Post COVID-19 irritable bowel syndrome.

OBJECTIVES: The long-term consequences of COVID-19 infection on the gastrointestinal tract remain unclear. Here, we aimed to evaluate the prevalence of gastrointestinal symptoms and post-COVID-19 disorders of gut-brain interaction after hospitalisation for SARS-CoV-2 infection. DESIGN: GI-COVID-19 is a prospective, multicentre, controlled study. Patients with and without COVID-19 diagnosis were evaluated on hospital admission and after 1, 6 and 12 months post hospitalisation. Gastrointestinal symptoms, anxiety and depression were assessed using validated questionnaires. RESULTS: The study included 2183 hospitalised patients. The primary analysis included a total of 883 patients (614 patients with COVID-19 and 269 controls) due to the exclusion of patients with pre-existing gastrointestinal symptoms and/or surgery. At enrolment, gastrointestinal symptoms were more frequent among patients with COVID-19 than in the control group (59.3% vs 39.7%, p<0.001). At the 12-month follow-up, constipation and hard stools were significantly more prevalent in controls than in patients with COVID-19 (16% vs 9.6%, p=0.019 and 17.7% vs 10.9%, p=0.011, respectively). Compared with controls, patients with COVID-19 reported higher rates of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) according to Rome IV criteria: 0.5% versus 3.2%, p=0.045. Factors significantly associated with IBS diagnosis included history of allergies, chronic intake of proton pump inhibitors and presence of dyspnoea. At the 6-month follow-up, the rate of patients with COVID-19 fulfilling the criteria for depression was higher than among controls. CONCLUSION: Compared with controls, hospitalised patients with COVID-19 had fewer problems of constipation and hard stools at 12 months after acute infection. Patients with COVID-19 had significantly higher rates of IBS than controls. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT04691895.

Prevalence of Gastrointestinal Symptoms in Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection: Results of the Prospective Controlled Multinational GI-COVID-19 Study.

INTRODUCTION: Gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms in coronavirus-19 disease (COVID-19) have been reported with great variability and without standardization. In hospitalized patients, we aimed to evaluate the prevalence of GI symptoms, factors associated with their occurrence, and variation at 1 month. METHODS: The GI-COVID-19 is a prospective, multicenter, controlled study. Patients with and without COVID-19 diagnosis were recruited at hospital admission and asked for GI symptoms at admission and after 1 month, using the validated Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale questionnaire. RESULTS: The study included 2036 hospitalized patients. A total of 871 patients (575 COVID+ and 296 COVID-) were included for the primary analysis. GI symptoms occurred more frequently in patients with COVID-19 (59.7%; 343/575 patients) than in the control group (43.2%; 128/296 patients) (P < 0.001). Patients with COVID-19 complained of higher presence or intensity of nausea, diarrhea, loose stools, and urgency as compared with controls. At a 1-month follow-up, a reduction in the presence or intensity of GI symptoms was found in COVID-19 patients with GI symptoms at hospital admission. Nausea remained increased over controls. Factors significantly associated with nausea persistence in COVID-19 were female sex, high body mass index, the presence of dyspnea, and increased C-reactive protein levels. DISCUSSION: The prevalence of GI symptoms in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 is higher than previously reported. Systemic and respiratory symptoms are often associated with GI complaints. Nausea may persist after the resolution of COVID-19 infection.

Outcome of COVID-19 in Patients With Autoimmune Hepatitis: An International Multicenter Study.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Data regarding outcome of COVID-19 in patients with autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) are lacking. APPROACH AND RESULTS: We performed a retrospective study on patients with AIH and COVID-19 from 34 centers in Europe and the Americas. We analyzed factors associated with severe COVID-19 outcomes, defined as the need for mechanical ventilation, intensive care admission, and/or death. The outcomes of patients with AIH were compared to a propensity score-matched cohort of patients without AIH but with chronic liver diseases (CLD) and COVID-19. The frequency and clinical significance of new-onset liver injury (alanine aminotransferase > 2 × the upper limit of normal) during COVID-19 was also evaluated. We included 110 patients with AIH (80% female) with a median age of 49 (range, 18-85) years at COVID-19 diagnosis. New-onset liver injury was observed in 37.1% (33/89) of the patients. Use of antivirals was associated with liver injury (P = 0.041; OR, 3.36; 95% CI, 1.05-10.78), while continued immunosuppression during COVID-19 was associated with a lower rate of liver injury (P = 0.009; OR, 0.26; 95% CI, 0.09-0.71). The rates of severe COVID-19 (15.5% versus 20.2%, P = 0.231) and all-cause mortality (10% versus 11.5%, P = 0.852) were not different between AIH and non-AIH CLD. Cirrhosis was an independent predictor of severe COVID-19 in patients with AIH (P < 0.001; OR, 17.46; 95% CI, 4.22-72.13). Continuation of immunosuppression or presence of liver injury during COVID-19 was not associated with severe COVID-19. CONCLUSIONS: This international, multicenter study reveals that patients with AIH were not at risk for worse outcomes with COVID-19 than other causes of CLD. Cirrhosis was the strongest predictor for severe COVID-19 in patients with AIH. Maintenance of immunosuppression during COVID-19 was not associated with increased risk for severe COVID-19 but did lower the risk for new-onset liver injury during COVID-19.

Emergence of new manifestations during infliximab treatment in Behçet's syndrome.

OBJECTIVES: Infliximab (IFX) is increasingly being used for the treatment of severe manifestations of Behçet's syndrome (BS). However, emergence of new manifestations has also been occasionally reported during IFX treatment. We aimed to assess the frequency of new manifestations in our BS patients treated with IFX. METHODS: A chart review was conducted to identify all BS patients treated with IFX in our clinic between 2004 and 2020. Demographic data, indications for IFX initiation, concomitant treatments and outcomes were recorded. A new manifestation was defined as the emergence of a new organ involvement or mucocutaneous manifestation developing for the first time during IFX treatment or within 12 weeks after the last infusion of IFX. RESULTS: Among our 282 patients who used IFX, 19 (7%) patients had developed a total of 23 new manifestations during a mean follow-up of 20.0 (15.3) months. Patients with vascular involvement were more likely to develop a new manifestation (12/19, 63%). Initial manifestations that required IFX were in remission at the time of new manifestation in 14/19 patients. IFX treatment was intensified (n = 6) and/or glucocorticoids, immunosuppressives or colchicine was added to IFX (n = 21). IFX was switched to another agent for the remaining manifestations (n = 8). These treatment modifications led to remission in 17/19 patients. CONCLUSION: New manifestations developed during IFX treatment in 7% of our patients with BS. They could be managed by intensifying IFX treatment or adding other agents in the majority of these manifestations.

Can we predict mucosal remission in ulcerative colitis more precisely with a redefined cutoff level of C-reactive protein?

AIM: Most patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) with active mucosal disease have a lower C-reactive protein (CRP) level than the classic accepted cutoff level (≤5 mg/l). We aimed to predict the mucosal remission in UC with an optimal cutoff level of CRP when mucosal activity and extensiveness of UC were both considered. METHOD: In this retrospective study, we evaluated CRP values and their relation to mucosal extension and UC activity in 331 colonoscopic examinations performed between December 2016 and March 2019. Endoscopic activity and disease extension were assessed using Mayo scores and the Montreal classification. RESULTS: The Mayo 2 and 3 groups' CRP values were significantly higher when compared with Mayo 0-1 between values of E1 and both E2 and E3 with an increasing trend. The standard CRP cutoff level ≤5 mg/l only yielded 55% specificity in predicting mucosal remission. In the ROC analysis, a CRP cutoff level ≤2.9 mg/l predicted an overall mucosal remission (Mayo 0-1) with 77% sensitivity and 80% specificity, and ≤1.9 mg/l predicted Mayo-0 with 70% sensitivity and specificity. In the clinical remission subgroup, the overall CRP cutoff level was even lower, at ≤1.58 mg/l. CONCLUSION: An overall CRP cutoff level ≤2.9 mg/l predicts mucosal remission in UC better than the standard cutoff ≤5 mg/l. Mucosal remission in stable clinical remission may present with an even lower CRP level. An increasing trend in the CRP level from E1 through E3 even in mucosal remission suggests that both histological inflammation and extensiveness may have some influence on a CRP-based prediction of endoscopic remission.

Screening for latent tuberculosis before starting TNF-alpha inhibitors in a population with high BCG vaccination rates.

It is assumed that in candidates for TNF-alpha inhibitor (TNFi) treatment, tuberculin skin test (TST) may be unreliable, since BCG vaccination causes false positive and drugs cause false negative results, favoring the use of Quantiferon or T-spot assays. However, these tests may not be readily available in all parts of the world. We aimed to determine the reliability of TST with respect to BCG vaccination and drugs in candidates for TNFi treatment, and how isoniazid is tolerated, assuming that the use of TST would result in increased isoniazid use. We included 1031 adult patients who were prescribed a TNFi for the first time. We analysed the association of BCG and drugs with TST and Quantiferon results, the determinants of a positive TST, and evaluated the tolerability of isoniazid. BCG vaccination and male sex were associated with positive TST (OR 3.56, 95% CI 1.98-6.41 and OR 2.54, 95% CI 1.75-3.68, respectively), while prednisolone and azathioprine were associated with negative TST (OR 0.63, 95% CI 0.43-0.91 and OR 0.40, 95% CI 0.11-0.76). Isoniazid was prescribed to 684 (66.3%) patients and had to be discontinued in 12.2% of these before 9 months, most commonly due to hepatotoxicity (44%). One patient developed tuberculosis despite isoniazid use. BCG vaccination may be associated with false positive TST, despite a long time since vaccination in candidates for TNFi treatment. Prednisolone and azathioprine use were associated with negative TST. Despite the high frequency of isoniazid use associated with using TST instead of QTF, isoniazid was generally well tolerated.

Faecal but not serum calprotectin levels look promising in predicting active disease in Behçet's syndrome patients with gastrointestinal involvement.

OBJECTIVES: The faecal calprotectin (FC) test is widely used as a non-invasive method for identifying intestinal inflammation. A recent study suggested FC may help to diagnose gastrointestinal involvement of Behçet's syndrome (GIBS). We aimed to determine whether FC helps to distinguish active from inactive intestinal involvement in GIBS. METHODS: We tried to contact 70 GIBS patients registered in our tertiary multidisciplinary clinic. We prospectively collected faecal specimens and serum from 39 GIBS patients who gave informed consent assessing calprotectin and CRP levels followed by a colonoscopy. We included 47 Crohn's disease (CD) patients as controls. Active disease was defined as having ulcer/s on colonoscopy. We filled the Disease Activity Index for Intestinal Behçet's Disease (DAIBD) and Crohn's Disease Activity Index (CDAI). The cut-off for positive FC was defined as ≥150 µg/g. RESULTS: Ulcers were detected in 12/39 GIBS patients. Sensitivity and specificity of the FC test for active disease was 91.7 (95%CI:61.5-99.8) and 74.1% (95%CI:53.7-88.9). Median FC and CRP levels and DAIBD scores were higher among patients with ulcers, whereas serum calprotectin and CDAI scores were not. A negative FC test was the only significant predictor of remission (OR:37.04, 95%CI:2.4-561.6; p=0.009) on multivariate analysis. Among CD patients, 16/25 active patients and 3/22 patients in endoscopic remission had a positive FC test (OR:11, 95%CI:11-49). CONCLUSIONS: FC, but not serum calprotectin seems to be a useful non-invasive tool for assessing disease activity in GIBS. Whether the presence of oral ulcers can cause false positive results remains to be studied.

Systemic vasculitis and the gut.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Gastrointestinal system can be involved in primary and secondary vasculitides. The recent data regarding the pathophysiology, clinical findings, diagnosis, management, and outcome of gastrointestinal involvement in different types of vasculitis are reviewed. RECENT FINDINGS: Diagnosis of gastrointestinal vasculitis may be difficult and relies mostly on imaging, because biopsy samples are hard to obtain and superficial mucosal biopsies have a low yield. There are conflicting reports on the association of antineutrophilic cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA) type with the frequency of gastrointestinal involvement in ANCA-associated vasculitis. Pancreatitis is a rare but serious complication of ANCA-associated vasculitis. Terminal ileitis may be observed in immunoglobulin A vasculitis and can be hard to distinguish from Crohn's disease. High fecal calprotectin levels can indicate active gastrointestinal involvement in both immunoglobulin A vasculitis and Behçet's syndrome. Refractory gastrointestinal involvement in Behçet's syndrome can be treated with thalidomide and/or TNF-α antagonists. The outcome of mesenteric vasculitis in systemic lupus erythematosus can be improved with high-dose glucocorticoids and cyclophosphamide or rituximab. SUMMARY: Gastrointestinal system can be commonly involved in immunoglobulin A vasculitis, ANCA-associated vasculitis, polyarteritis nodosa, and Behçet's syndrome and can be an important cause of morbidity and mortality. Treatment depends on the type of vasculitis and is usually with high-dose corticosteroids and immunosuppressives.

Prevalence of fecal incontinence and associated risk factors in elderly outpatients: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Data on the prevalence of fecal incontinence in elderly patients admitted to outpatient clinics in Turkey are scarce. AIMS: The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of fecal incontinence and the associated risk factors in the elderly outpatients. METHODS: Patients 60 years and older admitted to a geriatrics outpatient clinic between October 2013 and March 2014 were included. Demographic characteristics, anthropometric measurements, marital status, educational status, parity (for females), fecal incontinence (FI), urinary incontinence (UI), constipation, comorbid conditions, and medications were recorded. FI assessment was based on the Fecal Incontinence Severity Index (FISI). RESULTS: A total of 364 patients (64.8% female, n = 236) with a mean age of 73.2 ± 8.1 years were enrolled in the study. The prevalence of FI was 9.9% (10.2% female, 9.4% male). UI was 42.6%. Co-occurrence of FI and UI was 7.4%. According to the FISI, the most frequent type of defecation was liquid stool (61.1%). While the predictive factors for FI were polypharmacy (standardized coefficient, [r] = 0.203, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.009-0.040, p = 0.002), UI (r = 0.134, 95% CI = 0.006-0.156, p = 0.035), and being married (r = 0.200, 95% CI = -0.088 to -0.020, p = 0.002) in females, those were UI (r = 0.306, 95% CI = 0.093-0.309, p < 0.001) and polypharmacy (r = 0.251, 95% CI = 0.009-0.043, p = 0.003) in males. CONCLUSIONS: In both genders, urinary incontinence and polypharmacy seem to be the most important risk factors for fecal incontinence. Fecal incontinence should be questioned in detail and evaluated using FISI in elderly outpatients.

Double pylorus in a patient with Behçet's syndrome.

We report a patient with Behçet's syndrome who presented with upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage. Gastroduodenoscopy showed a gastroduodenal fistula which caused the appearance of double pylorus in the antrum. The possibility of peptic ulcer disease related to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug use or Behçet's syndrome itself, as the cause of this rare condition in this patient is discussed.

TNF-alpha antagonists and thalidomide for the management of gastrointestinal Behçet's syndrome refractory to the conventional treatment modalities: a case series and review of the literature.

OBJECTIVES: Gastrointestinal involvement of Behçet's syndrome is usually treated with glucocorticoids, 5-aminosalicylic acid compounds and azathioprine. However, some patients are refractory to these conventional therapy modalities. In this paper we report our experience on 13 patients with gastrointestinal involvement of Behçet's syndrome who were refractory to the conventional therapy and who were treated with TNF-alpha antagonists and/or thalidomide. METHODS: We reviewed the charts of our Behçet's syndrome patients with gastrointestinal involvement and identified those who were treated with TNF-alpha antagonists and/or thalidomide. Demographic features, previous and concomitant drugs, previous surgery, time to remission and duration of remission were tabulated. We also performed a systematic review of publications on gastrointestinal involvement of Behçet's syndrome patients treated with TNF-alpha antagonists and/or thalidomide. RESULTS: Among our 64 patients with gastrointestinal involvement of Behçet's syndrome, we identified 13 (20%) (7 women, 6 men, mean age 27.4±9.4) who had been treated with TNF-alpha antagonists and/or thalidomide. Their previous medications were glucocorticoids (13/13), azathioprine (13/13), 5-aminosalicylic acid derivatives (3/13) and budesonide (1/13). Clinical and endoscopic remission was obtained in 10 patients. One patient died with sepsis. The systematic literature search revealed 91 cases who had used TNF-alpha antagonists and 15 who had used thalidomide. Among the patients who had received TNF-alpha antagonists, clinical remission was obtained in 47/91 patients (51%), while endoscopic remission was observed in 21/46 (45%) who had a control colonoscopy. CONCLUSIONS: One fifth of our Behçet's syndrome patients with gastrointestinal involvement were refractory to conventional treatment modalities. Remission was obtained with TNF-alpha antagonists and/or thalidomide in about 75% of the cases.

A reappraisal of the association between Behçet's disease, myelodysplastic syndrome and the presence of trisomy 8: a systematic literature review.

OBJECTIVES: A number of patients with Behçet's disease (BD) associated with myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) with or without trisomy 8 have been reported. A high frequency of gastrointestinal (GI) involvement was reported in such patients. The aim of this systematic literature review was to delineate whether GI involvement is an inherent feature of BD associated with MDS, whether these patients do actually have BD rather than GI symptoms related to MDS, and whether the presence of trisomy 8 plays a role in the disease expression of BD associated with MDS. METHODS: A systematic literature review was performed in PubMed using the keywords (Behçet's disease OR Behçet's syndrome) AND (myelodysplastic syndrome OR trisomy 8) until December 2013. RESULTS: Data from 39 manuscripts that met the inclusion criteria, reporting on 52 patients were analysed. GI involvement was common in reports from both the Far East and non-Far East countries (75% vs. 50.0%, p=0.15). These patients had typical BD manifestations, except for 1 patient who had only oral ulcers and gastrointestinal involvement. The presence of trisomy 8 seems to be associated with an increased frequency of fever (79.5% vs. 33.3%, p=0.005). CONCLUSIONS: GI involvement seems to be an inherent feature of BD associated with MDS regardless of geographic differences. Despite the increased frequency of GI involvement in these patients, MDS does not seem to modify the clinical expression of gastrointestinal involvement. Presence of trisomy 8 seems to modify the disease expression with an increased frequency of fever.

Bone marrow transplantation for Behçet's disease: a case report and systematic review of the literature.

OBJECTIVES: Behçet's disease (BD) can be life threatening and may be refractory to corticosteroids and immunosuppressives. There has been some experience with haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) in BD either for severe, refractory disease or for a haematological condition. The objectives of this study were to describe a BD patient undergoing HSCT and to evaluate the outcomes of BD patients who underwent HSCT. METHODS: We report a BD patient with refractory gastrointestinal (GI) involvement who had HSCT for concomitant myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). We also performed a systematic literature search regarding HSCT for either refractory disease or concomitant haematological conditions in BD patients. RESULTS: A 30-year-old woman with refractory GI BD involvement with trisomy 8 MDS underwent a successful myeloablative allogeneic HSCT resulting in complete resolution of both BD and MDS. Additionally we identified 14 manuscripts providing data on 19 patients with BD who had HSCT. Among these 20 patients, including ours, refractory disease was the indication of transplantation in 9, while 11 patients were transplanted because of accompanying haematological conditions. Transplant indications for the nine patients (four male, five female) with refractory BD were neurological involvement in five, pulmonary artery aneurysm in two, GI disease in one and not reported in one patient. Three patients with neurological disease, both patients with pulmonary artery aneurysm and the patient with intestinal involvement achieved complete remission of their disease. Six patients transplanted for haematological conditions, including the presented case, also had GI involvement of BD. All of these patients achieved complete remission of GI findings after HSCT. CONCLUSION: When considering HSCT, the potential adverse events and complications, which can be fatal, need to be kept in mind.

Familial chylomicronemia syndrome related chronic pancreatitis: a single-center study.

BACKGROUND: Hypertriglyceridemia induces acute recurrent pancreatitis, but its role in the etiology of chronic pancreatitis (CP) is controversial. This study aimed to evaluate the clinical, laboratory and radiological findings of 7 patients with CP due to type 1 hyperlipidemia compared to CP patients with other or undefined etiological factors. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed the clinical, laboratory and radiological findings of 7 CP patients with type 1 hyperlipidemia compared to CP patients without hypertriglyceridemia. These 7 patients had multiple episodes of acute pancreatitis and had features of CP on abdominal CT, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography and/or endoscopic ultrasonography. RESULTS: All CP patients were classified into two groups: a group with type 1 hyperlipidemia (n=7) and a group with other etiologies (n=58). The mean triglyceride level was 2323+/-894 mg/dL in the first group. Age at the diagnosis of CP in the first group was significantly younger than that in the second group (16.5+/-5.9 vs 48.3+/-13.5, P<0.001). The number of episodes of acute pancreatitis in the first group was significantly higher than that in the second group (15.0+/-6.8 vs 4.0+/-4.6, P=0.011). The number of splenic vein thrombosis in the first group was significantly higher than that in the second group (4/7 vs 9/58, P=0.025). Logistic regression analysis found that younger age was an independent predictor of CP due to hypertriglyceridemia (r=0.418, P=0.000). CONCLUSIONS: Type 1 hyperlipidemia appears to be an etiological factor even for a minority of patients with CP. It manifests at a younger age, and the course of the disease might be severe.

Ascites does not accompany pleural effusion developing under dasatinib therapy in patients with CML-CP.

Objectives: Pleural effusion (PE) is the most frequent pulmonary complication of dasatinib, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI). Concurrent pericardial effusions have been reported in about one-third of the cases. In this study, we aimed to investigate ascites generation in chronic-phase chronic myeloid leukemia (CML-CP) patients developing PE under dasatinib. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study to evaluate whether pericardial effusion and ascites accompany PE in CML-CP patients treated with dasatinib. For this purpose, consecutive patients with CML-CP who developed PE under dasatinib therapy have been evaluated with chest X-ray, transthoracic echocardiography, and abdominal ultrasonography. Results: There were seven patients, and the median age was 50 years (range, 31-73 years). Most of patients were male (n=5). All patients received imatinib as first-line TKI. Six patients received dasatinib following imatinib failure in second line. The median duration from dasatinib initiation to PE generation was 58 months (range, 8-135 months). Consequently, four patients had grade 1 pericardial effusion, and no patient had ascites. Conclusions: In our small study, dasatinib-related PE was associated with low-grade pericardial effusion but no ascites. There are hypothetical explanations of this phenomenon including the simultaneous activation/inhibition of kinases; however, more research needs to be performed on this topic.

The Prevalence of Minimal Hepatic Encephalopathy in an Outpatient Hepatology Clinic.

BACKGROUND: Minimal hepatic encephalopathy can only be detected by specific psychometric or neuropsychological tests. We aimed to determine the prevalence of minimal hepatic encephalopathy in a hepatology outpatient clinic of a tertiary center. METHODS: A total of 82 patients with chronic liver disease were involved prospectively in this study. Control groups consisted of healthy volunteers (n = 123) and chronic renal failure patients (n = 28). We used 2 different methods to detect minimal hepatic encephalopathy. First method was a battery of 5 psychometric tests (number connection tests A and B, digit symbol test, serial dot test, line tracing test) which was filled by all patients. The second method was critical flicker frequency test. Both methods were used in the whole group (n = 233). We applied linear regression analysis to the results of psychometric tests of healthy volunteers to establish equations to calculate the expected values of each test. Test results of the patients were evaluated according to the expected results obtained from these equations. RESULTS: The prevalence of minimal hepatic encephalopathy detected by psychometric tests and critical flicker frequency test was 13% and 14%, respectively. When the positivity of both tests was deemed necessary to diagnose minimal hepatic encephalopathy, the rate of minimal hepatic encephalopathy was 3.6% (n = 3) in a chronic liver disease patient group. CONCLUSION: Minimal hepatic encephalopathy is a difficult clinical condition to diagnose, and it is more appropriate to use psychometric tests and critical flicker frequency test together.

Comparison of Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients in Terms of Disease Course According to the Presence of Gastrointestinal Symptoms Before and After Admission.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to find the prevalence of gastrointestinal symptoms in hospitalized COVID-19 patients and to investigate the effects of gastrointestinal symptoms on the course of the disease during hospitalization. METHODS: Patients who were hospitalized due to COVID-19 were included in this retrospective study. The diagnostic method of COVID-19 was either a positive reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction test or a typical finding in chest computed tomography. This study was conducted by contacting patients by phone 1 month after they were discharged from hospital to investigate gastrointestinal symptoms. Patients' laboratory findings at the time of admission, medications they used, and clinical findings were obtained from hospital records retrospectively. Patients with gastrointestinal symptoms were divided into 2 groups according to the start of treatment: pre-treatment and post-treatment groups. RESULTS: At least 1 gastrointestinal symptom (anorexia, weight loss, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain) was present in 67.5% of 435 patients (55.6% male, mean age 52.8). If anorexia and weight loss are excluded, the rate of the presence of at least 1 gastrointestinal symptom is 54%. Gastrointestinal symptoms were present in 48.9% before the initiation of COVID-19 treatment. The most prevalent 3 symptoms were anorexia, weight loss, and diarrhea (56%, 52%, and 35.6%, respectively). Presence of pre-treatment gastrointestinal symptoms was associated with elevated C-reactive protein levels. Pre-treatment gastrointestinal symptoms were more common in those who received oxygen supply and who were intubated. Resolution of gastrointestinal symptoms takes longer time in those who were admitted to intensive care unit. Weight loss and diarrhea were more common in COVID-19 patients with gastrointestinal symptoms who were intubated than who were not intubated. Abdominal pain was not found to be a significant predictor of disease severity. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of at least 1 gastrointestinal symptom in hospitalized COVID-19 patients was 67%. The most prevalent symptoms were anorexia, weight loss, and diarrhea. Presence of pre-treatment gastrointestinal symptoms was associated with elevated C-reactive protein levels, use of oxygen supply, and intubation. Gastrointestinal symptoms persist longer in those admitted to intensive care unit.

Diagnosis and Treatment of Autoimmune Hepatitis: Questions, Answers, and Illustrative Cases: Endorsed by Autoimmune Liver Diseases Special Interest Group, Turkish Association for the Study of Liver.

Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is a rare, immune-mediated liver disease. It has a heterogeneous nature with varied clinical presentations. The management of patients with AIH is challenging in many ways. The main difficulties are inexperience due to the rarity of the disease, diagnostic confusion in controversial areas such as variant/overlap cases, acute presentations, the presence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease or drug-induced liver injury features, and the long and complex course of treatment. Here, we provide a clear, concise, and visualized review regarding the diagnosis and treatment of AIH, including illustrative cases.

Efficacy and Safety of Ombitasvir/Paritaprevir/ Ritonavir + Dasabuvir ± Ribavirin Combinations in Patients with Genotype 1 Hepatitis C and Inherited Bleeding Disorders.

BACKGROUND: Hepatitis C is one of the leading causes of death in patients with inherited bleeding disorders. Currently, direct-acting antiviral drugs used for the treatment of hepatitis C have become an effective and a reliable option for people with inherited bleeding disorders. The aim of this study is to report the efficacy and safety of ombitasvir + paritaprevir/ritonavir and dasabuvir combination in the treatment of hepatitis C in patients with inherited bleeding disorders. METHODS: In this retrospective study, we evaluated the efficacy and safety of the combination of ombitasvir + paritaprevir/ritonavir and dasabuvir in 10 adult patients with hemophilia A, 4 patients with hemophilia B, and 1 patient with von Willebrand disease who were infected with hepatitis C genotype 1. RESULTS: Five patients had genotype 1a and 10 patients had genotype 1b chronic hepatitis C. One patient had Child A cirrhosis, 14 patients had chronic hepatitis C without cirrhosis. Hepatitis C virus ribonucleic acid was negative in all patients at week 4 and at the end of the treatment. Sustained virologic response was obtained in all patients. Serious side effects were detected in 3 patients, which were intra- muscular bleeding, erosive gastritis-related gastrointestinal bleeding, and pneumonia. CONCLUSION: Ombitasvir + paritaprevir combined with ritonavir and dasabuvir ± ribavirin is an effective treatment for patients infected with genotype 1 hepatitis C who have coagulation disorders. Tolerance and side effects are similar to other treatment options.

The Psychological Effects of COVID-19 Pandemic in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease.

BACKGROUND: Coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic was expected to have traumatic effects and increase the anxiety levels of inflamma- tory bowel disease patients. METHODS: We aimed to investigate the psychosocial effects of the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic on patients with inflammatory bowel disease by revealing the risk perception for present disease, coping strategies, follow-up characteristics, and treatment adher- ence. This is a cross-sectional, web-based survey study including 798 inflammatory bowel disease patients who were followed at our outpatient clinic and 303 volunteer who did not have any known chronic diseases and were not health professionals were included as the control group. RESULTS: In this study, 281 of the patients were diagnosed with Crohn's disease and 215 with ulcerative colitis. The mean age of patients with Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, and the control group were 40.9 ± 13.1, 42.3 ± 12.7, and 39.9 ± 11.6, respectively. Here, 119 (42%) of the Crohn's disease cases, 116 (54%) of the ulcerative colitis cases, and 170 (56%) of the control group were male. Among the 3 groups, coronavirus disease 2019-related post-traumatic stress disorder rates (Impact of Event Scale-Revised > 33) and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory of current status of anxiety-related anxiety rates were not statistically different while State-Trait Anxiety Inventory of anxiety tendency-related constant anxiety was higher in inflammatory bowel disease patients than the control group (P < .017). CONCLUSION: Inflammatory bowel disease patients with anxiety have a lower quality of life, and this may worsen the clinical course of the disease. Coronavirus disease 2019 is a major source of stress for such a vulnerable population. During the pandemic, psychological support and mental health awareness should be made accessible to all individuals.