The Open Brain Consent: Informing research participants and obtaining consent to share brain imaging data.

Having the means to share research data openly is essential to modern science. For human research, a key aspect in this endeavor is obtaining consent from participants, not just to take part in a study, which is a basic ethical principle, but also to share their data with the scientific community. To ensure that the participants' privacy is respected, national and/or supranational regulations and laws are in place. It is, however, not always clear to researchers what the implications of those are, nor how to comply with them. The Open Brain Consent (https://open-brain-consent.readthedocs.io) is an international initiative that aims to provide researchers in the brain imaging community with information about data sharing options and tools. We present here a short history of this project and its latest developments, and share pointers to consent forms, including a template consent form that is compliant with the EU general data protection regulation. We also share pointers to an associated data user agreement that is not only useful in the EU context, but also for any researchers dealing with personal (clinical) data elsewhere.

Sensitivity and specificity of measuring children's free-living cycling with a thigh-worn Fibion® accelerometer.

Objective: Cycling is an important part of children's active travel, but its measurement using accelerometry is a challenge. The aim of the present study was to evaluate physical activity duration and intensity, and sensitivity and specificity of free-living cycling measured with a thigh-worn accelerometer. Methods: Participants were 160 children (44 boys) aged 11.5 ± 0.9 years who wore a triaxial Fibion® accelerometer on right thigh for 8 days, 24 h per day, and reported start time and duration of all cycling, walking and car trips to a travel log. Linear mixed effects models were used to predict and compare Fibion-measured activity and moderate-to-vigorous activity duration, cycling duration and metabolic equivalents (METs) between the travel types. Sensitivity and specificity of cycling bouts during cycling trips as compared to walking and car trips was also evaluated. Results: Children reported a total of 1,049 cycling trips (mean 7.08 ± 4.58 trips per child), 379 walking trips (3.08 ± 2.81) and 716 car trips (4.79 ± 3.96). There was no difference in activity and moderate-to-vigorous activity duration (p > .105), a lower cycling duration (-1.83 min, p < .001), and a higher MET-level (0.95, p < .001) during walking trips as compared to cycling trips. Both activity (-4.54 min, p < .001), moderate-to-vigorous activity (-3.60 min, p < .001), cycling duration (-1.74 min, p < .001) and MET-level (-0.99, p < .001) were lower during car trips as compared to cycling trips. Fibion showed the sensitivity of 72.2% and specificity of 81.9% for measuring cycling activity type during the reported cycling trips as compared to walking and car trips when the minimum required duration for cycling was less than 29 s. Conclusions: The thigh-worn Fibion® accelerometer measured a greater duration of cycling, a lower MET-level, and a similar duration of total activity and moderate-to-vigorous activity during free-living cycling trips as compared to walking trips, suggesting it can be used to measure free-living cycling activity and moderate-to-vigorous activity duration in 10-12-year-old children.

Mechanical behavior of the quadriceps femoris muscle tendon unit during low-load contractions.

We examined the relationships between morphology and muscle-tendon dynamics of the quadriceps femoris muscle of 11 men using velocity-encoded phase-contrast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Thigh muscle electromyography and joint range of motion were first measured outside the MRI scanner during knee extension-flexion tasks that were performed at a rate of 40 times/min with elastic bands providing peak resistance of 5.2 kp (SD 0.4) to the extension. The same movement was repeated inside the MRI scanner bore where tissue velocities and muscle morphology were recorded. The average displacement in the proximal and distal halves of the rectus femoris and vastus intermedius aponeuroses was different (P = 0.049), reflecting shortening (1.6%), but the tensile strain along the length of the aponeuroses was uniform. The aponeurosis behavior varied among individuals, and these individual patterns were best explained by the differences in relative cross-sectional area of rectus femoris to vastus muscles (r = 0.71, P = 0.014). During dynamic contraction, considerable deformation of muscles in the axial plane caused an anatomic measure such as muscle thickness to change differently (decrease or increase) in different sites of measurement. For example, when analyzed from the axial images, the vastus lateralis thickness did not change (P = 0.946) in the frontal plane through femur but increased in a 45 degrees oblique plane between the frontal and sagittal planes (P = 0.004). The present observations of the heterogeneity and individual behavior emphasize the fact that single-point measurements do not always reflect the overall behavior of muscle-tendon unit.

Muscle inactivity and activity patterns after sedentary time--targeted randomized controlled trial.

PURPOSE: Interventions targeting sedentary time are needed. We used detailed EMG recordings to study the short-term effectiveness of simple sedentary time-targeted tailored counseling on the total physical activity spectrum. METHODS: This cluster randomized controlled trial was conducted between 2011 and 2013 (InPact, ISRCTN28668090), and short-term effectiveness of counseling is reported in the present study. A total of 133 office workers volunteered to participate, from which muscle activity data were analyzed from 48 (intervention, n = 24; control, n = 24). After a lecture, face-to-face tailored counseling was used to set contractually binding goals regarding breaking up sitting periods and increasing family based physical activity. Primary outcome measures were assessed 11.8 ± 1.1 h before and a maximum of 2 wk after counseling including quadriceps and hamstring muscle inactivity time, sum of the five longest muscle inactivity periods, and light muscle activity time during work, commute, and leisure time. RESULTS: Compared with those in the controls, counseling decreased the intervention group's muscle inactivity time by 32.6 ± 71.8 min from 69.1% ± 8.5% to 64.6% ± 10.9% (whole day, P < 0.05; work, P < 0.05; leisure, P < 0.05) and the sum of the five longest inactivity periods from 35.6 ± 14.8 to 29.7 ± 10.1 min (whole day, P < 0.05; leisure, P < 0.01). Concomitantly, light muscle activity time increased by 20.6 ± 52.6 min, from 22.2% ± 7.9% to 25.0% ± 9.7% (whole day, P < 0.05; work, P < 0.01; leisure, P < 0.05), and during work time, average EMG amplitude (percentage of EMG during maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVC) (%EMG MVC)) increased from 1.6% ± 0.9% to 1.8% ± 1.0% (P < 0.05) in the intervention group compared with that in the controls. CONCLUSIONS: A simple tailored counseling was able to reduce muscle inactivity time by 33 min, which was reallocated to 21 min of light muscle activity. During work time, average EMG amplitude increased by 13%, reaching an average of 1.8% of EMG MVC. If maintained, this observed short-term effect may have health-benefiting consequences.

Muscle activity and inactivity periods during normal daily life.

Recent findings suggest that not only the lack of physical activity, but also prolonged times of sedentary behaviour where major locomotor muscles are inactive, significantly increase the risk of chronic diseases. The purpose of this study was to provide details of quadriceps and hamstring muscle inactivity and activity during normal daily life of ordinary people. Eighty-four volunteers (44 females, 40 males, 44.1±17.3 years, 172.3±6.1 cm, 70.1±10.2 kg) were measured during normal daily life using shorts measuring muscle electromyographic (EMG) activity (recording time 11.3±2.0 hours). EMG was normalized to isometric MVC (EMG(MVC)) during knee flexion and extension, and inactivity threshold of each muscle group was defined as 90% of EMG activity during standing (2.5±1.7% of EMG(MVC)). During normal daily life the average EMG amplitude was 4.0±2.6% and average activity burst amplitude was 5.8±3.4% of EMG(MVC) (mean duration of 1.4±1.4 s) which is below the EMG level required for walking (5 km/h corresponding to EMG level of about 10% of EMG(MVC)). Using the proposed individual inactivity threshold, thigh muscles were inactive 67.5±11.9% of the total recording time and the longest inactivity periods lasted for 13.9±7.3 min (2.5-38.3 min). Women had more activity bursts and spent more time at intensities above 40% EMG(MVC) than men (p<0.05). In conclusion, during normal daily life the locomotor muscles are inactive about 7.5 hours, and only a small fraction of muscle's maximal voluntary activation capacity is used averaging only 4% of the maximal recruitment of the thigh muscles. Some daily non-exercise activities such as stair climbing produce much higher muscle activity levels than brisk walking, and replacing sitting by standing can considerably increase cumulative daily muscle activity.

Thigh muscle function in stroke patients revealed by velocity-encoded cine phase-contrast magnetic resonance imaging.

Current methods of clinical assessment of muscle coordination and function after stroke do not provide information on deep muscles. The objective of this study was to examine how stroke affects both superficial and deep muscles' coordination and whether muscle function improves after rehabilitation. Muscle function, coordination, and activity of quadriceps femoris (QF) and hamstrings were evaluated in 10 stroke patients with mild hemiparesis and in 6 controls using velocity-encoded cine phase-contrast magnetic resonance imaging (VE-PC MRI), surface electromyography (sEMG), and maximal voluntary isometric contraction torque (MVC). At baseline, the peak muscle velocity of the rectus femoris (RF) and the ratio between the peak velocities of the RF and vasti were lower in the affected limb (AL) of stroke patients than in controls. Co-contraction of agonists and antagonists was higher in the AL than in controls. Muscle activity measured by sEMG showed similar behavior. After rehabilitation, the activity ratio of hamstrings and adductors to QF decreased slightly toward normal so there were no significant differences between the AL and controls. Impaired biarticular RF muscle function in stroke patients is the limiting factor during knee extension-flexion movements. After rehabilitation, improved functional performance was partly explained by the fact that the activities of the RF and vasti became more synchronized. VE-PC MRI can provide quantitative in vivo measurements of both superficial and deep muscles, and the information acquired after stroke can be utilized to render therapy more efficient and individually tailored.