to their spontaneous running activities after the termination of exposure to stress. We examined the secretion of GH from the anterior pituitary by injecting human GH-releasing hormone (hGHRH) with intracardiac cannulae or by applying hGHRH or SRIF to isolated anterior pituitaries using a perifusion system. We also determined SRIF content in the stalk-median eminence (SME) and the plasma concentration of GH. In the depression-model group, intracardiac administration of hGHRH caused the enhanced release of GH into plasma, while application of hGHRH or SRIF to the anterior pituitary in vitro had similar effects on GH release in the control and partial recovery groups. Furthermore, the SRIF content was decreased in the SME and the GH concentration was increased in plasma. The partial recovery group gave similar values to the control group. The enhanced response of GH to hGHRH in the depression-model group might have been caused by the reduced content of SRIF in the SME in view of the unchanged response of GH to the infusion of hGHRH or SRIF in the perifusion system.
Assuntos
Depressão/fisiopatologia , Hormônio Liberador de Hormônio do Crescimento/farmacologia , Hormônio do Crescimento/metabolismo , Hipotálamo/efeitos dos fármacos , Somatostatina/metabolismo , Estresse Fisiológico/fisiopatologia , Animais , Metabolismo Basal , Cateterismo Cardíaco , Depressão/etiologia , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Hipotálamo/metabolismo , Masculino , Adeno-Hipófise/efeitos dos fármacos , Adeno-Hipófise/metabolismo , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Corrida/fisiologia , Taxa Secretória/efeitos dos fármacos , Estresse Fisiológico/complicações , Caminhada/fisiologiaRESUMO
Using in vivo microdialysis, we examined the effect of intraperitoneal injection of reserpine (2 mg/kg) on hippocampal 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylethyleneglycol (MHPG) and 3,4-dihydroxy-phenylacetic acid (DOPAC), two major metabolites of catecholamine. Responses were examined serially for 12 h in the hippocampus of walking-stress-induced depression-model rats, recovery rats and control rats. Control rats showed a rapid rise followed by a gradual fall of free and total MHPG and a delayed increase of DOPAC in response to reserpine. Depression-model rats showed a significantly blunted biphasic response of free and total MHPG as well as blunted monophasic response of DOPAC compared with control rats. Recovery rats also exhibited a blunted fall response of MHPG. Our findings suggest that the vesicle membrane in the central noradrenaline (NA) neurons could be hyposensitive to reserpine in the depression-model rats.
Assuntos
Ácido 3,4-Di-Hidroxifenilacético/metabolismo , Depressão/metabolismo , Hipocampo/metabolismo , Metoxi-Hidroxifenilglicol/metabolismo , Reserpina/farmacologia , Estresse Psicológico , Animais , Feminino , Hipocampo/efeitos dos fármacos , Cinética , Microdiálise , Atividade Motora , Esforço Físico , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , CaminhadaRESUMO
Exposure of rats to long-term intermittent walking stress results in a persistent inactive behavior in the subsequent two weeks in about 50% of rats (depression-model rats) while the activity returns gradually toward baseline in other rats (spontaneous recovery rats). To explore the role of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis in these depression-model rats, we examined changes in the gene expression of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) and arginine vasopressin (AVP) in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus using in situ hybridization histochemistry. We imposed the intermittent walking stress for two weeks in male Wistar rats, then compared the response of the depression-model rats and spontaneous recovery rats. The expression of CRF mRNA in PVN increased significantly by 60% and 80% compared to controls, in the model and the recovery rats, respectively. The magnocellular AVP mRNA in PVN increased significantly in the model rats by 60% compared to controls. The concentration of plasma ACTH increased in the model rats, but no significant change in plasma corticosterone or AVP level was noted in all three groups. Our results suggest that increased magnocellular AVP in PVN plays an important role in the regulation of HPA axis of the depression-model rats induced by long-term walking stress.
Assuntos
Arginina Vasopressina/metabolismo , Hormônio Liberador da Corticotropina/metabolismo , Depressão/metabolismo , Núcleo Hipotalâmico Paraventricular/metabolismo , RNA Mensageiro/metabolismo , Hormônio Adrenocorticotrópico/sangue , Animais , Depressão/etiologia , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Masculino , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Estresse Fisiológico/complicaçõesRESUMO
Expression of the mRNA for somatostatin (SRIF) in the periventricular nucleus (PeN), the level of SRIF in the stalk-median eminence (SME) and the concentration of growth hormone (GH) in the plasma were examined in depression-model rats in an attempt to confirm the hypothesis that SRIF neurons in the hypothalamus are hypofunctional in this model. We exposed male Wistar rats to intermittent walking stress for two weeks and then we measured their spontaneous running activity for 12 days. We divided the rats into a depression-model group and a partial-recovery group according to the spontaneous running activity of each rat after the termination of exposure to stress. Expression of SRIF mRNA in the PeN of the hypothalamus was monitored by in situ hybridization and relative levels were determined with an image analysis system. The relative level of expression of SRIF mRNA in the PeN was lower in rats in the depression-model group than in the control group and the partial-recovery group. The level of SRIF in the SME was lower and the plasma concentration of GH was higher in the depression-model group than in the other groups. Our findings suggest that reduced expression of mRNA for SRIF in the PeN might be associated with the pathophysiology of rats with this particular model of depression.
Assuntos
Depressão/genética , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Regulação para Baixo , Núcleo Hipotalâmico Paraventricular/metabolismo , Somatostatina/genética , Glândulas Suprarrenais/patologia , Animais , Peso Corporal , Depressão/sangue , Depressão/metabolismo , Depressão/patologia , Hormônio do Crescimento/sangue , Hibridização In Situ , Masculino , Eminência Mediana/metabolismo , Atividade Motora , Tamanho do Órgão , RNA Mensageiro/genética , RNA Mensageiro/metabolismo , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Somatostatina/metabolismo , Estresse Fisiológico , Timo/patologiaRESUMO
In the present study, attempts were made to clarify the role of an elastase-like enzyme in Arthus reaction by using rabbit-peritoneal polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs). It was first confirmed that the injection of large amounts of PMNs with antibody can increase tissue damage in reversed Arthus reaction. The five various fractions, which were intact PMNs, whole homogenate, granule fraction, nuclei and cell debris, and membrane extract, were prepared from rabbit-peritoneal exudate. Each fraction was intracutaneously injected into the abdominal wall of rabbit. It was of particular interest that the tissue damage induced by membrane extract occurred earlier and was more severe than that caused by the others. Furthermore, membrane extract possessed remarkably higher caseinolytic and elastinolytic activities than the others. The membrane extract was partially purified by Sephadex G-100 column chromatography. The protein concentration of the elastase-like enzyme solution was 3.64 mg/ml, and its specific activity was 195 caseinolytic units and 0.45 elastinolytic units per milligram of protein. The cutaneous reaction by membrane extract was dependent on the concentration of this elastase-like enzyme and could be strongly inhibited by Elastatinal. From these results, the authors suggest that an elastase-like enzyme which originates in PMN granules is the key enzyme that promotes the severity of tissue damage in Arthus reaction.
Assuntos
Reação de Arthus/enzimologia , Neutrófilos/enzimologia , Elastase Pancreática/análise , Animais , Reação de Arthus/etiologia , Reação de Arthus/patologia , Membrana Celular/enzimologia , CoelhosRESUMO
The author noticed the relation between articulatory functions and the prosthesis. For the purpose of clarifying the influence of the insertion of denture on the duration of speech sound and the articulatory functions before pronunciation and on the self-compensation of these organs. The experimental palatal plates were inserted on 13 subjects with natural dentition, assuming that they were inserted with complete denture, and the duration of speech sound, muscular discharge of facial muscle and tongue pressure before pronunciation were evaluated longitudinally with the pre-insertion of palatal plate as basis. As the result of this study, the following conclusions were obtained. The results of this study suggest that speech sound, lips and tongue being important organs as the articulators are placed under strong influence before pronunciation by insertion of the denture, whereas on the self-compensation of the articulators before pronunciation differed according to the point of articulation and the manner of articulation of each speech sound. Therefore, it was necessary to take care on the relation between the shape of palatal plate and the articulatory functions of lips and tongue in the clinical prosthodontics.
Assuntos
Transtornos da Articulação/etiologia , Prótese Total Superior/efeitos adversos , Fala , Músculos Faciais/fisiologia , Humanos , Testes de Articulação da Fala , Língua/fisiologiaAssuntos
Broncodilatadores/farmacologia , Relaxamento Muscular/efeitos dos fármacos , Músculo Liso/fisiologia , Neuropeptídeos/química , Neuropeptídeos/farmacologia , Traqueia/fisiologia , Peptídeo Intestinal Vasoativo/química , Peptídeo Intestinal Vasoativo/farmacologia , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Animais , Carbacol/farmacologia , Técnicas In Vitro , Indicadores e Reagentes , Cinética , Masculino , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Músculo Liso/efeitos dos fármacos , Peptídeos/síntese química , Peptídeos/química , Peptídeos/farmacologia , Polipeptídeo Hipofisário Ativador de Adenilato Ciclase , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Homologia de Sequência de Aminoácidos , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Traqueia/efeitos dos fármacos , Peptídeo Intestinal Vasoativo/análogos & derivadosAssuntos
Endopeptidases/farmacologia , Neutrófilos/efeitos dos fármacos , Elastase Pancreática/análise , Membrana Celular/enzimologia , Cromatografia de Afinidade , Compostos Cromogênicos , Cisteína Endopeptidases , Ficina/farmacologia , Humanos , Neutrófilos/enzimologia , Oligopeptídeos , Papaína/farmacologia , Ácido Pirrolidonocarboxílico/análogos & derivadosAssuntos
Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Pioderma/microbiologia , Staphylococcus/isolamento & purificação , Cefalexina/farmacologia , Resistência Microbiana a Medicamentos , Gentamicinas/farmacologia , Humanos , Pioderma/tratamento farmacológico , Staphylococcus/efeitos dos fármacos , Staphylococcus aureus/isolamento & purificaçãoRESUMO
A novel optical bus interconnection system that uses Selfoc lenses is proposed. The technique can be categorized as one of free-space interconnects, and it has the potential to overcome the problems associated with the free-space optical system, such as difficulties of achieving precise assembling, compact mounting, and high durability. Its concept, fabrication techniques, features, and possible applications are discussed, along with an experimental result.
RESUMO
We report a fiber-optic passive ring-resonator gyroscope that uses an external-cavity laser diode. The external-cavity laser diode is useful as the light source for the gyroscope if an appropriate cavity length is chosen. A rotation detection sensitivity of 10(-2) rad/sec was obtained with an integration time of 10 sec.
RESUMO
We show the effect of reflections at the fiber ends on the drift characteristics of a fiber-optic passive ring-resonator gyro. A rotation-detection sensitivity as low as 3 x 10(-5) rad/sec (tau = 30 sec) was obtained by reducing the effect of reflected lights with an optical phase modulator.
RESUMO
The planar microlens is a 2-D integrated microlens fabricated by the selective ion exchange technique. This paper demonstrates a new class of planar microlens which has a high numerical aperture. The new planar microlens uses a swelling structure and index distribution which comes from replacing ions with different ion volumes. Lens diameters from 10 to 400 microm can be fabricated. A numerical aperture larger than 0.5 is achieved when the lens diameter is smaller than 100 microm. Use of this microlens in light coupling between an LD and a single-mode fiber is also evaluated.
RESUMO
A practical laser Doppler velocimeter with optical fibers in the whole system was developed. The novel optical probe designed for this LDV is constructed of a graded-index rod lens attached to the end of an optical fiber. Since the laser beam from the probe is well collimated, the velocity accuracy and sensitivity are significantly improved. Mechanical vibration measurements were also carried out with this LDV; vibration amplitude down to 1.0 microm p-p can be measured at a frequency of 120 Hz with high accuracy.
RESUMO
Cysteine protease inhibitors that specifically reacted with several cysteine proteases were found in KSCN extract of human melanoma tissue. From 30 gm of the tissue, approximately 593.5 U inhibitor was obtained. The inhibitors were adsorbed on a papain-Sepharose column and could be eluted with 10 mmol/L phosphate buffer, pH 6.0, containing NaCl or KCl, or with 20 mmol/L acetate buffer, pH 4.0, containing KSCN. They revealed a strong inhibitory activity for cysteine proteases such as ficin, papain, and cathepsin B, but did not react with cysteine protease bromelain or serine protease trypsin. No immunologic relationship was confirmed between the inhibitor and other well-known plasma inhibitors such as alpha 1-antitrypsin, alpha 2-macroglobulin, alpha 1-antichymotrypsin, antithrombin III, C1-in-activator, and alpha 2-plasmin inhibitor. With Sephadex G-100, two main peaks of molecular weight 40,000 and 10,000 were detected in the KSCN extract of the human melanoma tissue. However, the inhibitors revealed three molecular weights of 10,000, 25,000, and 80,000 when estimated by Sephadex G-100 gel filtration after papain-Sepharose affinity chromatography. On the other hand, the molecular weights of the inhibitors changed to two peaks of 25,000 and 10,000 on rechromatography with a papain-Sepharose column.