Associations of changes in physical activity and sedentary time with weight recurrence after bariatric surgery: a 5-year prospective study.

BACKGROUND: Increasing physical activity and limiting sedentary time may minimize weight recurrence after bariatric surgery. However, few studies have evaluated potential associations of objectively-measured physical activity and sedentary time with post-surgical weight recurrence over time. AIMS: To evaluate associations of change in physical activity and sedentary time with weight recurrence after bariatric surgery. METHODS: Participants from the Oslo Bariatric Surgery Study, a prospective cohort study, wore an ActiGraph monitor for seven days at 1- and 5 years after surgery to assess daily physical activity and sedentary time. Participants' weight was measured at in-person clinic visits. Chi-square Test and Paired-samples T-test evaluated group differences and change over time, while Pearson's Correlation, multiple logistic and linear regression investigated associations between variables. RESULTS: Five years after surgery 79 participants (70.5% response rate, 81% female) (mean (sd) age: 54.0 (±9.3), BMI: 32.1 (±4.7)) had valid monitor data. Participants increased their sedentary time (71.4 minutes/day (95% CI: 54.2-88.6, p = <0.001)) and reduced daily steps (-1411.1 (95% CI: 737.8-208.4), p = <0.001), light physical activity (-54.1 min/day (95% CI: 40.9-67.2, p = <0.001)), and total physical activity (-48.2 (95% CI: 34.6-63.3), p = <0.001) from 1- to 5 years after surgery. No change was found for moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity. No associations were found between changes in steps, physical activity or sedentary time and weight recurrence. CONCLUSION: Participants increased sedentary time and decreased light- and total physical activity between 1- and 5 years post-surgery. Overall, changes in physical activity and sedentary time were not associated with weight recurrence. Interventions to help patients increase physical activity and limit sedentary time after bariatric surgery are needed.

Secular and longitudinal physical activity changes in population-based samples of children and adolescents.

The aims of this study were to investigate whether physical activity (PA) and sedentary time (ST) in 9- and 15-year-olds differed between 2005-2006 and 2011-2012 (secular change), and to investigate changes in PA and ST from age 9 to 15 (longitudinal change). In 2005-2006, we invited nationally representative samples of Norwegian 9- (n=1470) and 15-year-olds (n=1348) to participate. In 2011-2012, we invited a new nationally representative sample of 9-year-olds (n=1945), whereas 15-year-olds (n=1759) were invited to participate either based on previous participation in 2005-2006 or from a random sample of schools. We assessed PA and ST objectively using accelerometers. In 2011-2012, both 9- and 15-year-olds spent more time sedentary (≥35.7 min/d, P<.001) and less time in light PA (≥35.2 min/d, P<.001) compared to their peers in 2005-2006. Nine-year-old girls also spent less time in moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) (4.2 min/d, P=.041). In both age groups, the proportion accumulating an average of 60 min/d of MVPA did not differ between the two cohorts. From age 9 to 15, girls and boys decreased their time spent in LPA (≥106.7 min/d, P<.001) and in MVPA (≥20.8 min/d, P<.001). During the same period, ST increased by a mean of >2 h/d (P<.011). We observed an adverse secular change in PA from 2005-2006 to 2011-2012 among 9- and 15-year-olds, and a large decline in PA in the participants followed longitudinally from age 9 to 15 years.

Objectively measured sedentary time and physical activity and associations with body weight gain: does body weight determine a decline in moderate and vigorous intensity physical activity?

OBJECTIVES: High levels of physical activity (PA) may prevent the development of obesity. However, the magnitude and direction of the association between PA of various intensities, sedentary time and weight status remain unclear. Thus, we examined whether objectively measured sedentary time and PA independently predict gain in body weight, change in body weight and to examine the possibility of reverse causation. METHODS: We examined the prospective associations between sedentary time, PA and body weight (BW). Baseline measurements were conducted in 2008/2009 and follow-up measurements in 2014/2015 in a random sample of the adult Norwegian population (N=1710, 45.1% men). Moderate and vigorous intensity PA (MVPA) and sedentary time were measured by accelerometry and BW and height self-reported. We first modelled the associations between baseline sedentary time and PA with BW at follow-up. We then modelled the reverse associations (BW as the exposure) and sedentary time and PA (as outcomes) in separate models. All models were adjusted for age, sex, baseline value of the outcome, socio-economic status, alcohol consumption, smoking, monitor wear time and follow-up time. RESULTS: Body mass index (BMI) increased by 0.2 units (P=0.003) between baseline and follow-up, and 46.5% of participants were either overweight (36.4%) or obese (10.1%) at baseline increasing to 49.6% (11.7% obese) at follow-up. Baseline sedentary time, MVPA and vigorous PA were not associated with BW at follow-up after adjustment for covariates. In contrast, baseline BW was inversely associated with MVPA (ß=-0.11; 95% confidence interval (CI); -0.21, -0.009) and VPA (ß=-0.035; 95% CI; -0.059, -0.011) in adjusted models. These associations were unchanged when BW was substituted by BMI. CONCLUSIONS: Baseline BW seems to determine a decrease in MVPA in healthy adult Norwegian men and women, more so than the reverse.

Reference values for and cross-validation of time to exhaustion on a modified Balke protocol in Norwegian men and women.

The aims of the present study were to provide reference values for time to exhaustion (TTE) on a modified Balke treadmill protocol, and to perform a cross-validation of TTE as a measure of maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max ), in Norwegian men and women 20-85 years of age. Reference values for TTE were derived from a national sample of 765 subjects. An additional sample of 119 subjects was included in the cross-validation (total n = 884), where prediction equations for VO2max was established. A decline in TTE was seen with increased age. Prediction of VO2max in an independent dataset (n = 319) resulted in a R2  = 0.78 and standard error of the estimate = 4.55 mL/kg/min. The observed-predicted bias was small (mean difference <1.24 mL/kg/min), whereas random error was considerable (95% limits of agreement ± 7.11-9.70 mL/kg/min) across age in both men and women. Despite limitations concerning the prediction of VO2max on an individual level, TTE from the Balke protocol is a good measure of aerobic fitness in adults across a range of settings, and could be evaluated according to the suggested reference values.

Cardiorespiratory fitness in groups with different physical activity levels.

The aim of the study was to determine how different categorizations of self-reported and objectively measured physical activity (PA) reflect variations in cardiorespiratory fitness (VO2max ). A total of 759 individuals (366 women) with a mean age of 48.5 years (SD 14.4) wore an accelerometer (ActiGraph GT1M) for seven consecutive days and answered the short International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). VO2max was directly measured during a continuous graded exercise treadmill test until exhaustion. Men and women categorized as highly active by IPAQ had 9% and 13% higher VO2max , respectively, than those reporting a low PA level (P < 0.05). Men and women meeting the PA recommendation of 150 min/week of daily moderate intensity PA, measured by accelerometer, had 13% and 9% higher VO2max , respectively, than participants not meeting this recommendation (P < 0.01). No significant differences in average sedentary time, analyzed in total min/day and in bouts of 10 and 30 min, were found between participants with high or low cardiorespiratory fitness. However, women spent less time than men in bouts of sedentary behaviors. Self-reported PA by IPAQ and objectively measured PA by accelerometer were both useful instruments for detecting differences in VO2max .

Musculoskeletal fitness and balance in older individuals (65-85 years) and its association with steps per day: a cross sectional study.

BACKGROUND: There is limited normative, objective data combining musculoskeletal fitness (MSF), balance and physical activity (PA) among older adults. The aims were therefore to; 1) describe MSF and balance in older Norwegian adults focusing on age- and sex-related differences; 2) investigate the associations among MSF, balance and objectively-assessed PA levels. METHODS: This was part of a national multicenter study. Participants (65-85 years) were randomly selected from the national population registry. We used ActiGraph GT1M accelerometers to measure PA. Balance and MSF were assessed using: one leg standing (OLS), handgrip strength (HG), static back extension (SBE), sit and reach (SR), back scratch right, left arm over (BSR, BSL). Univariate analyses of variance were used to assess sex differences within the different MSF and balance tests and for comparisons among multiple age groups. Linear regression analysis was used to investigate how PA (expressed in 1000 steps increments) was associated with MSF and balance. RESULTS: 85 women and 76 men were included. Mean age (standard deviation (SD)) was 73.2 (5.4) years for women and 72.3 (4.8) years for men. The youngest participants (65-69 years) had significantly better mean OLS- and SBE results compared with older participants. Women (65-85 years) had significantly better mean SR, BSR, BSL and SBE results compared with men (65-85 years). Men had significantly better mean HG results compared with women. No sex differences in mean OLS results were observed. A daily increment of 1000 steps was associated with better mean test scores for OLS- and SBE tests (b = 1.88, 95% CI: 0.85 to 2.90 (p ≤ 0.001) and b = 4.63, 95% CI: 1.98 to 7.29 (p = 0.001), respectively). CONCLUSION: The youngest (65-69 years) had better static balance and muscular endurance in trunk extensors compared with older participants. Older women (65-85 years) had better joint flexibility than older men (65-85 years), whereas older men had better handgrip strength than older women. A higher PA level was associated with better static balance and muscular endurance in trunk extensors in older individuals. This study provides important normative data, and further investigation of trunk endurance and static balance as key foci for PA interventions in elderly is warranted.

Microplastics do not increase bioaccumulation of petroleum hydrocarbons in Arctic zooplankton but trigger feeding suppression under co-exposure conditions.

Arctic sea ice has alarmingly high concentrations of microplastics (MPs). Additionally, sea ice reduction in the Arctic is opening new opportunities for the oil and maritime industries, which could increase oil pollution in the region. Yet knowledge of the effects of co-exposure to MPs and crude oil on Arctic zooplankton is lacking. We tested the influence of MPs (polyethylene, 20.7 µm) on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) bioaccumulation and oil toxicity in the key arctic copepod Calanus hyperboreus after exposure to oil with and without dispersant. Up to 30% of the copepods stopped feeding and fecal pellet production rates were reduced after co-exposure to oil (1 µL L-1) and MPs (20 MPs mL-1). The PAH body burden was ~3 times higher in feeding than in non-feeding copepods. Copepods ingested both MPs and crude oil droplets. MPs did not influence bioaccumulation of PAHs in copepods or their fecal pellets, but chemical dispersant increased bioaccumulation, especially of ≥4 ring-PAHs. Our results suggest that MPs do not act as vectors of PAHs in Arctic marine food webs after oil spills, but, at high concentrations (20 MPs mL-1), MPs can trigger behavioral stress responses (e.g., feeding suppression) to oil pollution in zooplankton.

Combined effects of exposure to engineered silver nanoparticles and the water-soluble fraction of crude oil in the marine copepod Calanus finmarchicus.

While it is likely that ENPs may occur together with other contaminants in nature, the combined effects of exposure to both ENPs and environmental contaminants are not studied sufficiently. In this study, we investigated the acute and sublethal toxicity of PVP coated silver nanoparticles (AgNP) and ionic silver (Ag+; administered as AgNO3) to the marine copepod Calanus finmarchicus. We further studied effects of single exposures to AgNPs (nominal concentrations: low 15 µg L-1 NPL, high 150 µg L-1 NPH) or Ag+ (60 µg L-1), and effects of co-exposure to AgNPs, Ag+ and the water-soluble fraction (WSF; 100 µg L-1) of a crude oil (AgNP + WSF; Ag++WSF). The gene expression and the activity of antioxidant defense enzymes SOD, CAT and GST, as well as the gene expression of HSP90 and CYP330A1 were determined as sublethal endpoints. Results show that Ag+ was more acutely toxic compared to AgNPs, with 96 h LC50 concentrations of 403 µg L-1 for AgNPs, and 147 µg L-1 for Ag+. Organismal uptake of Ag following exposure was similar for AgNP and Ag+, and was not significantly different when co-exposed to WSF. Exposure to AgNPs alone caused increases in gene expressions of GST and SOD, whereas WSF exposure caused an induction in SOD. Responses in enzyme activities were generally low, with significant effects observed only on SOD activity in NPL and WSF exposures and on GST activity in NPL and NPH exposures. Combined AgNP and WSF exposures caused slightly altered responses in expression of SOD, GST and CYP330A1 genes compared to the single exposures of either AgNPs or WSF. However, there was no clear pattern of cumulative effects caused by co-exposures of AgNPs and WSF. The present study indicates that the exposure to AgNPs, Ag+, and to a lesser degree WSF cause an oxidative stress response in C. finmarchicus, which was slightly, but mostly not significantly altered in combined exposures. This indicated that the combined effects between Ag and WSF are relatively limited, at least with regard to oxidative stress.

Cross-sectional and prospective associations between physical activity, body mass index and waist circumference in children and adolescents.

OBJECTIVE: To study the cross-sectional and prospective associations between physical activity (PA) of different intensities, body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) in children and adolescents using isotemporal substitution modelling. METHODS: Physical activity (accelerometry), BMI and WC were assessed in 6- (n = 970), 9- (n = 2,423) and 15-year-olds (n = 1,544) in 2005/2006 and 2011/2012. Participants aged 9 years in 2005/2006 were followed prospectively to 2011/12 (age 15). Associations between PA of different intensities (light, moderate and vigorous), BMI and WC were examined using isotemporal substitution models. RESULTS: Substituting 10 min per day of sedentary time with light PA was associated with higher WC (0.17 to 0.29 cm, p ≤ 0.003)) in all age groups. Substituting 10 min per day of sedentary time with moderate PA was associated with lower WC in 6- and 9-year-olds (-0.32 to -0.47 cm, p ≤ 0.013)). Substituting 10 min per day of sedentary time with vigorous PA was associated with lower WC in 9- and 15-year-olds (-1.08 to -1.79 cm, p ≤ 0.015)). Associations were similar with BMI as the outcome. In prospective analyses, substituting sedentary time with light, moderate or vigorous PA at age 9 was not associated with BMI or WC at age 15. CONCLUSION: Substituting sedentary time with moderate PA appears favourably associated with adiposity in children, whereas vigorous PA may be required in adolescents. Cross-sectional associations were not replicated in prospective analyses.

Obesity prevalence in Norwegian adults assessed by body mass index, waist circumference and fat mass percentage.

The prevalence of obesity presents serious public health challenges worldwide and is most commonly estimated by the categorization of body mass index (BMI). The purpose of this study was (i) to describe the sensitivity of BMI, waist circumference (WC) and fat mass percentage in the classification of overweight and obesity and (ii) to describe the prevalence of overweight and obesity using different measurement methods in a national sample of Norwegians. A total of 904 Norwegians (20-85 years) were randomly enrolled. Body weight, height, WC and skinfold thickness were measured; BMI and fat mass percentage (FP(skf) ) were calculated. The sensitivity and specificity varied from 77.0% to 86.9% and from 60.6% to 82.3%, respectively. Area under the curve was 0.837 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.801-0.872) for the ability of BMI to predict obesity by FP(skf) and 0.811 (95% CI: 0.770-0.852) for WC. A total of 12.7% (male: 12.1%, female: 13.4%) were obese based on BMI classifications, 29.1% (male: 36.5%, female: 20.0%) of the sample were obese based on FP(skf) and 24.3% of men and 37.8% of women were abdominally obese by WC. The agreement between selected measuring methods was fair to good, although the variation in obesity prevalence rates between the different assessments methods varied markedly.

Antibodies against a neuron-like (HTB-10 neuroblastoma) cell in children with Tourette syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Similar to the model for Sydenham's chorea, antineuronal antibodies (ANAb), which develop in response to a preceding streptococcal infection, have been speculated to have a role in the development of Tourette syndrome (TS). METHODS: Serum antibodies against the neuron-like HTB-10 neuroblastoma cell were assayed by ELISA methods and Western blot analysis on 41 children with TS (mean age 11.3 years) and 39 control subjects (mean age 12.1 years). RESULTS: Group comparisons of ELISA assay optical density (OD) showed that mean OD values for serum antibodies were not different [control (mean +/- SEM), .506 +/- .076; and TS, .584 +/- .053 (p = .38)]. In contrast, median values [.353 in control subjects and .477 in TS subjects (p = .012)] were significantly different. Western blots identified numerous bands in all TS and control sera with no difference in identified HTB-10 antigens. There was no relationship between the presence of ANAb and age of tic onset, family history, tic severity, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, or obsessive compulsive disorder. No relationship existed between positive strep titers (ASO > or = 166 and/or antiDNAaseB > or = 170) and ANAb determinations or the severity of tics. CONCLUSIONS: Children with TS have higher median, but not mean, levels of ANAb, as measured by the HTB-10 neuroblastoma cell membrane assay. This assay system identified antibodies in both control and clinical groups and failed to identify a relationship between antibodies and clinical phenotype or one-time markers for streptococcal infection. Further studies are required to define a possible immune-mediated hypothesis for TS.

Antibodies against human putamen in children with Tourette syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Similar to the model for Sydenham's chorea, antineuronal antibodies, which develop in response to a preceding streptococcal infection, have been speculated to have a role in the development of Tourette syndrome (TS). METHODS: Serum antibodies against human caudate, putamen, and globus pallidus (interna and externa) were assayed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Western blot techniques and results were correlated with clinical characteristics and markers of streptococcal infection. SUBJECTS: A total of 41 children with TS (mean age, 11.3 years) and 39 controls (mean age, 12.1 years) were included. RESULTS: Compared with controls, TS subjects had a significant increase in the mean (p=0.006) and median (p=0.002) ELISA optical density (OD) levels of serum antibodies against putamen, but not caudate or globus pallidus. Western blots on 20 control and 20 TS serum samples showed that specific antibodies to caudate/putamen occurred more frequently in TS subjects at 83, 67, and 60 kDa; antigens were present in a synaptosomal fraction. TS subjects with a positive family history of tics had higher OD values (p < or = 0.04), but no association was shown with age of tic onset, tic severity, sudden onset of tics, or presence of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder or obsessive-compulsive disorder. Risk ratio calculations in TS and control groups and in study subjects dichotomized for high and low putamen OD values were similar for titers of antistreptolysin O > or = 166 or antideoxyribonuclease B > or = 170. A subgroup analysis limited to subjects with elevated streptococcal titers, however, showed a significantly (p < or = 0.004) larger number of TS subjects with elevated OD levels. CONCLUSION: Children and adolescents with TS had significantly higher serum levels of antineuronal antibodies against putamen than did controls, but their relation to clinical characteristics and markers for streptococcal infection remains equivocal.

Striatal antibodies in children with Tourette's syndrome: multivariate discriminant analysis of IgG repertoires.

Antineuronal antibodies have been postulated to be the underlying pathophysiology in TS and other neuropsychiatric disorders. Serum antibodies from 20 children with TS, and 21 control subjects against human striatum, globus pallidus, muscle, and HTB-10 cells were assayed by Western blot techniques. A MANOVA differentiated between TS and control blots, and a discriminant analysis demonstrated which variables contributed most to differences between groups. Prominent differences between TS and control blots were identified using striatal epitopes in contrast to similar patterns shown between groups for globus pallidus, muscle and HTB-10 tissue, supporting striatal autoimmune involvement in TS pathophysiology.

Microdissection and reverse painting in a melanoma cell line: a detailed description of structurally abnormal chromosomes.

Seven structurally abnormal chromosomes from a newly established melanoma cell line were microdissected. The DNA from these chromosomes was DOP amplified and labeled with Biotin or Digoxigenin for FISH analysis. The complex nature of these markers is described.

Appearance of isochromosome 18q can be associated with in vitro immortalization of human T lymphocytes.

T lymphocytes cultured from a skin biopsy specimen of a patient with atopic dermatitis developed isochromosome 18q concomitant to escape from replicative senescence. Furthermore, two T-cell lines established from patients with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma also developed isochromosome 18q during continuous growth. The results indicate that a pathway leading to immortalization of human T lymphocytes could involve genes located at chromosome 18.

Common clonal chromosome aberrations in cytokine-dependent continuous human T-lymphocyte cell lines.

Antigen-mediated T-cell proliferation is a transient phenomenon. Like other somatic cells, T lymphocytes generally show replicative senescence in vitro. However, we here show that cytokine-dependent continuous (immortal) T-cell lines can be established from skin biopsy specimens of inflammatory skin diseases. Continuous growth can be obtained by culturing T cells in medium supplemented with interleukin-2 and interleukin-4, but without antigen or antigen-presenting cells added. Loss of the T-cell antigen receptor complex is observed in some of the continuous T-cell lines. Most T-cell lines develop clonal chromosome aberrations during continuous growth. Aberrations for chromosomes 1, 2, 8, 16, and 18 are most commonly observed.

In vitro genetically aberrant T-cell clones with continuous growth are associated with atopic dermatitis.

Atopic dermatitis is a disease with a genetic predisposition affecting the immune system, with T lymphocytes participating in the immune dysregulation. Most in vitro T lymphocyte studies of atopic dermatitis have focused on antigen-specific T-cell clones. However, antigen-non-specific regulatory T lymphocytes may also take part in the pathway leading to antigen-specific clonal T-lymphocyte proliferation. T lymphocytes from skin biopsy specimens from three patients with severe atopic dermatitis were cultured in the presence of IL-2 and IL-4, but without antigen added. Initially, proliferation was oligo- or polyclonal, but in all cases overgrowth by T cells with clonal chromosomal aberrations was subsequently observed. These abnormal T-cell clones demonstrated continuous growth and complete or partial phenotypic loss of the T-cell antigen receptor complex. In summary, these findings suggest that a subset of aberrant skin-homing T lymphocytes is associated with atopic dermatitis.

Cytogenetic findings in cell lines from cutaneous T-cell lymphoma.

Cytogenetic analysis of some patients with CTCL demonstrates the presence of more than one cytogenetically aberrant clone in a given patient. These findings lead us to suggest that CTCL is defined by a family of "genotraumatic" T cells. A genotraumatic T cell, unlike a normal T lymphocyte, is defined by its ability to develop clonal, cytogenetically visible chromosome aberrations. Based on this hypothesis, an investigation was performed in detail of cell lines from the plaques and blood of a patient with MF. Several genotraumatic T cells could be demonstrated. Of particular interest was the establishment of two continuous T-cell lines from a single plaque. Both genotraumatic T-cell lines were genetically unstable, and multiple and complex chromosome aberrations could be demonstrated in both cell lines, suggesting that two potentially malignant T-cell clones exist in a single plaque. It is proposed that CTCL is defined by a family of genotraumatic T cells and is thus, in principle, oligoclonal or polyclonal. All genotraumatic T cells may be considered cancer prone because of their ability to develop clonal chromosomal aberrations. A genotraumatic T cell is per se not malignant, but owing to its genetic instability, it may develop into a tumor cell. This could explain how an apparent benign disorder, CTCL, occasionally may progress into malignant lymphoma.

The Scandinavian Sarcoma Group Skeletal Metastasis Register. Survival after surgery for bone metastases in the pelvis and extremities.

INTRODUCTION: The assessment of the prognosis for the individual patient is important for the choice of surgical treatment of skeletal metastases. In 1999 the Scandinavian Sarcoma Group (SSG) initiated the Skeletal Metastasis Register as a multicentric, prospective study to provide a scientific basis for treatment recommendations. To improve prognostication we analyzed the survival of patients with skeletal metastases surgically treated at 9 SSG centres. PATIENTS AND METHODS: 460 patients with an average age of 64 years underwent 501 operations for non-spinal skeletal metastases. 7% were operated for more than one metastasis. Carcinoma of the breast, prostate, kidney and lung were the dominating primary tumors. RESULTS: The survival rate was 0.4 at 1 year, 0.3 at 2 years and 0.2 at 3 years. Univariate analysis showed that survival was related to bone localization, skeletal metastatic load, presence of visceral metastases, Karnofsky performance score, primary tumor type, presence of a complete pathological fracture and preoperative hemoglobin content. Multivariate regression analysis showed that pathological fracture, visceral metastases, haemoglobin content < 7 mmol/L and lung cancer were negative prognostic factors for survival. Myeloma was the sole positive prognostic factor for survival.

Toxicity data for modeling impacts of oil components in an Arctic ecosystem.

Ecological impact assessment modeling systems are valuable support tools for managing impacts from commercial activities on marine habitats and species. The inclusion of toxic effects modeling in these systems is predicated on the availability and quality of ecotoxicology data. Here we report on a data gathering exercise to obtain toxic effects data on oil compounds for a selection of cold-water marine species of fish and plankton associated with the Barents Sea ecosystem. Effects data were collated from historical and contemporary literature resources for the endpoints mortality, development, growth, bioaccumulation and reproduction. Evaluating the utility and applicability of these data for modeling, we find that data coverage is limited to a sub-set of the required endpoints. There is a need for new experimental studies for zooplankton focused on the endpoints development and bioaccumulation and for larvae and juvenile fish focused on growth and development.