Genetic Risk, Lifestyle Adherence, and Risk of Developing Hyperuricaemia in a Japanese Population.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the inter-relationships among genetic risk, healthy lifestyle adherence, and hyperuricaemia susceptibility. METHODS: This prospective cohort study was conducted with 7,241 hyperuricaemia-free individuals aged ≥ 20 years from the Tohoku Medical Megabank Community-based cohort study. A comprehensive lifestyle score included body mass index, smoking, drinking, and physical activity, and a polygenic risk score (PRS) was constructed based on uric acid loci from a previous genome-wide association study meta-analysis. A multiple logistic regression model was used to estimate the association between genetic risk, healthy lifestyle, and hyperuricaemia incidence and calculate the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC). Hyperuricaemia was defined as a uric acid level ≥7.0 mg/dl or a self-reported history of hyperuricaemia. RESULTS: Of the 7,241 adults (80.7% females; mean [SD] age: 57.7 [12.6] years), 217 (3.0%) developed hyperuricaemia during 3.5 years of follow-up. Genetic risk correlated with hyperuricaemia development (P for interaction = 0.287), and lifestyle risks were independently associated. Those with a high genetic risk and poor lifestyle had the highest risk (odds ratio: 5.34; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.61-12.10). Although not statistically significant, incorporating the PRS in the model with lifestyle information improved predictive ability (AUROC = 0.771, 95% CI: 0.736-0.806 for lifestyle; AUROC = 0.785, 95% CI: 0.751-0.819 for lifestyle and PRS; p = 0.07). CONCLUSION: : A healthy lifestyle to prevent hyperuricaemia, irrespective of genetic risk, may mitigate the genetic risk. Genetic risk may complement lifestyle factors in identifying individuals at a heightened hyperuricaemia risk.

Combined Fat Mass and Fat-free Mass Indices and Lung Function Among Japanese Population: The Tohoku Medical Megabank Community-based Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND: Although fat mass index (FMI) and fat-free mass index (FFMI) affect lung function, FMI and FFMI are not independent of each other, since FMI and FFMI were calculated as fat mass and fat-free mass divided by height squared, respectively. We aimed to examine the association of combined FMI and FFMI with lung function. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, lung function was evaluated using forced expiratory volume at 1 s (FEV1) and forced vital capacity (FVC) measured using spirometry. Both FMI and FFMI were classified into sex-specific quartiles (16 groups). Analysis of covariance was used to assess the associations of combined FMI and FFMI with lung function. The trend test was conducted by stratifying the FMI and FFMI, scoring the categories from 1-4 (lowest-highest), and entering the number as a continuous term in the regression model. RESULTS: This study included 3,736 men and 8,821 women aged ≥20 years living in Miyagi Prefecture, Japan. The mean FEV1 was 3.0 (standard deviation [SD], 0.7) L for men and 2.3 (SD, 0.5) L for women. The mean FVC was 3.8 (SD, 0.7) L for men and 2.8 (SD, 0.5) L for women. FMI was inversely associated with lung function among all FFMI subgroups in both sexes. Conversely, FFMI was positively associated with lung function in all FMI subgroups in both sexes. CONCLUSION: Higher FMI was associated with lower lung function independent of FFMI; higher FFMI was associated with higher lung function independent of FMI. Reducing FMI and maintaining FFMI might be important for respiratory health.

Progress Report of the Tohoku Medical Megabank Community-based Cohort Study: Study Profile of the Repeated Center-based Survey During Second Period in Miyagi Prefecture.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to report the basic profile of the Miyagi Prefecture part of a repeated center-based survey during the second period of the Tohoku Medical Megabank Community-Based Cohort Study (TMM CommCohort Study), as well as the participants' characteristics based on their participation type in the baseline survey. METHODS: The second period survey, conducted from June 2017 to March 2021, included participants of the TMM CommCohort Study (May 2013 to March 2016). In addition to the questionnaire, blood, urine, and physiological function tests were performed during the second period survey. There were three main ways of participation in the baseline survey: Type 1, Type 1 additional, or Type 2 survey. The second period survey was conducted in the same manner as the Type 2 survey, which was based on the community support center (CSC). RESULTS: In Miyagi Prefecture, 29,383 (57.7%) of 50,967 participants participated in the second period survey. The participation rate among individuals who had visited the CSC was approximately 80%. Although some factors differed depending on the participation type in the baseline survey, the second period survey respondents in the Type 1 and Type 2 survey groups at baseline had similar traits. CONCLUSION: The second period survey of the TMM CommCohort Study provided detailed follow-up information. Following up on the health conditions of the participants will clarify the long-term effects of disasters and contribute to personalized prevention.

Association of physiological factors with grip and leg extension strength: tohoku medical megabank community-based cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Upper and lower extremity muscle strength can be used to predict health outcomes. However, the difference between the relation of upper extremity muscle and of lower extremity muscle with physiological factors is unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the association between physiological data and muscle strength, measured using grip and leg extension strength, among Japanese adults. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional study of 2,861 men and 6,717 women aged ≥ 20 years living in Miyagi Prefecture, Japan. Grip strength was measured using a dynamometer. Leg extension strength was measured using a hydraulic isokinetic leg press machine. Anthropometry and physiological data, including blood pressure, calcaneal ultrasound bone status, pulmonary function, carotid echography, and blood information, were assessed. We used a general linear model adjusted for age, body composition, and smoking status to evaluate the association between muscle strength and physiological factors. RESULTS: Grip and leg extension strength were positively associated with bone area ratio, vital capacity, forced vital capacity, forced expiratory volume in one second, and estimated glomerular filtration rate, and negatively associated with waist circumference and percentage body fat mass in both the sexes. Diastolic blood pressure was positively associated with grip strength in both the sexes and leg extension strength in men, but not women. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol and red blood cell counts were positively associated with grip and leg extension strength in women, but not men. In both the sexes, pulse rate, total cholesterol, and uric acid were consistently associated with only leg extension strength, but not grip strength. In women, glycated hemoglobin demonstrated negative and positive associations with grip and leg extension strength, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Grip and leg extension strength demonstrated similar associations with anthropometry, pulmonary function, and estimated glomerular filtration rate, but the associations with the other factors were not always consistent.

Design and Progress of Child Health Assessments at Community Support Centers in the Birth and Three-Generation Cohort Study of the Tohoku Medical Megabank Project.

The Tohoku Medical Megabank Project (TMM) has been conducting a birth and three-generation cohort study (the BirThree Cohort Study). We recruited 73,529 pregnant women and their family members for this cohort study, which included 23,143 newborns and 9,459 of their siblings. We designed and are in the process of conducting three-step health assessments for each newborn at approximately ages of 5, 10 and 16. These health assessments are administered at seven community support centers. Trained genome medical research coordinators conduct physical examinations of and collect biological specimens from each participant. The Sendai Children's Health Square has been established as the headquarters for these child health assessments and is utilized to accumulate knowledge that can facilitate the proper practice of child health assessments. We designed all the relevant health assessments facilities to allow parents and their children to participate in the health assessments concomitantly. Our centers serve as places where child participants and their parents can feel at ease as a result of the implementation of safety measures and child hospitality measures. The TMM BirThree Cohort Study is in the process of conducting strategically detailed health assessments and genome analysis, which can facilitate studies concerning the gene-environment interactions relevant to noncommunicable diseases. Through these operations, our study allows for a significant depth of data to be collected in terms of the number of biospecimens under study and the comprehensiveness of both basic and clinical data alongside relevant family information.

Maternal Baseline Characteristics and Perinatal Outcomes: The Tohoku Medical Megabank Project Birth and Three-Generation Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND: The Tohoku Medical Megabank Project Birth and Three-Generation Cohort Study was launched in 2013 to evaluate the complex interactions of genetic and environmental factors in multifactorial diseases. The present study describes the maternal baseline profile and perinatal data of participating mothers and infants. METHODS: Expectant mothers living in Miyagi Prefecture were recruited from obstetric facilities or affiliated centers between 2013 and 2017. Three sets of self-administered questionnaires were collected, and the medical records were reviewed to obtain precise information about each antenatal visit and each delivery. Biospecimens, including blood, urine, umbilical cord blood, and breast milk, were collected for the study biobank. The baseline maternal sociodemographic characteristics, results of screening tests, and obstetric outcomes were analyzed according to the maternal age group. RESULTS: A total of 23,406 pregnancies involving 23,730 fetuses resulted in 23,143 live births. Younger maternal participants had a tendency toward a higher incidence of threatened abortion and threatened premature labor, while older age groups exhibited a significantly higher rate of low lying placenta, placenta previa, gestational diabetes, and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. CONCLUSIONS: The present study clearly shows the distribution of maternal baseline characteristics and the range of perinatal outcomes according to maternal age group. This cohort study can provide strategic information for creating breakthroughs in the pathophysiology of perinatal, developmental, and noncommunicable diseases by collaborative data visiting or sharing.

Study Profile of the Tohoku Medical Megabank Community-Based Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND: We established a community-based cohort study to assess the long-term impact of the Great East Japan Earthquake on disaster victims and gene-environment interactions on the incidence of major diseases, such as cancer and cardiovascular diseases. METHODS: We asked participants to join our cohort in the health check-up settings and assessment center based settings. Inclusion criteria were aged 20 years or over and living in Miyagi or Iwate Prefecture. We obtained information on lifestyle, effect of disaster, blood, and urine information (Type 1 survey), and some detailed measurements (Type 2 survey), such as carotid echography and calcaneal ultrasound bone mineral density. All participants agreed to measure genome information and to distribute their information widely. RESULTS: As a result, 87,865 gave their informed consent to join our study. Participation rate at health check-up site was about 70%. The participants in the Type 1 survey were more likely to have psychological distress than those in the Type 2 survey, and women were more likely to have psychological distress than men. Additionally, coastal residents were more likely to have higher degrees of psychological distress than inland residents, regardless of sex. CONCLUSION: This cohort comprised a large sample size and it contains information on the natural disaster, genome information, and metabolome information. This cohort also had several detailed measurements. Using this cohort enabled us to clarify the long-term effect of the disaster and also to establish personalized prevention based on genome, metabolome, and other omics information.

Association between the combined fat mass and fat-free mass index and hypertension: The Tohoku Medical Megabank Community-based Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND: A  higher body fat percentage is associated with hypertension, even in non-obese individuals. The difference in body composition may be related to hypertension. The fat mass index (FMI) and fat-free mass index (FFMI) are proposed indicators of body composition. This study aimed to examine the relationship of a combination of FMI and FFMI with hypertension. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional study of 5,058 men and 11,842 women aged ≥ 20 years in the Miyagi Prefecture, northeastern Japan. The FMI and FFMI were calculated as the fat mass and fat-free mass divided by the height squared, respectively. The indices were classified into quartiles and combined into 16 groups. Hypertension was defined as casual blood pressure ≥ 140/90 mmHg and/or self-reported treatment for hypertension. Multivariable logistic regression models, adjusted for potential confounders, were used to assess the relationship of a combination of FMI and FFMI with hypertension. RESULTS: Higher FMI was associated with hypertension in most of the FFMI subgroups. Similarly, a higher FFMI was associated with hypertension in most of FMI subgroups. For men, the association between FFMI and hypertension in the lowest FMI group was not significant. CONCLUSIONS: Reducing the FMI and FFMI may be important in preventing hypertension. For men, the relationship between the FFMI and hypertension in the lowest FMI group might be weak.

A metabolic profile of routine needle biopsies identified tumor type specific metabolic signatures for breast cancer stratification: a pilot study.

INTRODUCTION: Metabolomics has recently emerged as a tool for understanding comprehensive tumor-associated metabolic dysregulation. However, only limited application of this technology has been introduced into the clinical setting of breast cancer. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to determine the feasibility of metabolome analysis using routine CNB/VAB samples from breast cancer patients and to elucidate metabolic signatures using metabolic profiling. METHODS: After breast cancer screenings, 20 consecutive patients underwent CNB/VAB, and diagnosed with benign, DCIS and IDC by histology. Metabolome analysis was performed using CE-MS. Differential metabolites were then analyzed and evaluated with MetaboAnalyst 4.0. RESULTS: We measured 116-targeted metabolites involved in energy metabolism. Principal component analysis and unsupervised hierarchical analysis revealed a distinct metabolic signature unique to namely "pure" IDC samples, whereas that of DCIS was similar to benign samples. Pathway analysis unveiled the most affected pathways of the "pure" IDC metabotype, including "pyrimidine," "alanine, aspartate, and glutamate" and "arginine and proline" pathways. CONCLUSIONS: Our proof-of-concept study demonstrated that CE-MS-based CNB/VAB metabolome analysis is feasible for implementation in routine clinical settings. The most affected pathways in this study may contribute to improved breast cancer stratification and precision medicine.

[Recurrent breast cancer in patients with controlled malignant cardiac tamponade - two case reports].

The first case involves a 50-year-old woman who had undergone total mastectomy of the left breast due to breast cancer. Two years after the surgery, recurrent disease was detected in the chest wall, which spread to the cervical lymph nodes and bones. After 5 years, the patient developed cardiac tamponade; 760 mL of fluid was removed via percutaneous pericardial drainage, and the pericardium was subsequently injected with OK-432 and adriamycin. No recurring pericardial effusion was noted in the 20-month period before her death. The second case involves a 67-year-old woman. Six years after she underwent a breast-preserving surgery of the left breast, bone metastasis was detected at multiple sites. The patient then developed cardiac tamponade after 11 years; after 900 mL of fluid was drained via percutaneous pericardial drainage, the catheter was removed and no injection was administered. Moreover, no recurring pericardial effusion was noted in the 2-month period before her death.

Surgical and irradiated case of early breast cancer in a patient with Ehlers-Danlos syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS) is a rare inherited connective tissue disease characterized by hyperextensibility of the skin and joints and tissue fragility of the skin and blood vessels, Vascular EDS is the most severe form of EDS, with abnormal arterial fragility. There have been no reports of breast cancer occurring in patients with vascular EDS. Here, we report here a very rare case of breast cancer in a patient with vascular EDS. CASE PRESENTATION: A 46-year-old woman with vascular EDS underwent partial left mastectomy and sentinel lymph node biopsy for left breast cancer (cStage 0) detected by medical examination. The final pathological diagnosis was invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast (pStage IA) [hormone receptor-positive, HER2 score 2 equivocal (FISH-positive), Ki-67LI 18%, luminal-HER2 type]. BluePrint was submitted as an aid in determining the postoperative treatment strategy, BluePrint Molecular Subtype HER2-type. However, the 10-year breast cancer mortality risk using Predict was low (5%). After consultation with the patient, the decision was made to administer postoperative radiation to the preserved breast along with hormone therapy only. There was no delay in postoperative wound healing, and the patient was free of metastatic recurrence for 9 months after surgery. CONCLUSION: We performed surgery, postoperative radiotherapy, and hormonal therapy in a breast cancer patient with vascular EDS without major complications.

The association between depressive symptoms and masked hypertension in participants with normotension measured at research center.

Masked hypertension is a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. However, masked hypertension is sometimes overlooked owing to the requirement for home blood pressure measurements for diagnosing. Mental status influences blood pressure. To reduce undiagnosed masked hypertension, this study assessed the association between depressive symptoms and masked hypertension. This cross-sectional study used data from the Tohoku Medical Megabank Project Community-Based Cohort Study (conducted in Miyagi Prefecture, Japan, from 2013) and included participants with normotension measured at the research center (systolic blood pressure<140 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure <90 mmHg). Depressive symptoms were assessed using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (Japanese version). Masked hypertension was defined as normotension measured at the research center and home hypertension (home systolic blood pressure ≥135 mmHg or home diastolic blood pressure ≥85 mmHg). The study comprised 6705 participants (mean age: 55.7 ± 13.7 years). Of these participants, 1106 (22.1%) without depressive symptoms and 393 (23.2%) with depressive symptoms were categorized to have masked hypertension. Sex-specific and age-adjusted least mean squares for home blood pressure, not for research blood pressure were significantly higher in the group with depressive symptoms in both sex categories. The multivariate odds ratio for masked hypertension in the patients with depressive symptoms was 1.72 (95% confidence interval: 1.26-2.34) in male participants and 1.30 (95% confidence interval: 1.06-1.59) in female ones. Depressive symptoms were associated with masked hypertension in individuals with normotension measured at the research center. Depressive symptoms may be one of the risk factors for masked hypertension. Depressive symptoms were associated with masked hypertension in individuals with normotension measured at research center.

The association of birth weight and current BMI on the risk of hypertension: the Tohoku medical megabank community-based cohort study.

This study aimed to investigate the association of combination of birth weight and current body mass index (BMI) with the risk of hypertension in adulthood. This cross-sectional study used data from the Tohoku Medical Megabank Community-based Cohort Study conducted in Japan. A total of 10,688 subjects aged ≥20 years were eligible. We calculated the least square (LS) means of systolic blood pressure (SBP) and trend tests were performed to evaluate the linear relationships between birth weight categories and SBP. We also used a multivariate logistic regression analysis to assess the risk of hypertension associated with the combination of birth weight and current BMI. There was a statistically inverse association between birth weight and SBP in the 20-64 age group, but no significant association in the ≥65 age group. Low birth weight (LBW) with normal BMI group had a higher risk of hypertension than the normal or high birth weight groups with normal BMI. Furthermore, the group with LBW and BMI ≥25.0 kg/m2 was the highest risk for hypertension (adjusted odds ratio: 2.73; 95% CI, 2.04-3.65) compared to the reference group (birth weight 2500-3499 g and BMI 18.5-24.9 kg/m2). There was a significant association between LBW and subsequent risk of hypertension. In addition, participants with lower birth weights had a higher risk of hypertension than those with higher birth weights. However, even in participants with a lower birth weight, the risk of hypertension could be reduced when they maintained an optimal BMI.

Depressive symptoms as risk factors for the onset of home hypertension: a prospective cohort study.

Depression is comorbid with somatic diseases; however, the relationship between depressive symptoms and hypertension (HT), a risk factor for cardiovascular events, remains unclear. Home blood pressure (BP) is more reproducible and accurately predictive of cardiovascular diseases than office BP. Therefore, we focused on home BP and investigated whether depressive symptoms contributed to the future onset of home HT. This prospective cohort study used data from the Tohoku Medical Megabank Community-Cohort Study (conducted in the Miyagi Prefecture, Japan) and included participants with home normotension (systolic blood pressure (SBP) < 135 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) < 85 mmHg). Depressive symptoms were evaluated using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale-Japanese version at the baseline survey. In the secondary survey, approximately 4 years later, the onset of home HT was evaluated (SBP ≥ 135 mmHg or DBP ≥ 85 mmHg) and was compared in participants with and without depressive symptoms. Of the 3 082 (mean age: 54.2 years; females: 80.9%) participants, 729 (23.7%) had depressive symptoms at the baseline survey. During the 3.5-year follow-up, 124 (17.0%) and 388 (16.5%) participants with and without depressive symptoms, respectively, developed home HT. Multivariable adjusted odds ratios were 1.37 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.02-1.84), 1.18 (95% CI: 0.86-1.61), and 1.66 (95% CI: 1.17-2.36) for home, morning, and evening HT, respectively. This relationship was consistent in the subgroup analyses according to age, sex, BP pattern, and drinking habit. Depressive symptoms increased the risk of new-onset home HT, particularly evening HT, among individuals with home normotension. This prospective cohort study revealed that depressive symptoms are risk factors for new-onset home hypertension, particularly evening hypertension among individuals with home normotension. Assessing home blood pressure in individuals with depressive symptoms is important for the prevention of hypertension and concomitant cardiovascular diseases.

Relationships of Fat Mass Index and Fat-Free Mass Index with Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Levels in the Tohoku Medical Megabank Community-Based Cohort Study.

AIMS: Although fat mass (FM) and fat-free mass (FFM) have an impact on lipid metabolism, the relationship between different body composition phenotypes and lipid profiles is still unclear. By dividing the FM and FFM by the square of the height, respectively, the fat mass index (FMI) and fat-free mass index (FFMI) can be used to determine the variations in body composition. This study aimed to investigate the relationship of combined FMI and FFMI with low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels. METHODS: This cross-sectional study comprised 5,116 men and 13,630 women without cardiovascular disease and without treatment for hypertension, and diabetes. Following sex-specific quartile classification, FMI and FFMI were combined into 16 groups. Elevated LDL-C levels were defined as LDL-C ≥ 140 mg/dL and/or dyslipidemia treatment. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to examine the relationships between combined FMI and FFMI and elevated LDL-C levels. RESULTS: Overall, elevated LDL-C levels were found in 1,538 (30.1%) men and 5,434 (39.9%) women. In all FFMI subgroups, a higher FMI was associated with elevated LDL-C levels. Conversely, FFMI was inversely associated with elevated LDL-C levels in most FMI subgroups. Furthermore, the groups with the highest FMI and lowest FFMI had higher odds ratios for elevated LDL-C levels than those with the lowest FMI and highest FFMI. CONCLUSIONS: Regardless of FFMI, FMI was positively associated with elevated LDL-C levels. Conversely, in the majority of FMI subgroups, FFMI was inversely associated with elevated LDL-C levels.

Urgent Notification Intervention of Home Blood Pressure in Cohort Studies of the Tohoku Medical Megabank Project.

Introduction: The Tohoku Medical Megabank (TMM) was established for creative reconstruction from the Great East Japan Earthquake and tsunami in 2011. Two prospective genome cohort studies in Miyagi prefecture have successfully recruited approximately 127,000 participants. The health status of these individuals was evaluated at the initial recruitment, and follow-up health checkups have been conducted every 5 years. During these health checkups, unexpected critical values were encountered, which prompted us to develop an urgent notification system. Methods: We analyzed the frequency of critical values observed in home blood pressure (HBP) test in an urgent notification office (UNO). We returned the critical values by urgent notification before the notifications of regular results. In addition, the impact of the TMM urgent notification on the participants was evaluated. Results: We issued urgent notifications of the critical values of extremely high HBP. Of the 21,061 participants who underwent HBP measurements, 256 (1.2%) met the criteria for urgent notification. It was found that abnormalities in blood sugar levels, renal function, and lipid values were frequently concurrent with the abnormal HBP readings. Annual questionnaires administered after the urgent notification, approximately 60% of those went to hospitals or clinics. Conclusions: The urgent notification system for hypertensive emergency with HBP in the TMM was well accepted by the participants and encouraged them to seek medical care. The system has been useful in addressing the prolonged healthcare problems and in promoting health care in large-scale disaster damaged areas.

Genetic Risk, Healthy Lifestyle Adherence, and Risk of Developing Diabetes in the Japanese Population.

AIM: This study examined the relationship between genetic risk, healthy lifestyle, and risk of developing diabetes. METHODS: This prospective cohort study included 11,014 diabetes-free individuals ≥ 20 years old from the Tohoku Medical Megabank Community-based cohort study. Lifestyle scores, including the body mass index, smoking, physical activity, and gamma-glutamyl transferase (marker of alcohol consumption), were assigned, and participants were categorized into ideal, intermediate, and poor lifestyles. A polygenic risk score (PRS) was constructed based on the type 2 diabetes loci from the BioBank Japan study. A multiple logistic regression model was used to estimate the association between genetic risk, healthy lifestyle, and diabetes incidence and to calculate the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC). RESULT: Of the 11,014 adults included (67.8% women; mean age [standard deviation], 59.1 [11.3] years old), 297 (2.7%) developed diabetes during a mean 4.3 (0.8) years of follow-up. Genetic and lifestyle score is independently associated with the development of diabetes. Compared with the low genetic risk and ideal lifestyle groups, the odds ratio was 3.31 for the low genetic risk and poor lifestyle group. When the PRS was integrated into a model including the lifestyle and family history, the AUROC significantly improved to 0.719 (95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 0.692-0.747) compared to a model including only the lifestyle and family history (0.703 [95% CI, 0.674-0.732]). CONCLUSION: Our findings indicate that adherence to a healthy lifestyle is important for preventing diabetes, regardless of genetic risk. In addition, genetic risk might provide information beyond lifestyle and family history to stratify individuals at high risk of developing diabetes.

Relationship between traditional risk factors for hypertension and systolic blood pressure in the Tohoku Medical Megabank Community-based Cohort Study.

Risk factors for hypertension have been emphasized in the Japanese Society of Hypertension Guidelines for the Management of Hypertension. However, large-scale studies on the association of smoking, potassium excretion, and gamma-glutamyl transferase level with BP in the Japanese population are limited. We conducted a cross-sectional study to examine the association between hypertension risk factors and systolic blood pressure in the Tohoku Medical Megabank Community-based Cohort Study (23,446 men and 38,921 women aged ≥20 years). A model adjusted for age, body mass index, smoking status, drinking status, estimated daily salt intake, potassium excretion, (or urinary sodium-to-potassium ratio), gamma-glutamyl transferase, physical activity, education level, status of damage to homes during the Great East Japan Earthquake, and residential areas was used. The average age and systolic blood pressure were 62.5 (10.3) years for men and 59.6 (11.3) years for women, 128.9 (16.7) mmHg for men and 124.7 (17.5) mmHg for women, respectively. Body mass index estimated daily salt intake, urinary sodium-to-potassium ratio and gamma-glutamyl transferase levels were positively associated with systolic blood pressure. Compared with never-drinkers, current drinkers who consumed 23-45 g/day and ≥46.0 g/day had significantly increased systolic blood pressure. Conversely, current smokers (1-10 cigarettes/day and 11-20 cigarettes/day) were inversely associated with systolic blood pressure compared to never-smokers. Overall, systolic blood pressure was associated with gamma-glutamyl transferase and hypertension risk factors, including body mass index, alcohol consumption, estimated daily salt intake, urinary sodium-to-potassium ratio, and potassium excretion. Our findings support the notion that lifestyle modifications should be attempted to prevent hypertension.

Associations of combined genetic and lifestyle risks with hypertension and home hypertension.

No study, to our knowledge, has constructed a polygenic risk score based on clinical blood pressure and investigated the association of genetic and lifestyle risks with home hypertension. We examined the associations of combined genetic and lifestyle risks with hypertension and home hypertension. In a cross-sectional study of 7027 Japanese individuals aged ≥20 years, we developed a lifestyle score based on body mass index, alcohol consumption, physical activity, and sodium-to-potassium ratio, categorized into ideal, intermediate, and poor lifestyles. A polygenic risk score was constructed with the target data (n = 1405) using publicly available genome-wide association study summary statistics from BioBank Japan. Using the test data (n = 5622), we evaluated polygenic risk score performance and examined the associations of combined genetic and lifestyle risks with hypertension and home hypertension. Hypertension and home hypertension were defined as blood pressure measured at a community-support center ≥140/90 mmHg or at home ≥135/85 mmHg, respectively, or self-reported treatment for hypertension. In the test data, 2294 and 2322 participants had hypertension and home hypertension, respectively. Both polygenic risk and lifestyle scores were independently associated with hypertension and home hypertension. Compared with those of participants with low genetic risk and an ideal lifestyle, the odds ratios for hypertension and home hypertension in the low genetic risk and poor lifestyle group were 1.94 (95% confidence interval, 1.34-2.80) and 2.15 (1.60-2.90), respectively. In summary, lifestyle is important to prevent hypertension; nevertheless, participants with high genetic risk should carefully monitor their blood pressure despite a healthy lifestyle.

Anthropometric factors, physical activity, and breast cancer risk in relation to hormone receptor and menopausal status in Japanese women: a case-control study.

PURPOSE: The associations between anthropometric factors, physical activity (PA), and breast cancer risk in terms of estrogen-receptor/progesterone-receptor (ER/PgR) status have been unclear in Japanese women. This case-control study was designed to evaluate these associations. METHODS: From among female patients aged 30 years and over admitted to a single hospital in Japan between 1997 and 2009, 1,017 breast cancer cases (538ER+/PgR+, 125ER+/PgR-, 23 ER-/PgR+, 249 ER-/PgR-, and 82 missing) and 2,902 controls were selected. Height, weight, body mass index (BMI) (kg/m(2)), and time spent exercising (hours/week) were assessed using a self-administered questionnaire. Polytomous logistic regression analysis and tests for heterogeneity across ER+/PgR+ and ER-/PgR- were conducted. RESULTS: Higher BMI was associated with a higher risk of ER+/PgR+ cancer among women overall [odds ratio (OR) = 2.41, 95 % confidence interval (CI) 1.37-4.23 for BMI ≥30.0; P(trend) = 0.0001] and postmenopausal women (OR = 6.24, 95 % CI 2.68-14.53 for BMI ≥30.0; P trend < 0.0001). A longer time spent exercising (more than 5 h/week) showed a decreased risk for any type of breast cancer among overall and pre- and postmenopausal women, although this did not reach statistical significance. Height was not associated with any risk. CONCLUSIONS: Higher BMI is associated with an increased risk of ER+/PgR+ cancer among women overall and postmenopausal women. PA might be associated with a decreased risk of any type. To prevent breast cancer, weight control and PA are important.