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1.
Anaerobe ; 30: 178-180, 2014 12.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25463969

RESUMO

Type F botulism occurs rarely in clinical cases. Two cases of type F botulism in elderly patients that were clustered in time and space are described. Clostridium baratii producing type F botulinum neurotoxin was isolated from both patients; molecular typing of these isolates revealed that they were unrelated strains.

2.
Int J Syst Evol Microbiol ; 63(Pt 11): 4087-4093, 2013 Nov.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23728377

RESUMO

A Gram-staining-positive, endospore-forming rod was isolated independently from clinical specimens in New York State, USA, once in 2009 and twice in 2011. The three isolates had identical 16S rRNA gene sequences and, based on their 16S rRNA gene sequence, are most closely related to the type strains of Laceyella sediminis and L. sacchari (94.6 % similarity). The partial 23S rRNA gene sequences of the three strains were also 100 % identical. Maximum-likelihood phylogenetic analysis suggests that the new isolates belong to the family Thermoactinomycetaceae. Additional biochemical and phenotypic characteristics of the strains support the family designation and suggest that the three isolates represent a single species. In each of the strains, the predominant menaquinone is MK-7, the diagnostic diamino acid is meso-diaminopimelic acid and the major cellular fatty acids are iso-C15 : 0, anteiso-C15 : 0 and iso-C13 : 0. The polar lipids are phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, four unknown phospholipids, four unknown aminophospholipids and an unknown lipid. It is proposed that the novel isolates represent a single novel species within a new genus, for which the name Hazenella coriacea gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of Hazenella coriacea is strain 23436(T) ( = DSM 45707(T) = LMG 27204(T)).


Assuntos
Bacillales/classificação , Sangue/microbiologia , Filogenia , Bacillales/genética , Bacillales/isolamento & purificação , Técnicas de Tipagem Bacteriana , Composição de Bases , DNA Bacteriano/genética , Ácido Diaminopimélico/química , Ácidos Graxos/química , Humanos , Dados de Sequência Molecular , New York , Hibridização de Ácido Nucleico , Peptidoglicano/química , Fosfolipídeos/química , RNA Ribossômico 16S/genética , Análise de Sequência de DNA , Vitamina K 2/análogos & derivados , Vitamina K 2/química
3.
Emerg Infect Dis ; 18(3): 392-400, 2012 Mar.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22377231

RESUMO

We conducted active sentinel surveillance in Monroe County, New York, USA, to compare incidence of community-associated Clostridium difficile infections (CA-CDIs) with that of health care-associated infections (HA-CDIs) and identify exposure and strain type differences between CA and HA cases. Patients positive for C. difficile toxin and with no documented health care exposure in the previous 12 weeks were defined as possible CA case-patients. Patients with onset in a health care setting or recent health care exposure were defined as HA case-patients. Eighteen percent of CDIs were CA; 76% were in persons who reported antimicrobial drug use in the 12 weeks before CDI diagnosis. Strain type distribution was similar between CA and HA cases; North American pulsed-field 1 was the primary strain (31% CA, 42% HA; p = 0.34). CA-CDI is an emergent disease affecting patients recently exposed to antimicrobial drugs. Community strains are similar to those found in health care settings.


Assuntos
Clostridioides difficile/isolamento & purificação , Infecções Comunitárias Adquiridas/epidemiologia , Enterocolite Pseudomembranosa/epidemiologia , Adulto , Idoso , Infecções Comunitárias Adquiridas/diagnóstico , Infecção Hospitalar/diagnóstico , Infecção Hospitalar/epidemiologia , Enterocolite Pseudomembranosa/diagnóstico , Humanos , Incidência , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , New York/epidemiologia , Vigilância de Evento Sentinela
4.
Int J Syst Evol Microbiol ; 62(Pt 2): 322-329, 2012 Feb.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21421928

RESUMO

Twelve independent isolates of a gram-positive, endospore-forming rod were recovered from clinical specimens in New York State, USA, and from raw milk in Flanders, Belgium. The 16S rRNA gene sequences for all isolates were identical. The closest species with a validly published name, based on 16S rRNA gene sequence, is Sporosarcina koreensis (97.13 % similarity). DNA-DNA hybridization studies demonstrate that the new isolates belong to a species distinct from their nearest phylogenetic neighbours. The partial sequences of the 23S rRNA gene for the novel strains and their nearest neighbours also provide support for the novel species designation. Maximum-likelihood phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequences confirmed that the new isolates are in the genus Sporosarcina. The predominant menaquinone is MK-7, the peptidoglycan has the type A4α L-Lys-Gly-D-Glu, and the polar lipids consist of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylethanolamine. The predominant fatty acids are iso-C(14 : 0), iso-C(15 : 0) and anteiso-C(15 : 0). In addition, biochemical and morphological analyses support designation of the twelve isolates as representatives of a single new species within the genus Sporosarcina, for which the name Sporosarcina newyorkensis sp. nov. (type strain 6062(T)  = DSM 23544(T)  = CCUG 59649(T)  = LMG 26022(T)) is proposed.


Assuntos
Infecções por Bactérias Gram-Positivas/microbiologia , Leite/microbiologia , Sporosarcina/classificação , Sporosarcina/isolamento & purificação , Adulto , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Animais , Técnicas de Tipagem Bacteriana , Bélgica/epidemiologia , Bovinos , Feminino , Genes de RNAr , Infecções por Bactérias Gram-Positivas/epidemiologia , Bacilos Gram-Positivos Formadores de Endosporo/classificação , Bacilos Gram-Positivos Formadores de Endosporo/genética , Bacilos Gram-Positivos Formadores de Endosporo/isolamento & purificação , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Dados de Sequência Molecular , New York/epidemiologia , Hibridização de Ácido Nucleico , Fenótipo , Filogenia , RNA Ribossômico 16S/genética , RNA Ribossômico 23S/genética , Análise de Sequência de DNA , Especificidade da Espécie , Sporosarcina/genética , Sporosarcina/fisiologia
5.
Appl Environ Microbiol ; 77(3): 1061-8, 2011 Feb.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21115703

RESUMO

The genetic relatedness of Clostridium botulinum type E isolates associated with an outbreak of wildlife botulism was studied using random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD). Specimens were collected from November 2000 to December 2008 during a large outbreak of botulism affecting birds and fish living in and around Lake Erie and Lake Ontario. In our present study, a total of 355 wildlife samples were tested for the presence of botulinum toxin and/or organisms. Type E botulinum toxin was detected in 110 samples from birds, 12 samples from fish, and 2 samples from mammals. Sediment samples from Lake Erie were also examined for the presence of C. botulinum. Fifteen of 17 sediment samples were positive for the presence of C. botulinum type E. Eighty-one C. botulinum isolates were obtained from plants, animals, and sediments; of these isolates, 44 C. botulinum isolates produced type E toxin, as determined by mouse bioassay, while the remaining 37 isolates were not toxic for mice. All toxin-producing isolates were typed by RAPD; that analysis showed 12 different RAPD types and multiple subtypes. Our study thus demonstrates that multiple genetically distinct strains of C. botulinum were involved in the present outbreak of wildlife botulism. We found that C. botulinum type E is present in the sediments of Lake Erie and that a large range of bird and fish species is affected.


Assuntos
Animais Selvagens/microbiologia , Biodiversidade , Botulismo/veterinária , Clostridium botulinum tipo E/classificação , Clostridium botulinum tipo E/genética , Surtos de Doenças , Animais , Doenças das Aves/epidemiologia , Doenças das Aves/microbiologia , Aves , Toxinas Botulínicas/genética , Botulismo/epidemiologia , Botulismo/microbiologia , Clostridium botulinum tipo E/isolamento & purificação , Doenças dos Peixes/epidemiologia , Doenças dos Peixes/microbiologia , Peixes , Água Doce/microbiologia , Sedimentos Geológicos/microbiologia , Camundongos , New York/epidemiologia , Gambás/microbiologia , Guaxinins/microbiologia , Técnica de Amplificação ao Acaso de DNA Polimórfico
6.
Appl Environ Microbiol ; 77(24): 8625-34, 2011 Dec.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22003031

RESUMO

A total of 41 Clostridium botulinum serotype E strains from different geographic regions, including Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Greenland, Japan, and the United States, were compared by multilocus sequence typing (MLST), amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis, variable-number tandem-repeat (VNTR) analysis, and botulinum neurotoxin (bont) E gene sequencing. The strains, representing environmental, food-borne, and infant botulism samples collected from 1932 to 2007, were analyzed to compare serotype E strains from different geographic regions and types of botulism and to determine whether each of the strains contained the transposon-associated recombinase rarA, involved with bont/E insertion. MLST examination using 15 genes clustered the strains into several clades, with most members within a cluster sharing the same BoNT/E subtype (BoNT/E1, E2, E3, or E6). Sequencing of the bont/E gene identified two new variants (E7, E8) that showed regions of recombination with other E subtypes. The AFLP dendrogram clustered the 41 strains similarly to the MLST dendrogram. Strains that could not be differentiated by AFLP, MLST, or bont gene sequencing were further examined using three VNTR regions. Both intact and split rarA genes were amplified by PCR in each of the strains, and their identities were confirmed in 11 strains by amplicon sequencing. The findings suggest that (i) the C. botulinum serotype E strains result from the targeted insertion of the bont/E gene into genetically conserved bacteria and (ii) recombination events (not random mutations) within bont/E result in toxin variants or subtypes within strains.


Assuntos
Clostridium botulinum tipo E/classificação , Clostridium botulinum tipo E/genética , DNA Bacteriano/genética , Tipagem Molecular/métodos , Polimorfismo Genético , Toxinas Botulínicas/genética , Botulismo/microbiologia , Clostridium botulinum tipo E/isolamento & purificação , Análise por Conglomerados , Elementos de DNA Transponíveis , Microbiologia Ambiental , Microbiologia de Alimentos , Genótipo , Humanos , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Recombinação Genética , Análise de Sequência de DNA
7.
J Clin Microbiol ; 47(7): 2142-8, 2009 Jul.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19403775

RESUMO

Our laboratory has developed testing methods that use real-time PCR and pyrosequencing analysis to enable the rapid identification of potential hypervirulent Clostridium difficile strains. We describe a real-time PCR assay that detects four C. difficile genes encoding toxins A (tcdA) and B (tcdB) and the binary toxin genes (cdtA and cdtB), as well as a pyrosequencing assay that detects common deletions in the tcdC gene in less than 4 h. A subset of historical and recent C. difficile isolates (n = 31) was also analyzed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis to determine the circulating North American pulsed-field (NAP) types that have been isolated in New York State. Thirteen different NAP types were found among the 31 isolates tested, 13 of which were NAP type 1 strains. To further assess the best approach to utilizing our conventional and molecular methods, we studied the populations of C. difficile in patient stool specimens (n = 23). Our results indicated that 13% of individual stool specimens had heterogeneous populations of C. difficile when we compared the molecular characterization results for multiple bacterial isolates (n = 10). Direct molecular analysis of stool specimens gave results that correlated well with the results obtained with cultured stool specimens; the direct molecular analysis was rapid, informative, and less costly than the testing of multiple patient stool isolates.


Assuntos
Proteínas de Bactérias/genética , Clostridioides difficile/genética , Enterocolite Pseudomembranosa/diagnóstico , Fezes/microbiologia , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase/métodos , Análise de Sequência de DNA/métodos , Fatores de Virulência/genética , ADP Ribose Transferases/genética , Toxinas Bacterianas/genética , Técnicas de Tipagem Bacteriana , Sequência de Bases , Clostridioides difficile/classificação , Clostridioides difficile/isolamento & purificação , Impressões Digitais de DNA , Eletroforese em Gel de Campo Pulsado , Enterocolite Pseudomembranosa/microbiologia , Enterotoxinas/genética , Variação Genética , Genótipo , Humanos , Dados de Sequência Molecular , New York
9.
Toxins (Basel) ; 9(3)2017 03 09.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28282915

RESUMO

Currently, the gold standard method for active botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) detection is the mouse bioassay (MBA). A Centers for Disease Control and Prevention-developed mass spectrometry (MS)-based assay that detects active BoNT was successfully validated and implemented in a public health laboratory in clinical matrices using the Bruker MALDI-TOF MS (Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry) Biotyper. For the first time, a direct comparison with the MBA was performed to determine MS-based assay sensitivity using the Bruker MALDI Biotyper. Mice were injected with BoNT/A, /B, /E, and /F at concentrations surrounding the established MS assay limit of detection (LOD) and analyzed simultaneously. For BoNT/B, /E, and /F, MS assay sensitivity was equivalent or better than the MBA at 25, 0.3, and 8.8 mLD50, respectively. BoNT/A was detected by the MBA between 1.8 and 18 mLD50, somewhat more sensitive than the MS method of 18 mLD50. Studies were performed to compare assay performance in clinical specimens. For all tested specimens, the MS method rapidly detected BoNT activity and serotype in agreement with, or in the absence of, results from the MBA. We demonstrate that the MS assay can generate reliable, rapid results while eliminating the need for animal testing.


Assuntos
Toxinas Botulínicas/análise , Neurotoxinas/análise , Animais , Bioensaio , Toxinas Botulínicas/sangue , Fezes/química , Humanos , Laboratórios , Limite de Detecção , Camundongos , Neurotoxinas/sangue , Saúde Pública , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Espectrometria de Massas por Ionização e Dessorção a Laser Assistida por Matriz
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