RESUMO
The emergence of a novel human coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, causing severe respiratory tract infections in humans, is affecting all countries of the world and has become a global health concern. Since the virus was first identified in December 2019, the number of deaths have been propagating exponentially, causing countries across the world, including Malaysia, to increase emergency measures to combat the virus. Due to the fact that the COVID-19 pandemic does not discriminate its victims, it is of paramount importance to construct a plan for management of the dead for all suspected or confirmed COVID-19 cases, including the unidentified deceased, as an essential portion of the humanitarian forensic action approach. This document provides an overview on ways to maximize the local collective capacity from various government agencies to manage the dead based on the prevailing regulations and legislation in the country, in preparation for possible large scale deaths from this pandemic. The National Institute of Forensic Medicine Malaysia has improvised procedures and guidelines for management of the dead within the existing regulations in order to achieve a balance between medicolegal requirements and the safety of personnel managing the bodies of the deceased with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 infection; at the site of death, during transport, during postmortem procedures, storage and preparation before and during burial or cremation as well as environmental cleaning and disinfection, involving various agencies in the country. A form of temporary controlled burial is as an option to allow the reinvestigation of a decedent to help formally identify victims of the pandemic such as undocumented migrants or refugees who were previously not identified. Due to the different legal requirements and mortality rates between countries, there is no one-size-fits-all approach to the management of the dead. Whenever possible, every opportunity and assistance must be given to families to mourn their loved ones, even in times of crisis or an outbreak, in order to sustain an appropriate level of dignity and respect.
Assuntos
Atitude Frente a Morte , Betacoronavirus/patogenicidade , Infecções por Coronavirus/mortalidade , Ciências Forenses/organização & administração , Rituais Fúnebres , Práticas Mortuárias/organização & administração , Pneumonia Viral/mortalidade , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Autopsia , Sepultamento , COVID-19 , Causas de Morte , Infecções por Coronavirus/diagnóstico , Infecções por Coronavirus/patologia , Infecções por Coronavirus/virologia , Cremação , Feminino , Mortalidade Hospitalar , Humanos , Malásia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Pandemias , Pneumonia Viral/diagnóstico , Pneumonia Viral/patologia , Pneumonia Viral/virologia , SARS-CoV-2RESUMO
During a disease pandemic, there is still a requirement to perform postmortem examinations within the context of legal considerations. The management of the dead from COVID-19 should not impede the medicolegal investigation of the death where required by the authorities and legislation but additional health and safety precautions should be adopted for the necessary postmortem procedures. The authors have therefore used the craniotomy box in an innovative way to enable a safe alternative for skull and brain removal procedures on suspected or confirmed COVID-19 bodies. The craniotomy box technique was tested on a confirmed COVID-19 positive body where a full postmortem examination was performed by a team of highly trained personnel in a negative pressure Biosafety Level 3 (BSL-3) autopsy suite in the National Institute of Forensic Medicine (IPFN) Malaysia. This craniotomy box is a custom-made transparent plastic box with five walls but without a floor. Two circular holes were made in one wall for the placement of arms in order to perform the skull opening procedure. A swab to detect the presence of the SARS-CoV-2 virus was taken from the interior surface of the craniotomy box after the procedure. The result from the test using real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) proved that an additional barrier provided respiratory protection by containing the aerosols generated from the skull opening procedure. This innovation ensures procedures performed inside this craniotomy box are safe for postmortem personnel performing high risk autopsies during pandemics.
Assuntos
Betacoronavirus/patogenicidade , Encéfalo/virologia , Infecções por Coronavirus/prevenção & controle , Craniotomia/instrumentação , Controle de Infecções/instrumentação , Exposição Ocupacional/prevenção & controle , Pandemias/prevenção & controle , Patologistas , Pneumonia Viral/prevenção & controle , Aerossóis , Autopsia , Betacoronavirus/isolamento & purificação , Encéfalo/patologia , COVID-19 , Infecções por Coronavirus/patologia , Infecções por Coronavirus/transmissão , Infecções por Coronavirus/virologia , Craniotomia/efeitos adversos , Contaminação de Equipamentos , Desenho de Equipamento , Interações entre Hospedeiro e Microrganismos , Humanos , Exposição Ocupacional/efeitos adversos , Saúde Ocupacional , Equipamento de Proteção Individual , Pneumonia Viral/patologia , Pneumonia Viral/transmissão , Pneumonia Viral/virologia , Roupa de Proteção , Dispositivos de Proteção Respiratória , Medição de Risco , Fatores de Risco , SARS-CoV-2RESUMO
It has been a difficult year ahead since the announcement of COVID-19 as a pandemic by the Director General of the World Health Organization (WHO). Many countries including Malaysia have struggled to take urgent and aggressive measures to advise, detect, screen, test, isolate and treat their citizens in order to fight against the virus. All countries must strike a balance between protecting health, minimizing economic and social disruption and at the same time, preserving human rights which includes managing the dead with dignity and respect. The National Institute of Forensic Medicine (IPFN) Malaysia has been proactively engaging the various agencies involved in a concerted effort to ensure smooth flow in the management of the dead for all COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 cases since the beginning of the outbreak in February 2020. This is in accordance with all existing guidelines and regulations vis-a-vis infection prevention and control in the country. However, new situations that arise during the pandemic are always challenging and dynamic. The COVID-19 crisis has uncovered a plethora of issues surrounding the margin of the Forensic Medicine fraternity. Therefore, this article highlights various emerging issues encountered by the IPFN and how they are resolved through good leadership to guide and direct operations and activities during the exponential rise of COVID-19 infection in Malaysia. In the provision of the management of the dead, it is of utmost importance to note that the humanitarian aspect needs to be emphasized even in times of an outbreak to give closure to the family and the opportunity to mourn their loved ones.
RESUMO
The first ever mass identification operation of skeletal remains conducted for the clandestine graves in Malaysia consisted of 165 individuals unearthed from 28 human trafficking transit camps located in Wang Kelian, along the Thai-Malaysia border. A DVI response was triggered in which expert teams comprising of pathologists, anthropologists, odontologists, radiologists and DNA experts were gathered at the identified operation centre. The Department of Forensic Medicine, Hospital Sultanah Bahiyah, Alor Star, Kedah, located approximately 75km away from Wang Kelian, was temporarily converted into a victim identification centre (VIC) as it is the nearest available forensic facility to the mass grave site. The mortuary operation was conducted over a period of 3 months from June to September 2015, and was divided into two phases; phase 1 involving the postmortem examination of the remains of 116 suspected individuals and for phase 2 the remains of 49 suspected individuals. The fact that the graves were of unknown individuals afforded the mass identification operation a sufficient duration of 2 weeks as preparatory phase enabling procedurals and daily victim identification workflow to be established, and the setting up of a temporary body storage for the designated mortuary. The temporary body storage has proven to be a significant factor in enabling the successful conclusion of the VIC operation to the final phase of temporary controlled burials. Recognition from two international observers, Mr. Andréas Patiño Umaña, from the International Committee of Red Cross (ICRC) and Prof. Noel Woodford from Victoria Institute of Forensic Medicine (VIFM) had proven the mortuary operation was in compliance to the international quality and standards. The overall victim identification and mortuary operation identified a number of significant challenges, in particular the management of commingled human remains as well as the compilation of postmortem data in the absence of antemortem data for future reconciliation. CF Index in this DVI operation is 9%, indicating the primary identifications in this operation were effective. Limitations and further improvements of the mass identification operation will be discussed. This paper details the planning, preparations and management of the mass identification operation on the exhumed human remains which was also a forensic humanitarian service for the dead with dignity and respect.
Assuntos
Restos Mortais , Sepultamento , Vítimas de Crime , Ciências Forenses/organização & administração , Tráfico de Pessoas , Práticas Mortuárias/organização & administração , Adulto , Distribuição por Idade , Autopsia , Impressões Digitais de DNA , Documentação , Feminino , Humanos , Malásia , Masculino , Grupos Raciais/estatística & dados numéricos , Distribuição por Sexo , Adulto JovemRESUMO
An underwater disaster can be declared when a maritime accident occurred or when an aircraft is plunged into water area, be it ocean, sea or river. Nevertheless, handling of human remains in an underwater recovery operation is often a difficult and demanding task as working conditions may be challenging with poor to no visibility, location of remains at considerable depths and associated hazards from surrounding water. A case of the recent helicopter crash, into a famous river in Sarawak, domiciled by huge crocodiles, is discussed in this paper. Search and recovery team as well as the combat divers from the Special Elite Troop Commando, known as VAT 69, were deployed to the scene to perform the underwater recovery to search for all the victims on board involving five Malaysians with a pilot of Philippines nationality. This paper highlights the limitations and challenges faced during the underwater search and recovery. All the bodies recovered were in moderate decomposition stage with crushed injuries and mutilated face and body. A simple and conventional fingerprint technique were used to record the fingerprint. The prints impressions were later photographed using a smartphone and transferred back to the RMP headquarters in Kuala Lumpur for fingerprint match by using WhatsApp Messenger, a phone application. All the first five victims were identified within an average of 10min. The last victim recovered was the pilot. For foreign nationals, the Immigration Department of Malaysia will record the prints of both index fingers only. The lifting of the fingerprint of the last victim was the most challenging in which only one index finger left that can be used for comparison. A few techniques were attempted using the black printer's ink, glass and tape techniques for the last victim. Subsequently, images of the prints impression were taken using the same smartphone with additional macro lens attached to it to enhance the resolution. The images were transferred to the RMP headquarters through WhatsApp Messenger. The prints were confirmed to be the pilot 20min later.