RESUMO
Over the last years metal halide perovskites have demonstrated remarkable potential for integration in light emitting devices. Heterostructures allow for tunable bandgap depending on the local anion composition, crucial for optoelectronic devices, but local structural effects of anion exchange in single crystals is not fully understood. Here, we investigate how the anion exchange of CsPbBr3nanowires fully and locally exposed to HCl vapor affects the local crystal structure, using nanofocused x-rays. We study the nanoscale composition and crystal structure as function of HCl exposure time and demonstrate the correlation of anion exchange with changes in the lattice parameter. The local composition was measured by x-ray fluorescence and x-ray diffraction, with general agreement of both methods but with much less variation using latter. The heterostructured nanowires exhibit unintentional gradients in composition, both axially and radially. Ferroelastic domains are observed for all HCl exposure times, and the magnitude of the lattice tilt at the domain walls scales with the Cl concentration.
RESUMO
The AUDIT is considered a gold-standard self-rating instrument used in various settings for the identification of alcohol use disorders. Although the AUDIT is widely used, there is not yet a consensus concerning the clinical cutoff for the identification of an alcohol use disorder according to the DSM-5. The current study aimed to investigate the optimal gender-based cutoffs on both AUDIT and AUDIT-C for different levels of AUD severity according to DSM-5. METHODS: A sample (n=271) was collected from two clinical trials including adult individuals with no AUD, and AUD recruited at a specialized addiction clinic, in Stockholm, Sweden. Receiver operating characteristic curves were estimated for AUDIT and AUDIT-C scores on AUD severity levels using dichotomized variables for each diagnostic level. Optimal cutoff scores were decided based on the measures of sensitivity, specificity and Youden's Index. RESULTS: The optimal cutoff score for both men and women was 7 on the AUDIT as the diagnostic threshold, i.e., mild AUD. For both moderate and severe AUD, the optimal cutoff score was 18/16 in men/women. On AUDIT-C, the optimal cutoff score was suggested to be 6/4 in men/women, and was suggested as one common cutoff score for all levels of AUD. DISCUSSION: In a treatment-seeking sample, gender-based cutoffs on AUDIT were not motivated, instead seven was suggested as the common diagnostic threshold for a mild AUD. On AUDIT-C, a general cutoff for all levels of AUDs was suggested, and gender specific cutoffs were justified to achieve optimal sensitivity to detect an AUD.