Identification of Aggregation Pheromone as an Attractant for Odontothrips loti, A Serious Thrips Pest on Alfalfa.

Odontothrips loti (Haliday) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) is one of the most serious pests on alfalfa, causing direct damage by feeding and indirect damage by transmitting plant viruses. This damage causes significant loss in alfalfa production. Semiochemicals offer opportunities to develop new approaches to thrips management. In this study, behavioral responses of female and male adults of O. loti to headspace volatiles from live female and male conspecifics were tested in a Y-tube olfactometer. The results showed that both male and female adults of O. loti were attracted to the odors released by conspecific males but not those released by females. Headspace volatiles released by female and male adults were collected using headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME). The active compound in the volatiles was identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The analysis showed that there was one major compound, (R)-lavandulyl (R)-2-methylbutanoate. The attractive activity of the synthetic aggregation pheromone compound was tested under laboratory and field conditions. In an olfactometer, both male and female adults showed significant preference for synthetic (R)-lavandulyl (R)-2-methylbutanoate at certain doses. Lures with synthetic (R)-lavandulyl (R)-2-methylbutanoate significantly increased the trap catches of sticky white traps at doses of 40-80 µg in the field. This study confirmed the production of aggregation pheromone by O. loti male adults and identified its active compound as (R)-lavandulyl (R)-2-methylbutanoate, providing a basis for population monitoring and mass trapping of this pest.

[A design of interactive review for computer aided diagnosis of pulmonary nodules based on active learning].

Automatic detection of pulmonary nodule based on computer tomography (CT) images can significantly improve the diagnosis and treatment of lung cancer. However, there is a lack of effective interactive tools to record the marked results of radiologists in real time and feed them back to the algorithm model for iterative optimization. This paper designed and developed an online interactive review system supporting the assisted diagnosis of lung nodules in CT images. Lung nodules were detected by the preset model and presented to doctors, who marked or corrected the lung nodules detected by the system with their professional knowledge, and then iteratively optimized the AI model with active learning strategy according to the marked results of radiologists to continuously improve the accuracy of the model. The subset 5-9 dataset of the lung nodule analysis 2016(LUNA16) was used for iteration experiments. The precision, F1-score and MioU indexes were steadily improved with the increase of the number of iterations, and the precision increased from 0.213 9 to 0.565 6. The results in this paper show that the system not only uses deep segmentation model to assist radiologists, but also optimizes the model by using radiologists' feedback information to the maximum extent, iteratively improving the accuracy of the model and better assisting radiologists.

Phonological activation improves semantic access provided by Arabic digits and number words.

Arabic digits (e.g., "6") and number words (e.g., "", "six", " ") are the two main formats in which numbers can be represented. Although phonology plays a crucial role in the semantic accessing of alphabetic words and Chinese characters, whether it is involved in the processing of different numerical notations, which have been shown to be dissociable from characters, is still unknown. Using a parity judgment task, two experiments were performed by manipulating the phonological relationship between a prime and a target. The primes were Tibetan or Chinese characters and the targets were presented either as number words (Experiment 1) or as Arabic digits (Experiment 2). The results revealed that phonology affected semantic access for both number words and Arabic digits. Additionally, semantic access for Tibetan number words was more susceptible to phonological information. The results for Arabic digits followed the same pattern for Tibetan primes. Further, language proficiency also affected the role of phonology in number processing. Participants with low language proficiency relied more on phonological encoding when processing the numbers. The results suggest that phonology is crucial for semantic access of different numerical notations.

Resistance to Beta-cypermethrin, Azadirachtin, and Matrine, and Biochemical Characterization of Field Populations of Oedaleus asiaticus (Bey-Bienko) in Inner Mongolia, Northern China.

Oedaleus asiaticus (Bey-Bienko) is an economically devastating locust species found in grassland and pastoral areas of the Inner Mongolia region of northern China. In this study, resistance to three frequently used insecticides (beta-cypermethrin, matrine, and azadirachtin) was investigated in six field populations of O. asiaticus using the leaf-dip bioassay method. The inhibitory effects of synergists and the activities of detoxification enzyme activities in the different populations were determined to explore potential biochemical resistance mechanisms. The results showed that the field populations SB (resistance ratio [RR] = 7.85), ZB (RR = 5.64), and DB (RR = 6.75) had developed low levels of resistance to beta-cypermethrin compared with a susceptible control strain. Both the SB (RR = 5.92) and XC (RR = 6.38) populations had also developed low levels of resistance against matrine, with the other populations remaining susceptible to both beta-cypermethrin and matrine. All field populations were susceptible to azadirachtin. Synergism analysis showed that triphenyl phosphate (TPP) and diethyl-maleate (DEM) increased the toxicity of beta-cypermethrin significantly in the SB population, while the synergistic effects of TPP, piperonyl butoxide (PBO), and DEM on the toxicity of matrine were higher in SB (SR 3.86, 4.18, and 3.07, respectively) than in SS (SR 2.24, 2.86, and 2.29, respectively), but no synergistic effects of TPP, PBO, and DEM on azadirachtin were found. Biochemical assays showed that the activities of carboxylesterases (CarEs) and glutathione-S-transferases (GSTs) were significantly raised in all field populations of O. asiaticus, with a significant positive correlation observed between beta-cypermethrin resistance and CarE activity. The activities of cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450) and multi-function oxidases (MFO) were elevated in all six field populations, and P450 activity displayed strong positive correlations with the three insecticides. Our findings suggest that resistance to beta-cypermethrin in O. asiaticus may be mainly attributed to elevated CarE and GST activities, while P450 plays an important role in metabolizing matrine and azadirachtin. Our study provides insights that will help improve insecticide resistance management strategies.

Serum interleukin-6 in schizophrenia: A system review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Schizophrenia is a disabling serious mental illness with unknown etiology. Inflammatory abnormalities play an important role in the pathogenesis of the disease. Many studies had viewed changes in serum IL-6 in schizophrenia, but its results were not consistent. This meta-analysis was to systematically assess the changes in serum IL-6 in schizophrenia. METHODS: We searched PubMed, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, and EBSCO databases until July 14, 2020, for eligible studies that matched to search subjects, and used Review Manager to counting all the research results. RESULTS: The meta-analysis included 14 studies comprising 961 schizophrenia and 729 controls. Serum IL-6 was higher in schizophrenia compared with controls (SMD: 0.44 [95%CI: 0.34-0.55] for drug naïve or drug eluted schizophrenia; SMD: 1.55 [95%CI: 0.78-2.31] for schizophrenia after treatment). Serum IL-6 of schizophrenia after treatment was lower than baseline (SMD: 0.33 [95%CI: 0.02-0.63]). CONCLUSIONS: Serum IL-6 level increase in schizophrenia. It supports the immune regulatory system-compensatory immune regulatory system hypothesis, and the role of inflammatory abnormalities in schizophrenia. And the decrease of serum IL-6 in schizophrenia after treatment suggests that an anti-inflammatory mechanism might be effective during antipsychotic treatment.

Transcriptomic analysis of diapause-associated genes in Exorista civilis Rondani (Diptera:Tachinidae).

Exorista civilis Rondani (Diptera:Tachinidae) is an excellent dominant parasitic enemy all over the world. But there has been a lack of research on the molecular regulation of diapause in E. civilis. To investigate the important diapause-associated genes and metabolic pathways in E. civilis, we can provide a theoretical basis for clarifying the molecular mechanism of diapause at the transcriptome level. The Illumina HiSeq. 2000 platform was used to perform transcriptome sequencing and bioinformatics analysis of the non-diapause and diapause pupae of E. civilis. 58,050 unigenes were successfully assembled, in which 4355 upregulated and 3158 downregulated unigenes were differentially expressed. Moreover, by Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichments, 896 kinds of the differentially expressed genes were specifically analyzed and showed that diapause-associated genes were related to be involved in the pathways of cold resistance, amino acid metabolism, and energy metabolism. Furthermore, these upregulated five genes showed the same trends of expression patterns between quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and RNA-Seq. This study provides a theoretical basis for the further study of the diapausing molecular mechanisms of E. civilis.

The Complete Mitochondrial Genome of the Plant Bug Lygus pratensis Linnaeus (Hemiptera: Miridae).

Lygus pratensis is a phytophagous pest responsible for yield losses in Bt alfalfa and other economic crops in Northwestern China. To better characterize Miridae at the genomic level, the complete mitochondrial (mt) genome of L. pratensis was sequenced and analyzed in this study. The mt genome was amplified via the polymerase chain reaction to generate overlapping fragments. These fragments were then sequenced, spliced, and analyzed to include the examination of nucleotide composition, codon usage, compositional biases, protein-coding genes (PCGs), and RNA secondary structures. Phylogenetic relationships between L. pratensis and other species in different Heteroptera families were also examined. The mt genome was found to be a typical circular genome with a length of 16,591 bp and a total AT content of 75.1%, encoded for 13 PCGs, 22 transfer RNAs (tRNAs), 2 ribosomal RNAs (lrRNA and srRNA), and a noncoding control region. The nucleotide composition of the entire mt genome was heavily biased toward A and T. All of the tRNAs were predicted to have classic clover leaf structures, but three of the tRNAs (tRNAAsn, tRNAHis, tRNAHis) were missing the TΨC loop. The control region (2,017 bp), which was found to be located between 12S and tRNAIle, contained three tandem repeat elements. Phylogenetic analyses showed that L. pratensis is closely related to the other three examined Lygus bugs, and that it is a sister group to Apolygus and Adelphocoris. This study confirms the usability of the mt genome in phylogenesis studies pertaining to the Lygus genus, within Miridae.

Depletion of perineuronal nets in the amygdala to enhance the erasure of drug memories.

Extinction therapy has been suggested to suppress the conditioned motivational effect of drug cues to prevent relapse. However, extinction forms a new inhibiting memory rather than erasing the original memory trace and drug memories invariably return. Perineuronal nets (PNNs) are a specialized extracellular matrix around interneurons in the brain that have been suggested to be a permissive factor that allows synaptic plasticity in the adolescent brain. The degradation of PNNs caused by chondroitinase ABC (ChABC) may generate induced juvenile-like plasticity (iPlasticity) and promote experience-dependent plasticity in the adult brain. In the present study, we investigated the effect of removing PNNs in the amygdala of rat on the extinction of drug memories. We found that extinction combined with intra-amygdala injections of ChABC (0.01 U/side) prevented the subsequent priming-induced reinstatement of morphine-induced and cocaine-induced, but not food -induced, conditioned place preference (CPP). Intra-amygdala injections of ChABC alone had no effect on the retention, retrieval, or relearning of morphine-induced CPP and storage of acquired food-induced CPP. Moreover, we found that the procedure facilitated the extinction of heroin- and cocaine-seeking behavior and prevented the spontaneous recovery and drug-induced reinstatement of heroin- and cocaine-seeking behavior. We also found that the effect of PNNs degradation combined with extinction may be mediated by the potentiation of several plasticity-related proteins in the amygdala. Altogether, our findings demonstrate that a combination of extinction training with PNNs degradation in the amygdala erases drug memories and suggest that ChABC may be an attractive candidate for the prevention of relapse.

Simulating the changes of the habitats suitability of chub mackerel (Scomber japonicus) in the high seas of the North Pacific Ocean using ensemble models under medium to long-term future climate scenarios.

Understanding and forecasting changes in marine habitats due to global climate warming is crucial for sustainable fisheries. Using future environmental data provided by Global Climate Models (GCMs) and occurrence records of Chub mackerel in the North Pacific Ocean (2014-2023), we built eight individual models and four ensemble models to simulate current habitat distribution and forecast changes under three future climate scenarios (SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5, SSP5-8.5) for the 2050s and 2100s. Ensemble models outperformed individual ones, with the weighted average algorithm model achieving the highest accuracy (AUC 0.994, TSS 0.929). Sea Surface Temperature (SST) and chlorophyll-a (Chla) significantly influenced habitat distribution. Predictions indicate current high suitability areas for Chub mackerel are concentrated beyond the 200-nautical-mile baseline. Under future climate scenarios, habitat suitability is expected to decline, with a shift towards higher latitudes and deeper waters. High suitability areas will be significantly reduced.

Identification of Crucial Genes and Regulatory Pathways in Alfalfa against Fusarium Root Rot.

Fusarium root rot, caused by Fusarium spp. in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), adversely impacts alfalfa by diminishing plant quality and yield, resulting in substantial losses within the industry. The most effective strategy for controlling alfalfa Fusarium root rot is planting disease-resistant varieties. Therefore, gaining a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms underlying alfalfa's resistance to Fusarium root rot is imperative. In this study, we observed the infection process on alfalfa seedling roots infected by Fusarium acuminatum strain HM29-05, which is labeled with green fluorescent protein (GFP). Two alfalfa varieties, namely, the resistant 'Kangsai' and the susceptible 'Zhongmu No. 1', were examined to assess various physiological and biochemical activities at 0, 2, and 3 days post inoculation (dpi). Transcriptome sequencing of the inoculated resistant and susceptible alfalfa varieties were conducted, and the potential functions and signaling pathways of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were analyzed through gene ontology (GO) classification and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis. Meanwhile, a DEG co-expression network was constructed though the weighted gene correlation network analysis (WGCNA) algorithm. Our results revealed significant alterations in soluble sugar, soluble protein, and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in both the 'Kangsai' and 'Zhongmu No. 1' varieties following the inoculation of F. acuminatum. WGCNA analysis showed the involvement of various enzyme and transcription factor families related to plant growth and disease resistance, including cytochrome P450, MYB, ERF, NAC, and bZIP. These findings not only provided valuable data for further verification of gene functions but also served as a reference for the deeper explorations between plants and pathogens.

Construction of chub mackerel (Scomber japonicus) fishing ground prediction model in the northwestern Pacific Ocean based on deep learning and marine environmental variables.

Accurate prediction of the central fishing grounds of chub mackerel is substantial for assessing and managing marine fishery resources. Based on the high-seas chub mackerel fishery statistics and multi-factor ocean remote-sensing environmental data in the Northwest Pacific Ocean from 2014 to 2021, this article applied the gravity center of the fishing grounds, 2DCNN, and 3DCNN models to analyze the spatial and temporal variability of the chub mackerel catches and fishing grounds. Results:1) the primary fishing season of chub mackerel fishery was April-November which catches were mainly concentrated in 39°âˆ¼43°N, 149°âˆ¼154°E. 2) Since 2019, the annual gravity center of the fishing grounds has continued to move northeastward; the monthly gravity center has prominent seasonal migratory characteristics. 3) 3DCNN model was better than the 2DCNN model. 4) For 3DCNN, the model prioritized learning information on the most easily distinguishable ocean remote-sensing environmental variables in different classifications.

Functional Characterization of Pheromone Receptors in the Beet Webworm, Loxostege sticticalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae).

Lepidopteran insects mainly rely on sex pheromones to complete sexual communications. Pheromone receptors (PRs) are expressed on the olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) of the sensilla trichodea and play an essential role in sexual communication. Despite extensive investigations into the mechanisms of peripheral recognition of sex pheromones in Lepidoptera, knowledge about these mechanisms in L. sticticalis remains limited. In this study, five candidate LstiPRs were analyzed in a phylogenetic tree with those of other Lepidopteran insects. Electroantennography (EAG) assays showed that the major sex pheromone component E11-14:OAc elicited a stronger antennal response than other compounds in male moths. Moreover, two types of neurons in sensilla trichodea were classified by single sensillum recordings, of which the "a" neuron specifically responded to E11-14:OAc. Five candidate PRs were functionally assayed by the heterologous expression system of Xenopus oocytes, and LstiPR2 responded to the major sex pheromone E11-14:OAc. Our findings suggest that LstiPR2 is a PR sensitive to L. sticticalis's major sex pheromone compound, E11-14:OAc. Furthermore, this study offers valuable insights into the sexual communication behavior of L. sticticalis, forming a foundation for further analysis of the species' central nervous system.

Transcriptome-wide identification of microRNAs in response to 20-hydroxyecdysone in Galeruca daurica.

Both 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) and miRNAs have multiple functions in the regulation of various physiological processes in insects. However, little is known about the interaction between 20E and miRNAs. In this study, six small RNA libraries were constructed from the adult Galeruca daurica treated with 20E and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), respectively. Using small RNA sequencing, a total of 183 miRNAs, including 140 known and 43 novel miRNAs, were identified. Compared with the control (DMSO), 52 miRNAs (21 up-regulated and 31 down-regulated) were significantly differentially expressed after 20E treatment. The KEGG and GO analysis of the predicted genes targeted by 20E-responsive miRNAs indicate that 20E may influence the metabolic change during reproductive diapause in G. daurica via regulating miRNAs.

Phenotypic and Differential Gene Expression Analyses of Phase Transition in Oedaleus asiaticus under High-Density Population Stress.

The high-density-dependent phase change from solitary to gregarious individuals in locusts is a typical example of phenotypic plasticity. However, the underlying molecular mechanism is not clear. In this study, first, Oedaleus asiaticus were treated with high-density population stress and then analyzed by Illumina sequencing on days 1, 3, 5, and 7 of the body color change to identify the stage-specific differentially expressed genes (DEGs). The KEGG pathway enrichment analysis of the identified DEGs revealed their role in metabolic pathways. Furthermore, the expression patterns of the nine key DEGs were studied in detail; this showed that the material change in locusts began on the third day of the high-density treatment, with the number of DEGs being the largest, indicating the importance of this period in the phase transition. In addition, the phenotypic change involved several key genes of important regulatory pathways, possibly working in a complex network. Phenotypic plasticity in locusts is multifactorial, involving multilevel material network interactions. This study improves the mechanistic understanding of phenotypic variation in insects at the genetic level.

The complete mitochondrial genome of Megalurothrips usitatus (Bagnall 1913) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and its phylogenetic analysis.

Megalurothrips usitatus is a serious pest on Vigna unguiculata. In this study, the complete mitochondrial genome sequence of M. usitatus was characterized and its phylogenetic relationship within the Order Thysanoptera was determined. The mitochondrial genome of M. usitatus was a circular molecule of 15426 bp in length, containing 13 protein-coding genes, 2 rRNA genes, 22 tRNA genes, and the control region. It showed the typical insect mitochondrial genome arrangement. The AT content of the whole genome was 77.69% and the length of the control region was 567 bp with 78.66% AT content. The Maximum likelihood (ML) phylogenetic analysis based on mitochondrial protein-coding genes of 17 insect speciesshowed that M. usitatus is closest to Frankliniella occidentalis.

Laboratory Selection, Cross-Resistance, Risk Assessment to Lambda-Cyhalothrin Resistance, and Monitoring of Insecticide Resistance for Plant Bug Lygus pratensis (Hemiptera: Miridae) in Farming-Pastoral Ecotones of Northern China.

The plant bug Lygus pratensis Linnaeus (Hemiptera: Miridae) is an important insect pest of alfalfa in grassland farming in northern China. A field population of L. pratensis was selected in the laboratory for 14 consecutive generations with lambda-cyhalothrin to generate 42.555-fold resistance. Selection also induced low cross-resistance to imidacloprid and beta-cypermethrin, and medium cross-resistance to deltamethrin. Realized heritability (h2) of lambda-cyhalothrin resistance was 0.339. Susceptible baselines of L. pratensis were established for five insecticides using the glass-vial method, the values of which were 6.849, 3.423, 8.778, 3.559, and 117.553 ng/cm2 for phoxim, methomyl, imidacloprid, lambda-cyhalothrin, and avermectin, respectively, along with the calculated LC99 diagnostic doses. This resistance risk assessment study suggests that a high risk of lambda-cyhalothrin resistance exists in the field. In addition, a 5-year field investigation of resistance monitoring of L. pratensis was conducted in seven alfalfa regions in farming-pastoral ecotones in northern China. The resistance levels of most populations were very low for phoxim, methomyl, and avermectin, with an upward trend for lambda-cyhalothrin resistance in the DK (Dengkou County), TKT (Tuoketuo County), XL (Xilinhot), and LX (Linxi County) populations during 2015-2019, and medium resistance level to imidacloprid in the TKT population in five years we sampled. The study provided information on chemical control, lambda-cyhalothrin resistance development, baseline susceptibility, and the status of resistance to five commonly-used insecticides against L. pratensis. These results could be used to optimize pyrethroid insecticide use as part of a pest integrated resistance management strategy against this key insect pest of alfalfa.

Exploring environmental efficiency and total factor productivity of cultivated land use in China.

During cultivated land use, nonseparable relationships exist between certain inputs and outputs. This study explored the influence of the nonseparable characteristics of input and output variables on both the cultivated land use environmental efficiency (CLUEE) and the cultivated land use environmental total factor productivity (CLUETFP). To evaluate China's CLUEE and CLUETFP from 1997 to 2017, we used the nonseparable hybrid model with undesirable outputs (NSH-U) and the nonseparable hybrid Malmquist (NSH-M) productivity index. The results showed the following: (1) The CLUEE differed significantly among regions, with the CLUEE decreasing from the eastern region to the western, northeastern, and central regions. We observed large differences in the CLUEE among provinces. (2) Nonradial input inefficiency and radial output inefficiency were the primary sources of cultivated land use environmental inefficiency. (3) Technical progress was the primary driving force behind the growth of CLUETFP across the entire country and in the eastern, central, western, and northeastern regions; however, technical efficiency limited the growth of CLUETFP to a certain extent. Finally, we proposed policy implications to improve China's CLUEE and CLUETFP.

Comparision of two different ways of landfill gas utilization through greenhouse gas emission reductions analysis and financial analysis.

Greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reductions and utilization of landfill gas (LFG) were researched by comparing LFG displacing the use of natural gas (scenario 2) with electricity generation using LFG (scenario 3) at three different LFG collecting efficiencies; 35, 50 and 65%. The results show that the utilization of LFG in scenario 2 is 1.4 times that in scenario 3. GHG emission reductions generated by scenario 2 are slightly less than that of scenario 3. The GHG emission reductions and utilization of LFG are restricted by LFG collecting efficiencies. It will be helpful to improve the management level of landfill and the GHG emissions reduction by introducing the CDM. However, the utilization of LFG will be still short of financial attractiveness if the LFG collection efficiency is less than 50%.

miR-194 Accelerates Apoptosis of Aß1⁻42-Transduced Hippocampal Neurons by Inhibiting Nrn1 and Decreasing PI3K/Akt Signaling Pathway Activity.

This article explores the mechanism of miR-194 on the proliferation and apoptosis of Aß1-42-transduced hippocampal neurons. Aß1-42-transduced hippocampal neuron model was established by inducing hippocampal neurons with Aß1-42. MTT assay and flow cytometry were used to detect the viability and apoptosis of hippocampal neurons, respectively. qRT-PCR was used to detect changes in miR-194 and Nrn1 expression after Aß1-42 induction. Aß1-42-transduced hippocampal neurons were transfected with miR-194 mimics and/or Nrn1 overexpression vectors. Their viability and neurite length were detected by MTT assay and immunofluorescence, respectively. Western blot was used to detect protein expression. Aß1-42 inhibited Aß1-42-transduced hippocampal neuron activity and promoted their apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. miR-194 was upregulated and Nrn1 was downregulated in Aß1-42-transduced hippocampal neurons (p < 0.05). Compared with the model group, Aß1-42-transduced hippocampal neurons of the miR-194 mimic group had much lower activity, average longest neurite length, Nrn1, p-AkT, and Bcl-2 protein expression and had much higher Bax, Caspase-3, and Cleaved Caspase-3 protein expression. Compared with the model group, Aß1-42-transduced hippocampal neurons of the LV-Nrn1 group had much higher activity, average longest neurite length, Nrn1, p-AkT, and Bcl-2 protein expression and had much lower Bax, Caspase-3, and Cleaved Caspase-3 protein expression. Nrn1 is a target gene of miR-194. miR-194 inhibited apoptosis of Aß1-42-transduced hippocampal neurons by inhibiting Nrn1 and decreasing PI3K/AkT signaling pathway activity.

Agricultural environmental total factor productivity in China under technological heterogeneity: characteristics and determinants.

With limited resources, growing environment constraints and downward pressure on the economy, increasing agricultural environmental total factor productivity (AETFP) and its contribution to agricultural growth is significant for transforming agricultural development to make it more resource efficient and environment-friendly. This paper considered technological heterogeneity in different regions of China and measured AETFP in 30 provinces from 1997 to 2015 using the Metafrontier Malmquist-Luenberger (MML) productivity index. Multi-dimensional analysis was made on temporal and spatial characteristics, evolution patterns, and influencing factors of AETFP in China. The results showed that: (1) AETFP increased in the Ninth, Tenth, Eleventh, and Twelfth Five-Year Plan periods, with average annual growth rates of 0.76%, 0.88%, 1.17%, and 0.87%, respectively. (2) The average annual growth rate of AETFP in the eastern, central, and western regions decreased successively. The eastern region generally had played a leading role. The central region had a catch-up effect on environmental production technologies from the eastern region, while the western region lacked the catch-up effect. (3) The dynamic evolution of AETFP had prominent features. For the whole nation, the kernel density curve of AETFP continuously moved to the right. The main peak value continuously decreased and the width of the main peak continuously increased. The internal differences of AETFP in the eastern and western regions exhibited an increasing trend, while the internal differences of AETFP in the central region showed little change. (4) There was an inverted U-shaped relationship between agricultural economic growth and AETFP. Both the disaster rate and planting structure had a negative impact on AETFP with varying degrees of significance. Income gaps between urban and rural areas can partially offset the role of urbanization in promoting the growth of AETFP. The greater the income differences between urban and rural areas, the weaker the role of urbanization in promoting the growth of AETFP. These findings can help the government determine policies to change the agricultural development mode and formulate effective measures to improve AETFP.